THE THEORY OF METARELATIVITY: BEYOND ALBERT EINSTEIN S RELATIVITY

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1 Physis International 4 (): , 013 ISSN: Siene Publiation doi: /pisp Published Online 4 () 013 ( THE THEORY OF METARELATIVITY: BEYOND ALBERT EINSTEIN S RELATIVITY Abdo Abou Jaoude Department of Mathematis and Statistis, Faulty of Natural and Applied Sienes, Notre Dame Uniersity, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon Reeied , Reised ; Aepted ABSTRACT The theory of metarelatiity is a system of equations written to take into onsideration additional effets in the unierse and about the matter inside it. The study begins with Albert Einstein s theory of speial relatiity and it deelops a system of equations whih lead us to further explanations and to a new physis paradigm. Like speial relatiity whih was reated in 1905 and then expanded later to general relatiity to explain, among other things, the aberration in the motion of the planet Merury and the graitational lenses, metarelatiity explains many phenomena like for example the nature of dark matter laying inside and outside galaxies and in the unierse and the existene of supraluminar partiles or tahyons and their orresponding dark energy. Metarelatiity is a work of pure siene whih enompasses mathematis and fundamental physis. All the explanations are dedued from a new system of equations alled the metarelatiisti transformations that will be proen mathematially and explained physially. The fats and experiments that are noted in this theory ome from a large series of astronomial obserations taken far later than 1905 till now by reliable obseratories in the world. Keywords: Metarelatiisti Transformations, Imaginary Number, Imaginary Dimensions, Metapartiles, Tahyons, Dark Matter, Metaenergy, Dark Energy, Metaentropy, Unierse R, Metaunierse M, The Great Unierse G 1. INTRODUCTION Azel (000); Dalmedio et al. (199); Einstein (1958; 001); Feynmann (1980); Balibar and Einstein (00); Hawking (00; 007; 011) and Hoffmann (197) I started working on this theory by expanding the Einstein-Lorentz equations of speial relatiity and assuming that the eloity of an inertial referential ould be greater than the eloity of light. This idea is new in physis. I deeloped the new theory gradually and did a lot of reading till now and explained why astronomers hae not obsered yet partiles that are moing with eloities greater than that of light as well as the nature and the existene of the mysterious dark matter and dark energy in the unierse. This inited me to ontinue and to more elaborate the work below. In fat, no theory beholds and explains these obserations in modern siene sine what we know in modern physis is the Einstein s model that is speial relatiity and its expansion whih is the general theory of relatiity. This new theory ould be the new model to take into aount the supraluminar partiles undeteted yet by our telesopes and explains the nature of dark matter and dark energy. The theory of metarelatiity takes its name from the original speial relatiity sine the prefix meta was added and this means what is beyond Einstein s relatiity. In fat, this work affirms the existene of a supraluminar matter absolutely sine this is a new thing to us to assume eloities greater than light. As a matter of fat, Einstein s model states that light is the limit eloity that ouldn t be surpassed. The theory of metarelatiity deelops more the theory of relatiity whih was diided by Einstein into two parts: 013 Abdo Abou Jaoude. This open aess artile is distributed under a Creatie Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 liense whih permits unrestrited use, distribution, and reprodution in any medium, proided the original work is properly redited. DOI: /pisp

2 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 The speial relatiity The general relatiity Relatiity is an outstanding theory written at the beginning of the 0th entury. It deals with the eloity of light. The general one deals with graitation and spae-time. The theory is ery elegant and onsidered as a marelous work of abstration. The speial one uses the Eulidean geometry and is ery simple. The general one uses the non-eulidean geometry. So relatiity uses both, the Eulidean and the non-eulidean geometries. In the speial relatiity, we use the Einstein-Lorentz transformations to ompute the eloity of inertial referentials relatiely to eah other and relatiely to light. In the general one, we study graitation and the effet of matter on the struture of spae-time. The latter is an expansion of the first theory in whih spae-time stops being flat but starts to be ured due to the effet of light, matter and energy. In fat, matter and energy are equialent aording to Einstein in his theory and this is shown by the famous equation put by Einstein: Siene Publiations E = m Albert Einstein showed that light is the limit speed that a moing body ould reah. In addition, matter affets the struture of spae-time to make it ured and this is due surely to the interation between matter and spae-time. It is important to mention here that spae and time are onsidered in the Einstein s model as one ontinuum where all interating bodies moe. What is more interesting is that energy onerts into matter and matter into energy when ating in spaetime. Moreoer, graitation is shown by Einstein to be as a fititious fore and is the onsequene of inertia. In fat, the priniple of inertia states that a moing body ontinues to moe in a straight line if no ation was done on the body (free motion). Albert Einstein was aurate in determining the effet of the urature of spae-time and alulated the urature of spae-time near the sun and hene predited the disrepany in the position of distant stars and the anomalies in the motion of the planet Merury whih is the nearest planet to the sun in the solar system. Einstein used also his theory to estimate the form of the unierse and the galaxies inside it. Furthermore, Einstein noted in his photoeletri theory that photons are the partiles of light and that their eloity is aordingly the eloity of light denoted by for short. He exelled in his theory when he 98 disoered the photoeletri effet where photons hit eletrons like two moing balls and this yields an eletri urrent like in wires due to the ation made by the photons on the eletrons. In addition, all the onepts used by Einstein were ery easy and ery lear exept perhaps the identifiation of graitation to inertia in aelerating referentials whih needs a little bit of abstration and meditation. What should be noted in addition is that both theories (speial and general relatiity) are expansions of the model reated by Sir Isaa Newton in his mehanis and his theory of graitation. As a matter of fat, all the three theories written: The mehanis of Isaa Newton in the 17th entury, the speial relatiity and the general relatiity in the twentieth entury, were paradigms to represent and understand the unierse. They were in fat omplex theories that try to explain the unierse in whih all matter interats. Finally, the theory of metarelatiity is an attempt to expand this paradigm another time by inreasing matter eloity to greater than the eloity of light like in outer spae and artifiially in giganti aelerators whih aelerate partiles to test the interations of modern physis The Theory Einstein (001); Balibar and Albert (00); Hawking (00; 007; 011); Hoffmann (197) and Penrose (004) the transformations of the theory of speial relatiity known as Einstein-Lorentz transformations are: (x - t) x' = 1 - y' = y z' = z x t - t' = 1- It is important to mention that the referentials used are inertial referentials (they are not aelerating) and their relatie eloity is smaller than the eloity of light 1 ( < for short) (Fig. 1) and we say that k = and 1- is alled the fator of transformation.

3 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 Fig. 1. Two inertial referentials Assume that beomes greater than, the system of equations alled the metarelatiisti transformations beomes: (x t) (x t) (x t) x ' = = = ( 1) i 1 (x t) ± i (x t) = = ± i 1 1 y' = y z' = z x x x t t t t ' = = = ( 1) i 1 x x t ± i t = = ± i 1 1 With, i is the imaginary number where i = -1 and equialently 1 = -i and 1 = i, as well -1 = i = ±i. i -i ±i We say that k t = is the new fator of -1 transformation. These are the metarelatiisti transformations. It is important to mention here that the first system of Einstein-Lorentz equations orrespond to the unierse R where all the quantities are real. R is nothing but our ordinary four dimensional unierse. In the seond and new system of metarelatiisti equations, metarelatiity Siene Publiations 99 opens the door to omplex numbers and transformations and therefore defines the new imaginary four dimensions alled the unierse M or for short: Metaunierse. 1.. The Mass and Metamatter Albert and Fran (1979); Einstein (001); Hawking (00; 007; 011); Hoffmann (197) and Pikoer (008) we hae in speial relatiity: m = m 0 1- where, m 0 is the rest mass of the body and m is the mass of the body while moing with the eloity. is here smaller than. If beomes greater than, then m beomes equal to: m 0 0 m = = = i -1 ±i -1-1 m (-1) m m ±i m = = Yielding hene two imaginary and supraluminar partiles + im and - im. They are alled imaginary in the sense that they lay in the four dimensional supraluminar unierse that we alled preiously M or the metaunierse. Matter whih has inreased throughout the whole proess of speial relatiity will beome equal to infinity when eloity reahes as it is apparent in the equations and in the new dimensions matter is imaginary due to the imaginary dimensions that we defined in the theory of metarelatiity. We say that beneath we are working in

4 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 R or in the unierse and beyond that we are working in M or the metaunierse. Firstly in the first following Equation: -im 0 m = -1 We say mathematially, that if tends to infinity, m tends to zero. Matter now will ontinue inreasing as in the equation till it anishes wheneer the eloity reahes infinity that means that mass is equal to zero at the eloity infinity. Seondly in the seond following Equation: If m t = m 0.t then we get: m0.t 1 mt = m0.t = 1 = 1 = = = = = = That means that the starting mass whih is m 0.t in the metaunierse M, ours when =. The starting mass in the unierse R is got when m = m 0 and its orresponding eloity is = 0 as it follows from the following equation: +im m = 0-1 m = m 0 1- Matter now will ontinue dereasing till it anishes wheneer the eloity reahes infinity that means that mass is equal to zero at the eloity infinity. The following graph illustrates these two fats (Fig. ). Graphially, we an represent the two omplementary metapartiles + im and -im by. These metapartiles are faster than light and are alled in literature tahyons. They are nothing but the partiles of dark matter. In fat in the omplex plane we hae + im is in one diretion and -im is in the opposite diretion. Like ordinary matter and antimatter in the real unierse, + im and - im an annihilate yielding a real partile in our unierse denoted by R (Fig. 3). Due to the existene of metapartiles in another imaginary four dimensional unierse M relatiely to our real unierse R, they are ery weekly interating with real partiles in R. This is why we used to all the metapartiles: WIMPs or Weekly Interatie Massie Partiles and why they are so diffiult to apture in our real laboratories and aelerators that exist surely in R. If we replae ± i m 0 by m 0.t (t is the symbol of the transformation), this gies: If m = m 0 then we get: m0 1 m = m0 = 1 = 1 = = 1 = 1 = 0 = 0 = The Energy and the Metaenergy Albert and Fran (1979); Einstein (001); Hawking (00; 007; 011); Hoffmann (197) and Pikoer (008) we know from speial relatiity that energy is gien by: E = m = m 0 1- In metarelatiity we hae aordingly the imaginary energy or metaenergy gien by: m 0.t m t = -1 ±im 0 m 0.t E = = = E -1-1 t Siene Publiations 100

5 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 Fig.. The graphs of matter and metamatter funtions Fig. 3. The two omplementary partiles of metamatter and their annihilation Siene Publiations 101

6 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 (t is the symbol of the transformation). This metaenergy is nothing but the dark energy that exists in the unierse. It is lear from the equation aboe that this metaenergy an be positie as: Or it an be negatie as: +im E = 0-1 -im E = Time Interals and Imaginary Time Barrow (006; 199); Albert and Fran (1979); Einstein (001); Hawking (00; 005; 007; 011); Hoffmann (197) Penrose (00; 011) and Pikoer (008) it is preiously established in speial relatiity T' that T = and indiates that T is greater than T. 1- Therefore proesses ourring in a body in motion relatie to the obserer appear to take a longer time than those ourring in a body at rest; that is T motion > T rest. When inreases then T inreases (time dilation). The unit of time in the referene at motion grows by a fator 1 k =. This onsequene of speial relatiity gae 1- life to the twin paradox found in sientifi literature. When >, we get: ±i T' T = -1 If T = +i T' then this means that when inreases, T -1 dereases (time ontration) and if -i T' T = -1 then this means that when inreases, T inreases (time dilation). The unit of time in the last equation grows also by a fator: -i k t = -1 Conerning the explanation of this is that in the first equation time goes lokwise in the new four dimensional ontinuum M relatiely to the unierse R sine it is positie and in the seond equation it goes ounterlokwise relatiely to the unierse R sine it is negatie. It is to say one more that the imaginary number i identifies the new four dimensions that define M (Fig. 4). Moreoer, starting from zero, if speed ontinues to inrease, time will ontinue to dilate in speial relatiity. If it reahes the eloity of light, therefore time reahes infinity. In fat, infinity in algebra is the greatest number that we an reah while ounting. To be more aurate, it is a symbol more than a number, sine no omputer ould reah infinity. Infinity is indefinite by nature. Infinity is extensiely used in mathematis like in series and sequenes but has no onrete physial meaning. This is why light is said to be the limit eloity and the barrier between the two geometries: The unierse R and the metaunierse M. In fat if the eloity surpasses the eloity of light, time has to surpass infinity and we start ounting anew. The ounting is done now using loks set up in the metaunierse or in the four imaginary dimensions that we hae already disoered in the preious four equations of metarelatiity. We preise again that the new dimensions are imaginary in the sense that they ontain the imaginary number i. The time measurement starts now ounterlokwise beause it is negatie and time is said to be dilating or it an start lokwise and ontrating again depending on the sign before the imaginary number i The Real and Imaginary Lengths Barrow (00; 007; 006); Beker et al. (007); De Broglie (1937); Albert and Fran (1979); Einstein ( 001); Gubser (010); Hawking (007; 011); Hawking (005); Hawking (00); Heath (1956); Hoffmann (197); Pikoer (008); Poinare (1968) and Weinberg (1993) it is preiously established in speial relatiity that: L = L' 1- Siene Publiations 10

7 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 Fig. 4. The flow of time in both the unierse and the metaunierse where, L is a length at rest relatie to O. This means that when inreases then L dereases (Length ontration). The unit of spae in the referential at motion ontrats by a fator When >, we will hae: Siene Publiations 1 k. 1- = L = ±i L' -1 If L = +i L' -1 this means that when inreases so L inreases (Length dilation). The unit of spae in the referene at motion grows by a fator: 1 i -1 = k and if L = -i L' -1 this means that when inreases so L dereases (Length ontration). In fat, the minus sign onfirms the fat that a length ontration ours in M when > similar to the length ontration in the region where < that means in the unierse R. In addition, the symbol i identifies the new four dimensions that define the new unierse denoted by M. In the last metarelatiisti transformations, eloity beomes superior to the eloity of light and new metarelatiisit equations are used to express the behaior of matter (or metamatter) inside it. In fat, starting from zero, when eloity inreases, time starts to dilate and spae to ontrat aording to the well known Einstein-Lorentz mathematial equations. When reahing the eloity of light, length at the end of ontration reahes its limits and beomes equal to zero. When eloity surpasses the barrier of light, spae starts t 103 expanding after it has reahed the dimensions zero whih are the dimensions of a geometri point. As a matter of fat, Eulid defined in his ELEMENTS the geometri point as a geometrial entity of dimensions zero. What is smaller than zero in algebra are negatie numbers. What is smaller than the geometri zero is new to us. In fat, partiles in the atomi world hae dimensions and the smallest partiles to our knowledge are the quarks whih are the onstituents of protons and neutrons. Een strings, the smallest postulated entities in String Theory, hae dimensions greater than zero. Surely the dimensions of the quarks are smaller than the dimensions of protons and neutrons but they still hae dimensions how small as they an be, but neer the dimensions of a geometri point beause zero is nothing in physis and it ould not ontain neither matter nor energy, exept photons: Photons moe at the eloity of light and ould neer hae dimensions beause nature forbids that a moing body haing the eloity of light has any length. The last fat was shown by Einstein in the theory of speial relatiity. Therefore, we an say that when spae reahes zero dimensions (when = ) it ontinues the shrinking proess and what is smaller than zero in the four dimensions of the unierse R is the zero in the four imaginary dimensions of the metaunierse M. Hene, after reahing zero in R, spae starts here in the metaunierse from zero to expand again opening the field to new four imaginary dimensions as it is shown in the equations deried from the theory of metarelatiity. Furthermore, as we hae notied, the metaunierse is truly at a different of leel of experiene, it is in fat beneath the atomi world when speaking about spae (dimensions smaller than zero) and beyond infinity when speaking about time. In fat we may ask where is this metaunierse if it is beyond infinity and beneath zero? The answer is eident and it is shown in the equations: In other dimensions whih form the spae-time of the metaunierse, in the world of the imaginary number i. If

8 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 a new matter is indiretly deteted (like dark matter) then metarelatiity is able to explain it and it takes into onsideration its existene beause no diretly detetable matter was found. So it should be another kind of matter, faster than light and unseen by our telesopes and aelerators. So it should lay somewhere in spae-time and this somewhere is the metaunierse. This will truly proe the existene of the metaunierse whih exists by mathematial and physial neessities and by the power of fats and experiene. In fat, what is in fat more important in physis than the equations themseles is the understanding and the explanations gien to the equations themseles. What is more important than mathematis is its meaning and its philosophy The Entropy and the Metaentropy Hawking (00); Pikoer (008); Reees (1988); Ronan (1988) and Stewart (1998) to understand the meaning of negatie time in M relatiely to R, then entropy is the best tool. We know that entropy is defined as ds 0 in the seond priniple of thermodynamis. We say that when time grows, then entropy inreases. Due to the fat that time is negatie in M, this implies that ds 0. We say that when time flows, then entropy (or metaentropy) dereases. This means diretly the following: The diretion of eolution in M is the opposite to that in R The Transformation of Veloities Albert and Fran (1979); Einstein (001); Hawking (00; 007; 011); Hoffmann (197) and Pikoer (008) the eloity of the body A that is measured by O is: = V' - V (Relation 1) VV' -1 Let us onsider all the possible six ases that may our. First Case: This is the ase of two bodies in R where their eloities are smaller than. R From relation (1) we hae: = (V' - V) (VV' - ) We note that: V = f where 0 f < 1 and V = f where 0 f < 1. This implies that: (f' - f) (f' - f) (f' - f) (ff' - ) (ff' -1) ff' -1 R = = = This relation is the one we use in relatiisti omputations. So it is not new to us and just as predited by speial relatiity. Seond Case: This is the ase of a body in R (where the eloity is < ) and a beam of light (where the eloity is ). dx V = dt R Light The eloity of A measured by O is: This implies that: whih implies also that: Siene Publiations dx' V' = dt' V - V' = V From relation (1) we hae: = (V' - V) (VV' - ) We know that V = and V = f where 0 f < 1. Then: (f - ) (f -1) 3 (f -1) ((f ) - ) (f - ) (f -1) = = = = This means that light is the limit eloity in R and is onstant in it whateer is the eloity of the body in R relatiely to the beam of light. This just like Einstein s speial relatiity has predited.

9 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 Third Case: This is the ase of a beam of light relatiely to another beam of light. Light Siene Publiations Light We know that hae here V = and V =. In this ase = aand this is not new to us also. It is the onsequene of the relatiisti transformation also. Fourth Case: This is the ase of a beam of light relatiely to a moing body in M where the eloity is greater than : M Light We note that V = f where f>1 and V =. Then: (f - ) (f -1) 3 (f -1) ((f ) - ) (f - ) (f -1) = = = = This means that relatiely to M, light is still the limit eloity. In other words, M relatiely to Light is similar to R relatiely to Light. Light is the limit eloity in both R and M. This fat will be more larified in the fifth ase. Fifth Case: This is the ase of a moing body in M relatiely to another moing body in M: M Assume that V = (the smallest eloity in M) and that V' =β (any eloity greater or equal to the starting eloity, in other words β 1. This implies that: If β = 1 then = 0; M (β - ) (β -1) (β - ) (β -1) = = If β then < This is similar to the relatiisti transformations sine we hae: 0 <. As if we are working in R This means that the unierse M relatiely to itself, 105 behaes like the unierse R relatiely to itself sine the eloity of M relatiely to M is smaller than just like the eloity of R relatiely to R. Sixth Case: This is the ase of R relatiely to M: R We hae here >. This implies that the metarelatiisti transformations are needed here and for the first time Explanation of the Results Nothing is new in the first three ases. They were onsidered in Einstein s speial relatiity. The fourth, fifth and sixth ases are new and oherent. In fat, they mean that the unierse M is a metaunierse relatiely to R (we use the metarelatiisti transformations) but relatiely to itself it behaes just like R relatiely to itself (where we hae < and use aordingly the relatiisti transformations). The sixth ase deals with R and M relatiely to eah other. It is the only ase where the metarelatiisti transformations and equations are needed. Whereas in the fifth ase (M relatiely to M) we don t need the metarelatiisti transformations but only the Einstein- Lorentz transformations. The fourth ase (M and Light) proes that our interpretation of the results is alid: Light ats in M as it ats in R, it is a limit eloity. As if the supraluminar eloities didn t affet the transformations or the phenomena. The fourth ase ame to insist that the unierse M is another four dimensional real ontinuum relatiely to itself and to light just like the unierse R. Light behaes as a limit eloity both in M and R. Hene, to onlude, we an say that M is like the real R relatiely to itself and an be denoted as R, to insist on the fat that relatiely to itself M is a real ontinuum just like R. But R relatiely to R beomes imaginary and is therefore denoted by M. Finally, we note that the new metarelatiisti paradigm an be represented and summarized by the following Equation: M R + Light + M = The great unierse G Knowing that we hae onsidered aboe all the possible six ases in G.

10 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , The New Priniple of Metarelatiity Albert and Fran (1979); Einstein (001); Hawking (00; 007; 011); Hoffmann (197) and Pikoer (008) let us now introdue in this part the new priniple of metarelatiity. After all what has been explained and proed, we return to the priniple of speial relatiity proposed by Einstein in 1905 in his theory. It is the following. Inertial obserers must orrelate their obserations by means of the Lorentz transformations and all physial quantities must transform from one inertial system to another in suh a way that the expression of the physial laws is the same for all inertial obserers. Now, if we want to elaborate the new priniple of metarelatiity, it will be. Inertial obserers must orrelate their obserations by means of relatiisti-lorentz transformations if the eloity is smaller than and by means of the metarelatiisti transformations if the eloity is greater than and all physial quantities must transform from one inertial system to another in suh a way that the expression of the physial laws is the same for all inertial obserers. The subluminar unierse is denoted by R and the supraluminar unierse is denoted by M. The sum of R, light and M is denoted by G and light is at onstant eloity in both R and M The Four Physial Interations, Vauum Flutuations and the Origin of the Unierse Gates (010); Greene (003; 004); Gribbin (1993); Hawking (000; 1989); Luminet (1997); Niolson (007); Panek (011); Plank (1993); Proust and Vanderriest (1997); Sagan (1975); Singh (005); Thorne (1997); Weinberg (1988) and Weinberg (008; 1993) as it is known, the four physial interations are: Graitation Eletromagneti interation Strong interation Weak interation They may be related to other interations goerning the metaunierse. In fat both the two spae-times R and M may interat in the same fashion that a positie partile interats with a negatie partile. We may think also that all the interations that we know hae their origin in the metaunierse In fat the metaunierse or the four dimensions of meta-spae-time may be regarded as a field full of potential and latent energy and that exists by neessity as we hae mentioned but inisible Siene Publiations 106 in nature sine it is supraluminar. We said a field beause the hidden matter that lies inside it forms a field of ation and potentialities that an be disoered, like in the atom. This field that lays outside the unierse or below the atomi leel, is like the mathematial zero that we use in ounting. Alone, zero means nothing, but when it is put near another figure it makes its effet (e.g., 10, 100, 1000, ) like philosophers mathematiians noted many enturies ago. We may see that the unierse is the 1 and the metaunierse is the zero. The metaunierse is a field of latent energy relatiely to R. It needs the power of the one (the unierse) to make it exist. What does the metaunierse mean relatiely to itself? The answer of this question was answered before in this theory. The result deries from the metarelatiisti equations aboe. The outome is that the metaunierse relatiely to itself is just like the unierse relatiely to itself. I made the separation between both (between the two spae-times) but in fat they are related and bonded both mathematially through preise equations. So we hae disoered the seret of the zero: Its hidden imaginary dimensions whih lay in M, its hidden energy (dark energy) and its hidden mass (dark matter). Moreoer, take a series that starts with zero, then one, two, three, four till infinity if we want to. What s before the 1 is zero. As if the one ame out from zero and the two from 1 (like 1+1 = ) and the three from (like +1 = 3) and so on So we may say that the four interations originated from the metaunierse like in the example of the zero and the integers 1,, 3,... Or we may say that the whole unierse ame out from the metaunierse like when the one ame out from the zero. In fat in our alulations we expanded the Einstein- Lorentz equations to reah the metaunierse, as if we hae done the bakward walk. The diret walk is that from this latent energy the unierse R emerged. In fat, if we do the diret walk, we will see the whole unierse oming out from nothing, from oid, to existene like in the Big Bang model. This nothing that we noted is the supraluminar unierse that we established its existene. The dot or the geometri point that we were talking about is the singularity in spae-time that the general relatiity talks about. In fat, aording to the Big Bang model, from a singularity in spae-time all spae-time was generated and all matter within it. In the early frations of a seond, the partiles and matter, the spaetime itself was ondensed in a small portion. This is said, we ould assume that our isible unierse ame from another unierse, whih is the inisible metaunierse itself. This potent and latent energy that represents the

11 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 metaunierse, forms the inisible matter or the dark matter that is hidden in the great unierse G denoted by: G = unierse R + Light + unierse M Whih is similar to the omplex set of numbers denoted in mathematis by C. The first proof of the existene of M is the Big Bang theory. Now, the seond proof of the existene of the metaunierse is at the leel of the atom where we hae in Heisenberg s unertainty priniple: h E t 4 π Whih is alled the auum flutuation theory also. The explanation of the priniple is that energy is reated from oid during an interal t and then returns to oid reating therefore irtual partiles. In fat, the nothing or the auum as we hae seen is the zero that we hae spoken about or the metaunierse M that we dedued from relatiity itself. Some physiists say that the whole unierse is a quantum flutuation phenomenon like in the priniple of unertainty. This is true if we looked at the equation from a different angle If we reshape our minds and say that from the metaunierse a quantum phenomenon ourred that means a parel of energy burst out from the metaunierse, that is full of poteny, to real existene where a unierse was reated and that will eentually disappear, say the physiists, in a period of time t. Furthermore, this metaunierse is not truly oid or nothing. It is non material in nature and we said and mathematially proed that it is supraluminar and as real as the unierse in whih the known matter interats. Relatiely to a referential moing in the unierse, the metaunierse is imaginary and fititious and relatiely to a referential moing in the metaunierse, the referentials of the unierse are fititious and imaginary, so this relation is parallel and idential. Thus, the metaunierse is real to itself. Additionally, some physiists spoke about supraluminar eloities and alled the orresponding partiles the tahyons. They tried to detet them but they ouldn t and this beause they lay in imaginary dimensions. Finally, we said that what is more important than the equations is the explanation that we gie to them. In fat without Albert Einstein, speial relatiity wouldn t hae a meaning, sine the Lorentz equations were disoered earlier by Henri Poinare but were not interpreted adequately. It is the genius of Einstein that gae them their meaning otherwise the equations would hae stayed deoid of sense and just a simple set of equations The Graitational Effet of the Metaunierse Albert and Fran (1979); Einstein (001); Hawking (00; 007; 011); Hoffmann (197) and Pikoer (008) as it is well known in physis, graitational waes trael with the eloity of light. As it was proed in the equations aboe, light is the limit eloity in both R and M. Consequently, graitation behaes relatiely to matter just like to metamatter sine it has the speed of light. Therefore, metamatter exerts graitational effets on matter just like ordinary matter as a result of this fat. It is the effet of metamatter on matter that we obsere inside and outside galaxies. Consequently, dark matter whih is metamatter when it exists near matter attrats it. This is what we are atually obsering in astronomy The Interation of Metamatter with Light Gates (010); Niolson (007) and Panek (011) as it was disoered in astronomy, dark matter does not absorb nor emit light, this explains why it is dark. As a matter of fat, metamatter is supraluminar by nature as we hae preiously proed and it lays in an imaginary metaunierse relatiely to our material real unierse. It should follow that metamatter should not interat with light sine it has firstly a speed greater than that of light relatiely to us who are obserers in the subluminar ontinuum R, sine it exists seondly in another imaginary four dimensional metaunierse and sine it is thirdly dark and inisible to our real telesopes and obseratories. This explains why relatiely to R, M is dark and inisible.. CONCLUSION The expansion of a new theory whih is alled the theory of metarelatiity reates a new ontinuum or spae-time in whih a new matter interats. This newly disoered matter is surely not the ordinary matter but a new kind of matter that an be easily identified to dark matter that sientists seek to find. In fat, the theory shows that this new matter is supraluminar by nature and is related to the new spae-time in the same fashion that ordinary matter is related to the ordinary spae-time that we know. From what has been proed, it was shown that the theory doesn t destroy the Einstein s theory of relatiity that we know but expands it, but on the ontrary, it proes its eraity The new spae-time is now alled Siene Publiations 107

12 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 meta-spae-time or metaunierse M beause it lays beyond the ordinary spae-time as well as the matter interating within it. Now the relation between both matter and metamatter is shown in the theory of metarelatiity. The first spae-time is alled the unierse and the seond spae-time is alled the metaunierse whih is another unierse if we an say as material as the first one and as real as the first one but at different leel of experiene beause it is supraluminar relatiely to the first one. It is similar to the atomi world that exists and is real but at a different leel of physial experiene, in the sense that we hae disoered its laws in the theory of quantum mehanis where we deal with atoms and partiles instead of dealing in astronomy with planets and galaxies. In fat, astronomy is also real in the sense that we hae disoered the laws goerning the stars and planets but at a different leel of reality from our eeryday world and experiene. Metarelatiity omes now to enlarge one more the sope of our understanding to enompass a new leel of physial reality. Siene Publiations 3. REFERENCES Azel, A.D., 000. God s Equation. 1st Edn., Delta Trade Paperbaks, New York, ISBN-10: , pp: 36. Albert, E. and T. Fran, Comment Je Vois le Monde. 1st Edn., Harard Uniersity Press, Cambridge, pp: 33. Balibar, F. and A. Einstein, 00. Physique, Philosophie, Politique. Le Seuil, Paris. Barrow, J.D., 199. Pi in the Sky. 1st Edn., Clarendon Press, Oxford, ISBN-10: , pp: 317. Barrow, J.D., 00. The Book of Nothing. 1st Edn., Vintage Books, New York, ISBN-10: , pp: 361. Barrow, J.D., 006. The Infinite Book. 1st Edn., Vintage, New York, ISBN-10: , pp: 38. Barrow, J.D., 007. New Theories of Eerything. 1st Edn., Oxford Uniersity Press, ISBN-10: , pp: 7. Beker, K., M. Beker and J.H. Shwarz, 007. String Theory and M-Theory. 1st Edn., Cambridge Uniersity Press, Cambridge, ISBN-10: , pp: 739. Dalmedio, A.D., P. Arnoux and J.L. Chabert, 199. Chaos et Determinisme. 1st Edn., du Seuil, Paris, ISBN-10: , pp: 414. De Broglie, L., La Physique Nouelle et les Quanta. 1st Edn., Flammarion. 108 Einstein, A., Comment Je Vois le Monde. 1st Edn., Flammarion, Paris, pp: 18. Einstein, A., 001. La Relatiite. 1st Edn., Petite Bibliothèque Payot. Feynmann, R.P., La Nature de la Physique. 1st Edn., Seuil, ISBN-10: , pp: 96. Gates, E., 010. Einstein s Telesope: The Hunt for Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the Unierse. 1st Edn., New York, Norton, ISBN-10: , pp: 305. Greene, B., 003. The Elegant Unierse. 1st Edn., Vintage, New York, ISBN-10: , pp: 448. Greene, B., 004. The Fabri of the Cosmos. 1st Edn., Knopf, New York, ISBN-10: , pp: 569. Gribbin, J., A la Poursuite du Big Bang.1st Edn., Flammarion, ISBN-10: X, pp: 474. Gubser, S.S., 010. The Little Book of String Theory. 1st Edn., Prineton Uniersity Press, Prineton, ISBN- 10: , pp: 184. Hawking, S., Une Bree Histoire du Temps: Du Big Bang aux Trous Noirs. 84th Edn., ISBN-10: Hawking, S., 000. Trous Noirs et Bebes Uniers. 1st Edn., Odile Jaob, Paris, ISBN-10: , pp: 08. Hawking, S., 00. On the Shoulders of Giants. 1st Edn., Running Press, Philadelphia, ISBN-10: , pp: 164. Hawking, S., 005. God Created the Integers. 1st Edn., Running Press, Philadelphia, ISBN-10: , pp: Hawking, S., 007. The Essential Einstein: His Greatest Works. 1st Edn., Penguin, London, ISBN-10: , pp: 468. Hawking, S., 011. The Dreams that Stuff is Made of. 1st Edn., Running Press, Philadelphia, ISBN-10: , pp: Heath, T.L., The Elements of Eulid. Doer. Hoffmann, B., 197. En Collaboration Ae Helen Dukas, Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel. Viking, New York. Luminet, J.P., Les Trous Noirs. 1st Edn., Pour la Siene, Paris, pp: 19. Niolson, I., 007. Dark Side of the Unierse. 1st Edn., Johns Hopkins Uniersity Press, Baltimore, ISBN- 10: , pp: 184. Panek, R., 011. The 4% Unierse. 1st Edn., Houghton Mifflin Harourt, Boston, ISBN-10: , pp: 30.

13 Abdo Abou Jaoude / Physis International 4 (): , 013 Penrose, R., 00. Les Deux Infinis et L Esprit Humain. 1st Edn., Flammarion, Paris, ISBN-10: , pp: 0. Penrose, R., 004. The Road to Reality. 1st Edn., Jonathan Cape, London, ISBN-10: , pp: Penrose, R., 011. Cyles of Time. 1st Edn., Vintage, London, ISBN-10: , pp: 88. Pikoer, C., 008. Arhimedes to Hawking. 1st Edn., Oxford Uniersity Press, ISBN-10: , pp: 58. Plank, M., Initiations a la Physique. 1st Edn., J. du Plessis de Grenedan, Flammarion. Poinare, H., La Siene et L Hypothèse. 1st Edn., Flammarion, Paris, pp: 5. Proust, D. and C. Vanderriest, Les Galaxies et la Struture de L Uniers. 1st Edn., Le Seuil, ISBN- 10: Reees, H., Patiene dans L Azur. L eolution Cosmique. 1st Edn., Le Seuil, Paris, ISBN-10: , pp: 34. Ronan, C., Histoire Mondiale Des Sienes. 1st Edn., Seuil, ISBN-10: , pp: 696. Sagan, C., Cosmi Connetion ou L appel Des Etoiles. Seuil, ISBN-10: Singh, S., 005. Big Bang: The Origin of the Unierse. 1st Edn., HarperCollins, New York, ISBN-10: , pp: 544. Stewart, I., Dieu Joue-t-il Aux Des?: Les Nouelles Mathematiques Du Chaos. nd Edn., Flammarion, Paris, ISBN-10: , pp: 60. Thorne, S.K., Trous Noirs et Distorsions du Temps. 1st Edn., Flammarion, ISBN-10: , pp: 654. Weinberg, S., Les Trois Premières Minutes de L Uniers. 1st Edn., Seuil, Paris, ISBN-10: , pp: 5. Weinberg, S., Dreams of a Final Theory. 1st Edn., Vintage, London, ISBN-10: , pp: 60. Weinberg, S., 008. Cosmology. 1st Edn., Oxford Uniersity Press, New York, ISBN-10: , pp: 616. Siene Publiations 109