Chapter 3. DC to DC CONVERTER (CHOPPER)
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1 Chaper 3 C C COEE General Buck cnverer Bs cnverer (CHOPPE Buck-Bs cnverer Swiche-e pwer supply Brige cnverer es n elecragneic cpaibiliy (EMC an sluins. Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r.
2 C-C Cnverer (Chpper EFO: Cnvering he unregulae C inpu a cnrlle C upu wih a esire vlage level. General blck iagra: C supply (fr recifierfiler, baery, fuel cell ec. C upu OA cnrl (erive fr feeback circui APPCAOS: Swiche-e pwer supply (SMPS, C r cnrl, baery chargers
3 inear regular ransisr is perae in linear (acive e. CE Oupu vlage s he ransisr can be cnvenienly elle by an equivalen variable resisr, as shwn. s MOE OF EA EGUAO CE Pwer lss is high a high curren ue : P Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. EQUAE CCU 3
4 Swiching egular Pwer lss is zer (fr ieal swich: when swich is pen, n curren flw in i, when swich is clse n vlage rp acrss i. Since pwer is a pruc f vlage an curren, n lsses ccurs in he swich. Pwer is % ransferre fr surce la. Swiching regular is he basis f all C-C cnverers s s CE MOE OF EA EGUAO EQUAE CCU (O clse (OFF pen SWCH (O clse OUPU OAGE Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 4
5 Buck (sep-wn cnverer S C CCU OF BUCK COEE i S v CCU WHE SWCH S COSE S i v CCU WHE SWCH S OPEE Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 5
6 Circui perain when swich is urne n (clse ie is reverse biase. Swich cnucs inucr curren S v - i C his resuls in psiive inucr vlage, i.e: v clse pene clse pene v causes linear increase in he inucr curren i v i v i i ax i in Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 6
7 Operain when swich urne ff (pene v - Because f inucive energy srage, i cninues flw. S i C v ie is frwar biase clse pene clse pene Curren nw flws hrugh he ie an i v i ax i in (- Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 7
8 Analysis fr swich clse he inucr vlage, v i i e :since he eri - vaive f i is a psi - ive cnsan. herefre i us increase linearly. v i i ax i in clse i Fr Figure i i i ( i clse Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 8
9 Analysis fr swich pene Fr swich pene, v i i v pene e :since he eri - vaive f i is a nega - ive cnsan, i us ecrease linearly. i i ax i Fr Figure i i i ( i in ( ( i ( pene Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 9
10 Seay-sae perain i Unsable curren i ecaying curren i Seay-sae curren Seay - sae perain requires ha i a he en f swiching cycle is he sae a he begining f he nex cycle.ha is he change f i ver ne peri is zer, i.e : ( i ( i clse pene s ( s Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r.
11 Average, Maxiu an Miniu inucr curren i ax i in Averageinucr curren Averagecurren in Maxiu curren : i ax ( ( f Miniu curren : i in ( f Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r.
12 Cninuus curren perain i ax in Fr previus analysis, i ( in f Fr cninuus perain, ( f in, ( in f his is he iniu inucr curren ensure cninus e f perain. rally is chsen be be >> in Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r.
13 Oupu vlage ripple i i ax i i C i / i i in i c Q Q C Q C C Fr figure, use riangle area frula : i Q i 8C S, r i ( 8Cf he ripple facr, i ( 8Cf i 8 Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 3
14 esign prceures fr Buck SWCH (inpu spec. f?? YPE? in? in C ripple? P?? Calculae bain require upu vlage. Selec a paricular swiching frequency: preferably >KHz fr negligible acusic nise higher fs resuls in saller, bu higher evice lsses. hus lwering efficiency an larger hea sink. Als C is reuce. Pssible evices: MOSFE, GB an BJ. w pwer MOSFE can reach MHz range. Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 4
15 esign prceures fr Buck eerine in. ncrease in by abu ies ensure full cninus e. Calculae C fr ripple facr requireen. Capacir raings: us wihsan peak upu vlage us carry require MS curren. e MS curren fr riangular w/f is p /3, where p is he peak capacir curren given by i / Wire size cnsierain: rally rae in MS. Bu i is knwn as peak. MS value fr i is given as:, MS i 3 Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 5
16 Exaples f Buck cnverer A buck cnverer is supplie fr a 5 baery surce. Given 4uH, CuF, Oh, fkhz an.4. Calculae: (a upu vlage (b axiu an iniu inucr curren, (c upu vlage ripple. A buck cnverer has an inpu vlage f 5 an upu f 5. he swiching frequency is KHz. he pwer upu is 5W. (a eerine he uy cycle, (b value f lii he peak inucr curren 6.5A, (c value f capaciance lii he upu vlage ripple facr.5%. esign a buck cnverer such ha he upu vlage is 8 when he inpu is 48. he la is 8Oh. esign he cnverer such ha i will be in cninuus curren e. he upu vlage ripple us n be re han.5%. Specify he frequency an he values f each cpnen. Sugges he pwer swich als. Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 6
17 Bs (sep-up cnverer S C i CCU OF BOOS COEE v S C CCU WHE SWCH S COSE v - S C CCU WHE SWCH S OPEE Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 7
18 Bs analysis:swich clse i v S C v v i i i ( i i i i clse i v COSE Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. i 8
19 Swich pene i v - S C v - v i i i i i ( i ( i pene ( i v ( Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. OPEE ( - i 9
20 Seay-sae perain ( i ( i clse ( pene ( Bs cnverer pruces upu vlage ha is greaer r equal he inpu vlage. Alernaive explanain: when swich is clse, ie is reverse. hus upu is islae. he inpu supplies energy inucr. When swich is pene, he upu sage receives energy fr he inpu as well as fr he inucr. Hence upu is large. Oupu vlage is ainaine cnsan by virue f large C. Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r.
21 Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. Average, Maxiu, Miniu inucr curren i i ( ( in inucr curren Max, ( Averageinucr curren ( ( Oupu pwer npu pwer in ax
22 Fr cninus perain, an C values in v ( in ( f ( i i ax i in ipple facr i i ax i in Q Cf r Cf C Cf i c / Q Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r.
23 Exaples he bs cnverer has he fllwing paraeers:,.6,.5h, 65uH, CuF, f s 4KHz. eerine (a upu vlage, (b average, axiu an iniu inucr curren, (c upu vlage ripple. esign a bs cnverer prvie an upu vlage f 36 fr a 4 surce. he la is 5W. he vlage ripple facr us be less han.5%. Specify he uy cycle rai, swiching frequency, inucr an capacir size, an pwer evice. Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 3
24 Buck-Bs cnverer S C CCU OF BUCK-BOOS COEE S i v CCU WHE SWCH S COSE S i v CCU WHE SWCH S OPEE Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 4
25 Buck-bs analysis Swich clse i v i i ( i Swich pene i v i i ( i i clse pene i ( v i i i c ( Q Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. / i ax i in i ax i in 5
26 Oupu vlage Seay sae perain : ( s OE: Oupu f a buck-bs cnverer eiher be higher r lwer han he surce vlage. f >.5, upu is higher f <.5, upu is lwer Oupu vlage is always negaive e ha upu is never irecly cnnece la. Energy is sre in inucr when swich is clse an ransferre la when swich is pene. Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 6
27 Average inucr curren Assuing n pwer lss in he cnverer, pwer absrbe by he la us equal pwer supplie he by surce, i.e. P P s s Bu averagesurcecurren is averageinucr curren as : relae s Subsiuing fr, P ( Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 7
28 Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 8 an C values Cf r Cf C C f i i Q Oupu vlage ripple, ( ( Fr cninuus curren, ( ( Max an in inucr curren, in in ax
29 Cnrl f C-C cnverer using pulse wih ulain- PWM (esire (acual - cnrl Cparar Swich cnrl signal Sawh Wavefr Sawh Wavefr cnrl cnrl n Swich cnrl signal n Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 9
30 Swich-e pwer supply (SMPS Avanages ver linear pwer -Efficien (7-95% -Weigh an size reucin isavanages -Cplex esign -EM prbles Hwever abve cerain raings, SMPS is he nly feasible chice ypes f SMPS -Flyback -frwar -Push-pull -Brige (half an full Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 3
31 inear an swiche e pwer supplies blck iagra Basic Blck iagra f linear pwer supply C E ce- ine npu φ / 3φ 5/6 Hz slain ransfrer ecifier - B Base/gae rive Errr Ap. - ref Basic Blck iagra f SMPS EM FE ECFE A FE C Unregulae C-C COESO SOAO C egulae High Frequency recifier an filer ref Base/ gae rive PWM Cnrller errr Ap Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 3
32 High frequency ransfrer Basicfuncin : i npu - upu elecricalislain ii sep up/wn ie - varying vlage Basic inpu - upu relainship v v ; i i Mels: i i eal el i i Mel use fr s PE applicain Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 3
33 Flyback Cnverer s M C Flyback cnverer circui i s i S v SW i s i M i M i v - - v v - i C i i Mel wih agneising inucance s i M v - v s Swich clse i s v SW sw s i M v v v - S lage an curren cniins when swich pene Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 33
34 Flyback wavefrs v s -( / i s i M i i i C / Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 34
35 Analysis: swiche clse v i i i i ( i clse On he la sie f he ransfrer, v v v < herefre, i i Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 35
36 Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 36 Analysis: swich pene ( ( ( ( ( ( Fr seay- sae perain, ( ; i i i i i i v i v v v v pene clse pen
37 Oupu vlage npu upu relainship is siilar buckbs cnverer. Oupu can be greaer f less han inpu,epening upn. Aiinal er, i.e. ransfrer rai is presen. Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 37
38 Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 38 Average inucr curren ( ( ( ( he averageinucr curren is als wrien as : Subsiue an slving fr as : relae is P P s s s s
39 Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 39 Max, Min inucr curren, in, C values ( Cf r f f i i in in,in,ax he ripple calculain is siilar bs cnverer, ( (, Fr cninus perain, ( (
40 Full-brige cnverer S SW SW3 v p S x v x C S SW4 SW SW,SW SW3,SW4 P S - S x S S P Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 4
41 Full brige: basic perain Swich pair : [S & S];[S3 & S4]. Each swich pair urn n a a ie as shwn. he her pair is ff. AC vlage is evelpe acrss he priary. hen ransferre secnary via high frequency ransfrers. On secnary sie, ie pair is high frequency full wave recificain. he chke ( an acs like he buck cnverer circui. Oupu lage s s p Pwer Elecrnics an rives (ersin : r. 4
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