Lesson 4 - Telescopes
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1 Lesson 4 - Telescopes READING ASSIGNMENT Chapter 5.1: Optical Telescopes Chapter 5.3: Images and Detectors Chapter 5.2: Telescope Size Discovery 5-1: The Hubble Space Telescope Chapter 5.4: High-Resolution Astronomy More Precisely 7-1: Why is the Sky Blue? Chapter 5.5: Radio Astronomy Chapter 5.6: Interferometry Chapter 5.7: Space-Based Astronomy Chapter 5.8: Full-Spectrum Coverage SUMMARY OF MAJOR SPACE TELESCOPES Read Discovery 5-1 and Chapter 5.7. Infrared Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) 0.6-meter diameter mirror far infrared (FIR) Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) 0.6-meter diameter mirror FIR Hubble Space Telescope (HST) NASA s 1 st Great Observatory 2.5-meter diameter mirror c 2011 Advanced Instructional Systems, Inc. and Daniel Reichart 1
2 near infrared (NIR) / optical / near ultraviolet (NUV) present Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) NASA s 4 th Great Observatory 0.85-meter diameter mirror FIR present Visible HST Ultraviolet International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) NUV HST Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) far ultraviolet (FUV) / soft X-rays Far Ultraviolet Spectrographic Explorer (FUSE) FUV Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) NUV present X-rays Einstein Observatory Röntgen Satellite (ROSAT) Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) NASA s 3 rd Great Observatory present c 2011 Advanced Instructional Systems, Inc. and Daniel Reichart 2
3 X-ray Multi-Mirror Newton Satellite (XMM-Newton) European equivalent of a Great Observatory present Gamma rays Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) NASA s 2 nd Great Observatory Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer present Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope Equivalent of a Great Observatory present MATH NOTES Light-Gathering Power Read Chapter 5.2. LGP = light gathering power, or the rate at which a telescope collects light A = collecting area, or the area of a telescope s mirror D = diameter of a telescope s mirror LGP is proportional to A. A is proportional to D 2. Hence, the following is true. LGP is proportional to D 2 (1) Example: UNC s new 4.1-meter diameter SOAR telescope 1 in the Chilean Andes collects light how many times faster than UNC s old 0.6-meter diameter Morehead Observatory telescope 2 in Chapel Hill? Solution: Since LGP SOAR is proportional DSOAR 2 and LGP MO is proportional DMO 2, then LGP ( ) SOAR 2 = DSOAR ( LGP D MO = 4.1 m MO m) = 47. Hence, the SOAR telescope collects light 47 times more quickly than the Morehead Observatory telescope. c 2011 Advanced Instructional Systems, Inc. and Daniel Reichart 3
4 LG = light gathered t = integration time, or the total amount of time that a telescope s camera records the collected light LG is also proportional to LGP t. Hence, the following is true. LG is proportional to D 2 tlg is proportional to D 2 t (2) Example: How much more light does one collect with the SOAR telescope in 1 minute than with the Morehead Observatory telescope in 47 minutes? Solution: Since LG SOAR is proportional to DSOAR 2 t SOAR and LG MO is proportional ( ) 2 ( ) todmo 2 t MO, then LGP SOAR LGP MO = DSOAR D MO tsoar t MO = ( ) 4.1 m 2 ( 0.6 m 1 min 47 min) = 1. Hence, the SOAR telescope collects just as much light in 1 minute as the Morehead Observatory telescope collects in 47 minutes. Resolving Power Read Chapter 5.2, Chapter 5.4, and Chapter 5.6. θ = resolving power, or the angle over which a telescope smears out a point of light λ = wavelength of observed light D = telescope diameter θ = 0.25 (λ/1µm) (D/1m) (3) Note: Without adaptive optics, no ground-based optical telescope can resolve light better than about an arcsecond because of atmospheric blurring effects. For radio telescopes, λ is usually measured in cm and θ in arcminutes. Hence, you might find this, equivalent, form easier to use. θ = 40 (λ/1cm) (D/1m) (4) I love radio astronomy 3. This program can now be taken for Experiential Education credit as ASTR 111L! 3 reichart/erira.html c 2011 Advanced Instructional Systems, Inc. and Daniel Reichart 4
5 EXERCISE 7 I have built six robotic telescopes in the Chilean Andes, called PROMPT 4, and I am helping others to build similar telescopes around the world. They are called robotic telescopes because no humans are required (except when something breaks). Here is a simple web page 5 that will allow you to request observations of popular southern sky objects with my telescopes in Chile. The password is astro101. Once PROMPT observes your first object for you, it will you the image and then allow you to request another observation. Observe at least three objects! If you enjoy this, consider taking ASTR 101L. Most of the labs involve carrying out observations with these and the other robotic telescopes of the Skynet Robotic Telescope Network 6. HOMEWORK 4 Download Homework 4 from WebAssign. Feel free to work on these questions together. Then submit your answers to WebAssign individually. Please do not wait until the last minute to submit your answers and please confirm that WebAssign actually received all of your answers before logging off reichart/pamphlet.pdf c 2011 Advanced Instructional Systems, Inc. and Daniel Reichart 5
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