Lecture -14: Chopper fed DC Drives

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1 Lecure -14: Chopper fed DC Drives Chopper fed DC drives o A chopper is a saic device ha convers fixed DC inpu volage o a variable dc oupu volage direcly o A chopper is a high speed on/off semiconducor swich which connecs source o load and disconnecs he load from source a a fas speed. o Choppers are used o ge variable dc volage from a dc source of fixed volage. Self commuaed devices such as MOSFE s, Power ransisors, IGB s, GO s and IGC s are used for building choppers because hey can be commuaed by a low power conrol signal and do no need communicaion circui and can be operaed a a higher frequency for he same raing. Chopper circuis are used o conrol boh separaely excied and Series circuis. Advanages of Chopper Circuis Chopper circuis have several advanages over phase conrolled converers 1. Ripple conen in he oupu is small. Peak/average and rms/average curren raios are small. his improves he commuaion and decreases he harmonic heaing of he moor. 2. he chopper is supplied from a consan dc volage using baeries. he problem of power facor does no occur a all. he convenional phase conrol mehod suffers from a poor power facor as he angle is delayed. 3. Curren drawn by he chopper is smaller han in phase conrolled converers. 4. Chopper circui is simple and can be modified o provide regeneraion and he conrol is also simple. Chopper Conrolled Separaely Excied DC moor If he source of supply is D.C. (for example in a baery vehicle or a rapid ransi sysem) a chopper-ype converer is usually employed. he chopper-fed moor is, if anyhing, raher beer han he phase-conrolled, because he armaure curren ripple can be less if a high chopping frequency is used.

2 Mooring Mode of Operaion A ransisor is used o chop he DC inpu volage in o pieces and chopped DC volage is given o he moor as shown in he figure Curren limi conrol is used in chopper. In curren limi conrol, he load curren is allowed o vary beween wo given limis (i.e. Upper and lower limis). he and OFF imes of he ransisor is adjused auomaically, when he curren increases beyond he upper limi he chopper is urned off, he load curren free wheels and sars o decrease. When he curren falls below he lower limi he chopper is urned. he curren sars increasing if he load. he load curren and volage waveforms are shown in he figure By assuming proper limis of curren, he ampliude of ripple can be conrolled. he lower he curren ripple, he higher he chopper frequency. By his swiching losses increase. Disconinuous conducion avoid in his case. he curren limi conrol is superior one.

3 Duy Inerval During he period of he chopper (i.e) duy inerval 0 <<, moor erminal volage V a is a source volage V and armaure curren increases from i a1 o i a2. he operaion is describe by, R a I a + L a di a + E = V 0 (2.54) d In his inerval he armaure curren increases from I a1 o I a2 since he moor is conneced o he source during his inerval, i is called as duy cycle. Free Wheeling Inerval Chopper r is urned off a =. Moor curren free wheels hrough he diode D and he moor erminal volage is zero. During inerval. Moor during his inerval is known as free wheeling inerval and is described by operaion R I + L di a + E = 0 (2.55) a a a d During his inerval curren decreases from i a2 o i a1 Duy cycle (or) Duy Raio: Duy cycle is defined as he raio of duy inerval o chopper period is called Duy cycle (or) Duy Raio. From fig. δ = Solving he above, Duy Inerval = Chopper Period (2.56) 1 V a = Vd (2.57) 0 V V V [] a = d = 0 = V (2.58) 0 V a = δv (2.59) hen he speed of he chopper drive can be obained as V a = E + I a R a Subsiuing V a from equaion (2.59) in he above equaion we ge, Subsiuing E = Kωm we ge δv = E + I a R a (2.60)

4 I a = δv Kω m R a From above equaion we ge (2.61) ω m = δv I a R a (2.62) K K Subsiuing = KφI a in above equaion we ge ω = δv R a (2.63) m K K 2 φ he orque speed characerisics of chopper fed separaely excied DC moor is shown in he fig. Regeneraive Braking Mode Regeneraive braking operaion by chopper is shown in he fig. Regeneraive braking of a separaely excied moor is fairly simple and can be carried ou down o very low speeds. In regeneraive mode, he energy of he load is fed back o he supply sysem. he DC moor works as a generaor during his mode. As long as he chopper is he

5 mechanical energy is convered in o elecrical energy by he moor, now working as a generaor, increases he sored magneic energy in he armaure circui. When chopper is swiched off, a large volage appears across he moor erminals his volage is more han ha of he supply volage V and he energy sored in he inducance and energy supplied by he machine is fed back o he supply sysem. When he volage of he moor fall o V, he diodes in he line blocks he curren flow prevening any shor circui of he load can be supplied o he source. Very effecive braking of moor is possible up o exreme small speeds. Energy Sorage Inerval he sored energy and energy supplied by he machine is fed o he source. he inerval 0 << is now called energy sorage inerval and inerval is he duy inerval. Here duy raio δ = From figure 2.21 (2.64) V a = 1 Vd = V d = V [] = V ( - ) (2.65) V a = V = V 1 herefore he speed orque relaions under braking operaion is given as R ω = (1 δ )V a m K K 2 φ (2.66) (2.67) Chopper conrol of DC series moor Mooring conrol of series moor he main drawback in he analysis of a chopper conrolled series moor arises due o he non linear relaionship beween he induced volage E and armaure curren Ia, because of he sauraion in he magneizaion characerisic. A a given moor speed,he insananeous back emf E changed beween E 1 and E 2 as I a changes beween I a1 and I a2 as shown in figure.

6 Regeneraive Braking of DC series Moor Wih chopper conrol, regeneraive braking of series moor can also be obained. During regeneraive braking, series moor funcions as a self-excied series generaor. For self exciaion curren flowing hrough he winding (field) should assis residual magneism. herefore when changing from mooring o braking connecion, when armaure curren reverses field curren should flow in he same direcion. his is achieved by reversing he field wih respec o armaure when changing from mooring o braking operaion. he speed of his drive ωm can be derived from he following equaion E = V a + I a R a E = δv + I a R a bu V a = δv K a ω m = δv + I a R a ωm = δv+i a R K a a he speed orque characerisics gives unsable operaion wih mos loads shown in figure.herefore regeneraive braking of series moor is difficul.

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