Supermassive Black Holes
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1 Supermassive Black Holes Leiden, Modern Research: Galaxy Formation and Evolution Tom van Leth & Maarten van Dijk November 25,
2 Introduction Introduction Black hole theory Characteristics of SMBH Identifying SMBH SMBH growth and galaxy evolution SMBH in our own galaxy November 25,
3 Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 1950: First quasar detected Radio sources without any visible lightsource Antimatter? 1963: Breakthrough First sign of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) First observed quasar, 3C273 November 25,
4 Black Holes: The theory The basics: Star collapse Schwarzschild Radius Light cannot escape the hole Then how can we see them? A black hole: an artist s impression November 25,
5 Black holes and their disc Gravitational potential energy Conversion to kinetic energy (speed and temperature) Accreting mass forms a disc (preservation of angular momentum) Black holes don t glow, their disk does Bremsstrahlung (translated: deceleration radiation) November 25,
6 Bremsstrahlung Electron passes a charged particle Emits some energy as a photon (not necessarily X-ray) This is (indirectly) the light from black holes Effectivity of this radiation is high: up to 10% Bremsstrahlung November 25,
7 Big Brother: the characteristics Supermassive Black Holes range from Me Found in the centres of galaxies Most of the galaxy doesn t even notice the SMBH Only near the nucleus, where the combined mass in stars is smaller than the mass of the SMBH does it dominate local gravity November 25,
8 Identifying SMBH Finding out something is a BH or a SMBH is hard even if it emitted light, since its too small. Even the SMBH in M31 is too small. Hubble Space telescope has a resolution of 0.1 arcsec. But the SMBH 7 has a size of arcsec. 8*10 Local density is hard to explain with a non-bh theory November 25,
9 Identifying SMBH Are there alternatives? The most plausible BH alternatives are clusters of dark objects produced by ordinary stellar evolution Dense dark star cluster brown dwarfs Fermion Balls: Concentrated regions of low mass noninteracting particles (dark matter?) Basically, a BH or SMBH is the best guess, since other scenario s are incapable of explaining the circumstances properly or not understood completely November 25,
10 Evolution of galactic black holes Relation between black holes and formation of galaxies Different scenarios Quasars are nuclear black holes accreting much matter in a short time Most of the mass accreted in quasar era (redshift 2-3) November 25,
11 Relations for black hole mass Black hole mass bulge velocity dispersion No relation with disc of galaxy Black hole growth caused by galaxy mergers November 25,
12 Black holes and dark matter Quasars appear quite early (z=5) Dark matter halos around quasars Black hole mass halo mass relation Accretion shock predicted Evidence: Spectrums of quasars November 25,
13 Black holes and star formation Simulations on galaxies Black hole growth and star formation triggered by mergers With black hole: rapid star formation and halt in star formation Without: steady rate of star formation More massive black holes shorter lived quasars November 25,
14 The black hole in the center of our galaxy Sagittarius A Mass determination using orbiting stars Near infrared flares M r 6 = M e 17lh November 25,
15 The black hole in the center of the galaxy November 25,
16 Why is the black hole in our galaxy so dim? Fuel is almost depleted Accretion is less efficient Gas is ejected from black hole November 25,
17 Summary Black holes SMBH Characteristics Means to identify a SMBH SMBHs and galaxy mergers, star formation and dark matter Our own SMBH November 25,
18 References Nature, 30 october 2003, p.934, near infrared flares from accreting gas around the supermassive black hole at the galactic center Nature, 23 january 2003, p.329, feeding the first quasars Nature, 30 october 2003, p.425, sparks of interest Nature, 17 october 2002, p.694, a star in a 15.3-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the milky way Nature, 10 february 2005, p.604, Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies Science, 11 june 2004, p. 1581, Giant Black Holes Shed Their dusty Veils Science, 20 june 2004, p. 1898, Evidence for Black Holes Science, 2 may 2003, p. 752, Black Holes at the Cosmic Dawn Science, 2 January 2005, p. 77, Black Hole Accretion arxiv:astro-ph/ v1 28 Mar 2001, The motion of stars near the Galactic center: A comparison of the black hole and fermion ball scenarios MNRAS, Submitted 2005 October, Constraints on Alternatives to Supermassive Black Holes November 25,
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