How to Measure and Record Light Spectrograph. The Photographic plate now obsolete Turbulence

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1 PHYS 1411 Introduction to Astronomy Light and Telescope Chapter 6 Chapter 6 topics we have covered so far Radiation Information from Space Wave properties, light as a wave and particle, Electromagnetic spectrum Optical Properties of light, kinds of optical telescope, powers of telescope (light gathering power, magnification and resolution), telescope mountings, problems with lenses and mirrors. Astronomical Detectors CCD Camera Chapter 6 topics after Exam 2 Radio What is a radio telescope?, advantages and limitations, science we can do. Space Astronomy Why we need space telescope, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Astronomy at other wavelengths, New Generations of Space Telescope, brief survey of different satellites and space telescopes. Astronomy with High Energy Particles from Space Non-Electromagnetic Astronomy Todays Topics Astronomical Detectors Astronomical Detectors How to Measure and Record Light Spectrograph The Eye Limited ability Astronomical Seeing The Photographic plate now obsolete Turbulence Photomultiplier Very limited in capability Best locations for big telescopes The CCD (Charge Couple Device) Where and Why we choose those locations. Making Digital Image Advances in Optics The Spectrograph adaptive optics Making a Spectrum - Measuring; Tarleton Chemical Composition How good is Tarleton telescope compared to Temperature Hubble telescope Velocity 1

2 CCD Camera Makes Digital Images How does a CCD work? It is a imaging device How does a CCD work? A CCD Image and Pixel Values Mathworks.com Astrophotography Science from multiple wavelength CCD Images NASA NASA 2

3 Science from a CCD Image Spectrographs/Spectrometer Analyzing a sequence of such image gives us this light curve Brightskies.us It is an instrument that allows us to see to colors of white light coming from a star or a hot source Spectrographs/Spectrometer How to make a simple spectrometer A CCD spectrometer has a CCD camera and a Spectrometer A CCD image shows the spectrum Analysis of a Spectrum tells us chemical composition and temperature Popularmechanics.com Spectra of Some Astronomical Objects Spectra of Chemical Elements 3

4 Spectra can give us velocity information Astronomical Image and Sky Conditions What is Astronomical Seeing? The quality of an astronomical image depends on Seeing Light Pollution Location Blurring and twinkling of astronomical image due to turbulent atmosphere and varying refractive index wikipedia Seeing Weather conditions and turbulence in the atmosphere set further limits to the quality of astronomical images Learn about light pollution and steps one can take to mitigate it. Credit: Cengage NOAA Learning

5 Light pollution is an increasing concern Progress can still be made with careful planning Credit: UT Texas McDonald observatory and Pioneers.com Credit: Cengage UT Learning Texas 2016 McDonald observatory and Pioneers.com The Best Locations for a Telescope On high mountain-tops to avoid atmospheric turbulence and other weather effects The Best Locations for a Telescope Far away from Cities to avoid light pollution Advances in Optics Atmospheric Distortions Problem devblogs.nvidia.com 5

6 How to Monitor Turbulence? How to Correct the Image distortions Create an artificial star using lasers to sense turbulence physicsstack.com Use computer to deform the mirrors to required shape to correct for turbulence. physicsstack.com Adaptive Optics Computer-controlled mirror support adjusts the mirror surface (many times per second) to compensate for distortions by atmospheric turbulence Adaptive Optics Gemini Observatory Adaptive Optics Hubble Space Tarleton How Far can we See? Tarleton Hubble Space Maybe a few Billion Light years Magnitude limit Billion Light years Magnitude limit +30 6

7 First Light M13 M13 in Hercules Globular Cluster M42 M42 Orion Nebula Distance Light years Through the Eyes of Hubble Distance 1300 ly Through the Eyes of Hubble M51 Whirlpool Galaxy in Canes Venatici Distance 23,000,000 ly Through the Eyes of Hubble Acknowledgment The slides in this lecture is for Tarleton: PHYS1411/PHYS1403 class use only Images and text material have been borrowed from various sources with appropriate citations in the slides, including PowerPoint slides from Seeds/Backman text that has been adopted for class. 7

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