Experimental & theoretical evidences of fallacy of space-time concept and actual state of existence of the physical universe

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1 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: Experimental & theoretial eidenes of fallay of spae-time onept and atual state of existene of the physial unierse Mohammad hafiq Khan H.No. 49, Al-farooq olony, Rawalpora, rinagar, Kashmir , India shafiqifs@gmail.om Abstrat The postulate of onstany of eloity of light irrespetie of relatie uniform motion of the soure and the obserer introdued by Albert Einstein in the artile On the Eletrodynamis of Moing Bodies Albert Einstein (905a) is absolutely onsistent with the physial and experimental obserations. The other postulate of laws by whih physial systems undergo hange are not affeted when referred to different inertial referene frames is in ontradition with all the deriations in the artile. ine the hange in any physial system; due to whateer reason; ould be mainly in referene to the spae and time of that physial system; whereas artile deries that spae and time of any physial system would be different when referred to different inertial referene frames. This artile will establish theoretially as well as experimentally that the onept of length ontration in the diretion of motion, as proposed by Lorentz & FitzGerald to explain Mihelson Morley experiment is fundamentally inorret. onsequently the onept of exhangeability of mass and energy as proposed by Einstein in the artile Does the Inertial of the Body Depend upon its Energy ontent Albert Einstein (905b) fails oneptually, theoretially as well as experimentally. The theoretial and experimental eidenes against the onept of ontration of spae in the diretion of motion leads to the failure of spae time onept and eery theory and onept assoiated with it. The obious onlusions are spae is finite & absolute, time is relatie & emergent, matter is emergent and radiation is the eletromagneti work apaity dissipated by the matter whih propagates in the medium of ether as a wae motion. onsequent upon these experimental and theoretial eidenes this unique state of existene of the physial unierse emerges whih has been partly desribed in the artile Foundation of Theory of Eerything; Non-liing Things & Liing Things Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) and is further disussed herein. This artile disusses in detail the experimental eidenes of the oordinate transformation between two oordinate systems in uniform motion deried in Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b); whih in turn shows that Lorentz transformation whih Einstein physially interpreted in the artile Albert Einstein (905a) is fundamentally inorret. onsequently the physis whih eoled in twentieth entury is shown to be inorret m O inluding the formulae E = m and m.the final onlusion is that spae is finite & absolute and aordingly the Big Bang Theory is established to be baseless. Keywords: pae-time onept, Albert Einstein, Ether, Theory, Unierse, Origin, Introdution The serets of state of existene of the physial unierse are hidden in the nature of light/radiation and one the nature of light/radiation is properly understood the serets unfold. The onept of ether was firstly proposed by a philosopher Rene Desartes in 683. Newton rejeted the onept of ether as the medium of propagation of light. Howeer it was lerk Maxwell who formally put forward the theory of luminiferous ether (herein after ether) in 864 in A Dynamial Theory of the Eletromagneti Field and in 873 he wrote a book titled A Treatise on Eletriity and Magnetism wherein in one of the hapters namely Eletromagneti Theory of Light he proposed that light is an eletromagneti phenomenon in the ether. A historial experiment was arried out by Mihelson in 88; in whih a fundamental error was pointed out by Lorentz and aordingly the experiment was repeated in 887; to experimentally erify the existene of ether. The said experiment was misoneied and misinterpreted to onlude the Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol. 7 absene of ether, whih stands shown in the artile Mihelson Morley Experiment: A Misoneied & Misinterpreted Experiment Mohammad hafiq Khan (0). The experiment has been shown to be misoneied and misinterpreted beause of following two reasons: -. The ether had been irtually presumed to be at rest with respet to the solar system; the sun.. A theory & methodology was adopted wherein the orbital motion of the earth was treated as linear motion. If orbital motion was onsidered as linear motion then lassial Doppler Effet should hae been taken into aount and that was not done. The misoneption and misinterpretation of the Mihelson Morley experiment was a historial turning point in the sientifi and philosophial understanding of the state of existene of the physial unierse. ine it was an experimentally established fat that eloity of light is inariable irrespetie of the relatie motion of the soure and the obserer and haing

2 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: inorretly onluded the absene of ether; it was Woldemar oigt in the same year (887) who showed mathematially that under Galilean transformation of oordinates between two oordinate systems in relatie uniform linear motion the D Alembert s wae equation of spae & time dependent salar wae funtion is not inariant. oigt arried at the similar transformation whih later on is ery well known Lorentz transformation whih Einstein also deried in Albert Einstein (905a). oigt s modified transformation is alled the Lorentz transformation as Lorentz and FitzGerald ould explain the Mihelson Morley experiment by introduing the onepts of length ontration in the diretion of motion and the time dilation. The adoption of the onept was the basi sientifi error as the result of whih neither the nature of light/radiation is orretly understood nor the state of existene of the physial unierse is orretly understood. There is a ery well defined transformation between oordinate systems in uniform motion whih does not inole any spae ontration & under whih the wae equation is inariant but suh a transformation has to be between two oordinate systems, one of whih is the absolute referene system whih is at rest with respet to ether. This transformation has been deried in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) wherein only the time frame of the moing oordinate system is affeted & that too depends upon the reessional motion of the moing oordinate system. On the basis of this transformation the Mihelson Morley experiment has been explained in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (0). ine the elestial objets are haing the spiral motion as suh the spherial polar oordinate system has been adopted beause suh a oordinate system would desribe the motion of the elestial objets in the simplest possible manner. From 887 up to 905 none of the physiists ould physially interpret the oigt/lorentz transformation whih inoled length ontration in the diretion of motion and time dilation besides the dependene of time on spae. This task was undertaken by Einstein in his artile Albert Einstein (905a) and this artile of Einstein & the onepts put forward in the artile are shown to be inorret beyond any reasonable doubt in this artile. ome of the physiists hae put forward alternaties theories but all of those are also irrational or inorret. The alternatie theory put forward under Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) is alid and orret would be shown in this artile. This artile would show as to how and why the artile Albert Einstein (905a) is inorret and proide experimental eidenes that the deriations arried at in the artile are inorret. onsequently the present sientifi and philosophial understanding of the state of existene of the physial unierse is shown to be inorret and alternatie sientifi and philosophial state of existene of the physial unierse as desribed in Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) is further substantiated and disussed herein. Artile Albert Einstein (905b) is also shown to be theoretially as well as experimentally inorret and onsequently General Theory of Relatiity and Big Bang Theory fails at the fundamental leel. Howeer a ery brief historial bakground of understanding of state of existene of the physial unierse would help in omparing the different philosophial and sientifi understandings of the state of existene of the physial unierse. From the time of Aristotle spae was onsidered as finite & absolute, time was onsidered as absolute and matter in essene was also onsidered as absolute. Light was not properly understood. Though a philosopher namely Al-Ghazali showed in his book Inoherenes of the Philosophers that suh a state of existene of the physial unierse ould not be orret on the basis of logi but sine he had not any alternatie iew and there seemed to be no possible alternatie at that time so his iews were rejeted. This iew of the state of existene of the physial unierse ontinued till about the last deade of nineteenth entury. ine the serets of state of existene of the physial unierse are in the nature of light/radiation; two important deelopments took plae in the nineteenth entury regarding the understanding of the nature of light. One was the disoery of the Doppler Effet and the other was experimental obserations of the onstany or inariane of eloity of light irrespetie of the relatie motion of the soure and the obserer. In the early twentieth entury beause of the artiles Albert Einstein (905a) and Albert Einstein (905b) there was the hange in the understanding of the state of existene of the physial unierse under whih spae and time were onsidered emergent and interonneted as spae-time onept and matter and light/radiation were onsidered as exhangeable and sum total of matter and light/radiation was onsidered as absolute. This is the present sientifi and philosophial understanding of the state of existene of the physial unierse whih this artile (and the artiles referred in this artile) will show theoretially as well as experimentally to be fundamentally inorret. Experimental & Theoretial Eidenes The foundation of the present sientifi understanding of the state of existene of the physial unierse was laid in 905 by Einstein through the artiles Albert Einstein (905a) and Albert Einstein (905b). Readers are supposed to hae thoroughly gone through and understood these two artiles; howeer it would be appropriate to reprodue hereunder the two postulates, axioms or priniples as defined by Einstein.. The laws by whih the states of physial systems undergo hange are not affeted, whether the hanges of state be referred to the one or the other systems of oordinates in uniform translatory motion.. Any ray of light moes in the stationary system of oordinates with determined eloity whether the ray be emitted by a stationary or by a moing body. Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol.

3 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: light path Hene eloity = timeinteral where time interal is to be taken in the sense as defined in part Definition of imultaneously. There is no onfusion in so far as the time interal is onerned; as it is the time interal between the time of emission and the time when the obserer reeies the light pulse aording to the lok with the obserer. There is a ery ruial onfusion onerning the light path when the soure of the light is in relatie uniform motion with respet to the obserer. ine the soure and the obserer are in relatie uniform motion it ould be safely presumed that the obserer is at rest whereas the soure of the light is in uniform motion with respet to the obserer. This ruial onfusion ould be explained with the help of a simple Fig.. Fig. t A A B Let O be the obserer; with a lok; who is at rest and let there be a soure of light whih is in uniform motion towards the obserer with a eloity. The soure of light emits a light pulse at the position A at the time t A and the same light pulse be reeied by the obserer at the time t aording to the lok with the obserer. Eidently t t A is the time interal without any dispute or onfusion. At the time t when the obserer reeies the light pulse the soure reahes a position B. The ruial onfusion is that the light path ould be taken as AO or BO Thus AO BO eloity ; eloity t t t t A A O t +e sign when the soure and the obserer are approahing eah other and e sign when the soure and the obserer are reeding. Einstein in his artile Albert Einstein (905a) used this onfusion and manipulated/triked the alulations so as to interpret and derie the Lorentz transformation. The trikery of Einstein atually started from the setion On the Relatiity of Lengths and Times when he states the formulae rab t B t A () rab tb t B (3) Einstein uses the onstany of eloity of light with respet to spae as he has used rather than (the terms need not be defined as the same terms hae been used whih are aailable in 93 published The Priniple of Relatiity English translation of the artile wherein some notations are hanged like denoting the eloity of light instead of as used by Einstein). For further larifiation readers may go through Mohammad hafiq Khan (0) wherein same type of formulae hae been deried presuming the light haing a onstant eloity with respet to spae/ether. The real trikery has been made by Einstein in the setion 3 of part I of the artile namely Theory of the Transformation of oordinates and Times from a tationary ystem to Another ystem in Uniform Motion of Translation Relatiely to the Former. This will be Y η Fig. If AO is taken as the light path then in that ase eloity of light is presumed to be onstant with respet to the spae and let it be denoted as and when BO is taken as light path the eloity of light be denoted as. Eidently the alue of and are different and the relationship between and in ase of the Fig.. = + The relationship between generalized as = ± () and ould be z disussed in detail. In this setion Einstein introdues two oordinate systems in uniform relatie linear motion with a eloity and defines the oordinate system K as stationary with the oordinates as x, y, z and time t. The moing oordinate system k; moing in the diretion of inreasing x with a eloity with the x-axes of both of the oordinate systems oiniding and the other axes of the oordinate systems being parallel. The moing oordinate system k haing the oordinates as ξ, η, ζ and time. The plaement of the soure of light and Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol. x oure of Light x x ξ

4 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: oordinate systems and the points ould be ery well understood from the Fig.. Now a point on the moing oordinate system k is seleted whih orresponds to x, y, z where x =x-t; whih point aording to Einstein; is stationary with respet to the moing oordinate system k. For simpliity of explanation let the point x is plaed on the x-axis of both the oordinate systems. Now if the soure of light is plaed at the origin of the moing oordinate system and if the soure of light emits a light pulse at time 0 towards the point x ; whih is moing with the moing oordinate system suh that it is stationary with respet to the origin of the moing oordinate system k; and the light pulse is refleted from the point x at time and the light pulse reahes the origin of the moing oordinate system at the time in the lok of the moing oordinate system. The interals of time would depend upon the eloity of the light beause the distane between the origin of the moing oordinate system and point x is always the same. Now eloity of light is to be treated as onstant but there are two alternaties of adopting the eloity of light; it ould be treated as onstant with respet to spae as has been defined and it ould be treated as is defined. Einstein did not treat the eloity of light as onstant with respet to spae as he treated the eloity of light as onstant with respet to the point x at the time when the light pulse is reeied by the point x and aordingly the formula ( 0 ) was adopted. Now if D is the distane between the point x and the origin of the moing oordinate whih is a fixed distane; so D (4) When the light pulse is refleted the distane D remains the same D (5) thus Hene (6) One of the triks of Einstein by whih he tried to physially interpret the Lorentz transformation and whih is foundation of the present main stream physial sienes is the formula 0,0,0,t x' x' x' (0,0,0,t ) ( x',0,0,t ) Here Einstein works out the timing of the light pulse at the three points namely the origin of the moing oordinate system, point x and return timing of the light after it is refleted from point x and reahes bak to the origin of the moing oordinate system, wherein the eloity of light has been treated as onstant with respet to the stationary spae; in the manner has been defined. Though it is explained in a ery simple manner and readers must hae understood the trik. But sine it is suh a ruial trik it would be appropriate to desribe this trik in detail. ine aording to Einstein the point x is at onstant distane from the origin of moing oordinate system k let this fixed distane be denoted by D. onsidering the stationary oordinate system K and the propagation of the light pulse therein as shown in the Fig.3. Let the origin of the moing oordinate system by denoted by x and as the light pulse is emitted from the point x at the time 0 in the moing oordinate system and at time t in the stationary oordinate system K; sine Einstein here onsidered the eloity of light onstant with respet to the stationary spae so as the light pulse is emitted from the point x at time t and by the time light pulse reahes point x, the point x reahes the point xt away from point x say by a distane d and let the light pulse be reeied by the point x at time t. The origin of the moing oordinate system has to be at position x at a distane D from the point x. ine t Einstein onsidered the eloity of light onstant with respet to spae whih is denoted by. Thus the light pulse moes a distane D d during the time t t Hene D d (t t) sine the moing oordinate system moes with a eloity so d (t t) D (t t) (t t) Fig. 3 t Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol.

5 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: t = t D ine in the moing oordinate system point x is always at the distane D from the origin of the same oordinate system; hene D is to be replaed by x x' t = t (7) The path of the light pulse whih is refleted from the point x towards the origin of the moing oordinate system ould be understood from the Fig. 4. As the light pulse is refleted from the point x t at time t and it reahes the origin of the moing oordinate system at time t but by the time the light pulse reahes the origin of the moing oordinate system the origin moes to the position x at a distane d from the original position x t t Hene D d (t t ) ine the moing oordinate system is moing with a eloity d (t t ) D (t t ) (t t ) Hene t t D Replaing D by x ' t t x ' Applying equation (7) to t t x ' x ' t (8) Fig. 4 Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol. This should explain the trik; beause Einstein worked out the timing of the light pulse at the same three points in two oordinate systems by adopting two different eloities of light; thereby Einstein iolated the ery postulate of onstany of eloity of light irrespetie of the motion of the soure and the obserer whih he had introdued in the artile. Now if the timing of the light pulse in the stationary oordinate system is worked out in the same way as had been done in the moing oordinate system; then equation (7) and (8) would be x' t t x ' x ' x ' t t t Thus we should hae (0,0,0, t) x' x' 0,0,0, t x',0,0, Hene equation (Equation of t x ' t Trikery) hall hae to be replaed by t x ' t Hene 0 x ' This is the physial basis of inorretness of the Equation of Trikery and sine all the deriations in the artile Albert Einstein (905) are based on the Equation of Trikery as suh all the onlusions drawn in the artile are inorret. The artile On the Eletrodynamis of Moing Bodies by Albert Einstein is Based on Trikeries (Open Letter to Professors, Teahers, Researhers and tudents of physis) Mohammad hafiq Khan (0b) shows mathematially that Einstein has simply triked to arrie at the Equation of Trikery to justify the adoption of Lorentz fator & dependene of time on spae. To further larify the trikery; Einstein had introdued x as a point whih is always at fixed distane from the origin of the moing oordinate system k and hene annot be funtion of x as a ariable; hene is mathematially x an absurd term in the Equation of Trikery. The limax of trikery in the artile Albert Einstein (905a) is when x is mysteriously replaed by x-t in the equations to follow, thereby a onstant; in so far as the moing oordinate system k is onerned; is replaed by a ariables. This mathematial trikery is ontained in the following two

6 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: sentenes in setion 3 of the artile Albert Einstein (905a) If we plae x'=x-t, it is lear that a point at rest in the system k must hae a system of alues x', y, z, independent of time. We first define as a funtion of x', y, z, and t. If x, y, z are independent of time ; whih he mishieously did not quote; but in the next sentene he makes time as a funtion of x, y, z. Thus the deriation & justifiation of Lorentz fator & inter-dependene of spae and time as in the spae-time onept is baseless. Haing shown as to how Equation of Trikery ould be orreted, it seems that physiists of twentieth entury inluding the journal whih published the artile did not bother as to how Einstein had arried at the Equation of Trikery in the artile. Presently een an undergraduate student of physis would understand that in the Equation of Trikery is an absurd term andit has been put x therein for no reason whatsoeer. After theses trikeries Einstein simply proeeds to derie the Lorentz transformation under the pretext of soalled priniple of relatiity and by mysteriously replaing x (a onstant) with x-t in the setion 3 of the artile. The artile Albert Einstein (905a) is responsible for seeral unanswerable paradoxes but herein below will be disussed the physially erifiable interpretations as theoretial interpretations will be shown to be baseless in the later part of the artile. Now refer the postulate, priniple or axiom as introdued by Einstein in the artile (905a). The hange in the physial system; due to whateer reason; has to be mainly with respet to the spae and the time; whih should not be affeted if referred to any other oordinate system whih is in uniform translatory motion. But through the artile Einstein deries a transformation whereby the hange in the physial system is quantified and defined. This is self-ontraditory whih the sientists should hae pointed out at the time of publiation of the artile and een the editor of the journal should hae pointed it out and refused publiation of the artile. The main erifiable interpretation of the artile is the Doppler Effet. Without going into disussion the formula deried in the artile for representing the Doppler Effet is os (9) where is the eloity of the obserer, is the frequeny of the light emitted by a distant soure and ϕis the angle whih the soure obserer line makes with the diretion of the eloity of the obserer and is the obsered frequeny of the light. There ould not be any other better way of testing the Lorentz transformation and theory of Einstein than the Doppler Effet. The lassial formula for the Doppler Effet with some medium in exatly the same situation is In the setion 4 physial interpretations of moing rigid bodies and moing loks are disussed. Now a sphere at rest with respet to a moing oordinate system is onsidered; the equation of the surfae of sphere is stated as R where R is the radius of the sphere and when this sphere is iewed by the stationary oordinate system the equation of the surfae would be x y z R This is the equation of an ellipsoid. onersely if the rigid body is a sphere in the oordinate system at rest with the rigid body then any moing oordinate system should obsere the moing rigid body as an ellipsoid. If this is applied to the obseration of the sun from the earth or any satellite but no suh obseration has been eer reported. The sun appears as a sphere from whereer it is obsered; thereby the onept of spae being affeted by the motion of the obserer is simply not orret. This is erifiable een now. os. Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol. (0) The only problem is that the eloity whih ould be generated annot be omparable to to draw lear ut onlusion. The ontroersy between the obsered frequeny shift under lassial formula and relatiisti formula has been going on due to the extremely small alue of the Lorentz fator i.e.. Howeer the best possible test of Lorentz transformation and theory of Einstein would be when 90 then This is transerse Doppler Effet. This means when the obserer is moing in a irular motion around the soure of the light/radiation. There is a ery serious limitation of generating the eloity of the obserer whih

7 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: ould be omparable to to experimentally erify the theory put forward by Einstein in the artile Albert Einstein (905a). This serious limitation was the main reason that the theory espeially spae ontration ould not be experimentally erified up to ending twentieth entury. It is ery pertinent to state here that the experimental erifiation of the transerse Doppler Effet would be almost diret experimental erifiation of the onept of spae ontration in the diretion of motion or alidity of Lorentz transformation. The limitation of generating the eloity of the reoling obserer omparable to the eloity of light ould be ompensated by the highly aurate instrumentation whih ould detet the hange or shift of the frequeny of the refleted light/radiation to the extent of at least one part in 0 4. Thus proper erifiation of the transerse Doppler Effet was possible in 970 s & later when Laser and mirowae tehnology was deeloped. eeral experiments hae been arried out to erify the transerse Doppler Effet both in ase of matter partiles (atoms/ions) as well as light & radiation. The detetion of any transerse Doppler Effet in ase of light and radiation by experiments with ery high sensitiity hae failed but some transerse Doppler Effet has been obsered in ase of partiles (ions/atoms) by experiments arried out in the past. The artile Albert Einstein (905a) is onerned with the Doppler Effet inluding transerse Doppler Effet of light or radiation; hene the experiments arried out in respet of light and radiation only needs to be disussed in detail. There are mainly two series of experiments whih hae been onduted to obsere any transerse Doppler Effet in ase of light and radiation. One series of experiments hae been arried out with light using the Lasers and the other series of experiments hae been arried out with radiation using mirowaes with the highest possible sensitiity of one part in 0 7 in ase of light and frequeny shift as small as 0-3 Hz whih 4 orresponds to the alue of 5.0. There is not any possibility of doubt about the experimental error with suh a high sensitie instrumentation. These experiments are disussed in detail in what follows. Experiments of Transerse Doppler Effet of Light A series of experiments hae been onduted by P.A. Daies & R.. Jennison of Eletronis Laboratories, Uniersity of Kent and reported in Journal of Physis (J. Physis A: Math Gen. ol 8, No ) P.A. Daies & R.. Jennison (975). Een as the adoates of theory of speial relatiity they had not experimentally deteted any transerse Doppler Effet for whih they had absolutely no doubt whatsoeer; keeping in iew all possibilities of experimental error. Without desribing the experimental set up; one of the experiments reealed that this experiment shows that any frequeny shift in the beam Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol. 3 refleted from the (transersely) moing mirrors is less than two parts in 0 7 to quote the artile. This experimental alue is far less than any predited relatiisti frequeny shift. In another experiment the total fringe shift aried from +3 to +5 ompared to the predited relatiisti transerse fringe shift of +50. Thus the experiment established; to quote the artile, this experiment shows there is no relatiisti frequeny shift to an auray of better than 5%. Keeping in iew all possibilities of the experimental errors the experimenters onluded that there is no transerse Doppler Effet in ase of light. The explanation of the experiments by the authors P.A. Daies & R.. Jennison is interesting. This experiment is mainly onerned with the alidity of Lorentz fator. Using the arguments of J.H. anders (The Fundamental Atomi onstants) Appendix II (965) and some strange arguments of R.. Jennison (964) on the basis of time dilation they dedued that the obsered radius of the moing mirror would be ω r rb r () where r B is the obsered radius and r is the atual radius and ω is the angular eloity. In order to explain the experiment authors hae swithed oer the onept of ontration of spae in the diretion of motion to the ontration of spae in the diretion perpendiular to the diretion of motion in respet of transerse motion. eondly on the basis of time dilation they hae dedued the hange in the angular eloity of the irularly moing mirror as ω r ω r =ω (3) Where ω r is the obsered angular eloity and ω is the atual angular eloity of the irularly moing mirror and r is the atual radius. Thus the experimental absene of the transerse Doppler Effet under the theory of speial relatiity was explained by i. ontration of spae in the diretion perpendiular to the irularly moing objets. ii. hange in the obsered angular frequeny of the moing objets They seem to hae explained the Ehrenfest paradox but instead reated ery serious paradoxes whih seem to be impossible, illogial and irrational for reasons disussed as under: Taking up the equation ()

8 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: ω r r B = r Now if ω r = r B = 0 This means at ωr = the irularly moing objet will be at the entre around whih it is reoling and the spae between the entre and the moing objet will anish. Now under the theory of speial relatiity nothing an moe at the speed of eloity of light exept light. But though the objet is moing with linear eloity of light but the spae between the moing objet and the entre has to anish for no reason whatsoeer. At speeds of the irularly moing objet lower than ωr = there would not be spae ontration in the diretion of motion but the spae between the entre and the moing objet will be ontrated and the ultimate absurdity will be when ωr = Now taking up the equation ω r ω r =ω This means that the obsered angular eloity ω r at ωr = will be infinity with the irularly moing objet standing at the entre and at the linear eloity whih is ery lose to the objet will by away from the entre moing with the speed seeral times the atual angular eloity. This again is preposterous and absurd. A ery serious obseration would be ery appropriate to be stated here. As it will be seen that Hartwig W. Thim explains the experiment Absene of the Transerse Doppler hift at Mirowae Frequeny by the fat that there is no time dilation in ase of the irularly moing bodies (onlusion in the Disussion & onlusion of the artile) whih is the obious onlusion for absene of transerse Doppler Effet if we presume that there is no ontration of spae in the diretion of motion. But Daies and Jennison deries the equations () and (3) on the basis of the time-dilation. Thus by adopting the inorret time-dilation in irularly moing objets these paradoxes were borne. The transformation deried in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) has no Ehrenfest paradox or any other paradox whih were borne due to the theories of relatiity. Howeer the series of experiments arried out by R.A. Daies and R.. Jennison hae established the absene of transerse Doppler Effet beyond any reasonable doubt keeping in iew all the possibilities of the experimental error. Thus this should be suffiient experimental eidene that the Einstein's theory is baseless and Lorentz fator is not real. Experiments of Transerse Doppler Effet of Radiation A series of experiments hae been arried out by Hartwing W. Thim regarding experimental detetion of transerse Doppler Effet in respet of mirowaes and Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol. 4 reported in IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Tehnology onferene, Anhorage, AK, UA, -3 May 00 under the tittle Absene of the Transerse Doppler hift at Mirowae Frequeny Hartwig W. Thim (00) and the artile Absene of the Relatiisti Transerse Doppler hift at Mirowae Frequenies published in IEEE Transation on Instrumentation and Measurement ol. 5, No. 5, Otober 003 Hartwing H. Thim (003). The sensitiity of the apparatus used has been tested to be suffiient for deteting frequeny shifts as small as 3 0 Hertz whih orresponds to the alue of Without disussing the experimental set up and preautions taken for any possibility of experimental error, to quote the artile the expeted transerse Doppler shift thus ould not be deteted. Instead, a null result was measured whih was not due to instrumental defiienies. The experimenter and the author Hartwig W. Thim was partly in error while drawing the onlusions from the experiment. The onlusions drawn by him are a. Time dilation does not exist implying that the Lorentz transformations are not appliable (at least to rotating transmitters, antennas and detetors). b. Time dilation exists only in preferred frame of referene (mirowae bakground) but annot be deteted by the used experimental set up as in the ase with many other experiments whih attempt to test loal Lorentz inariane of time, length or mass. The first onlusion is orret to the extent that time dilation does not exist in reoling or rotating detetors, whereas the seond onlusion is partly right. There is a ery sound reason that this experiment has not reeied due attention in the sientifi studies beause the experiment demonstrated that there is no time dilation whih the author generalized; though it is orret for irular motion only; whereas there are seeral experiments whih hae deteted the time dilations in respet of linear motion. Basially the transerse Doppler Effet is onerned with the Lorentz fator but the author drew the onlusion that there is no time dilation. Howeer the experiments of deteting the transerse Doppler Effet at mirowae radiations as onduted by Hartwig W. Thim establishes the absene of transerse Doppler Effet with suffiient auray of the experiment. This is the additional eidene that the Lorentz fator is not real and simply the result of misoneption, misinterpretation and trikery in artile Albert Einstein (905a). On the other hand the experiments disussed herein aboe are the experimental eidenes of theory and the transformation deried in artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b). The transformation of time deried in Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b)

9 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: t t (4) where ĉ. where ĉ is the unit diretional etor of eloity of light, soure of whih is at the entre and is the eloity (linear) of the obserer in its own time frame. Now from equation (4) we hae t γ t ine for the reoling obserer ĉ. 0 o t t (5) This is what Hurtwig W. Thim had deried and demonstrated in his artile Hartwig W. Thim (003) and this should be the experimental eidene that the artile Albert Einstein (905a) is not orret and the Lorentz fator is not real and had been inorretly introdued by Lorentz. Both the experiments namely P.A. Daies & R.. Jennison (975) and Hartwig W. Thim (003) are the experimental eidenes whih show that the transformation of oordinates deried in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) is exat and orret. There is another erifiable interpretation of the artile Albert Einstein (905a) and whih ould also play a signifiant role for deiding about the fallay of the artile Albert Einstein (905a). This is the formula and experimental erifiation of law of aberration. In the artile the formula for law of aberration as deried by Einstein is os os (6) os The law of aberration shall be now deried under the transformation deried in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b). The transformation under spherial polar oordinate is r r t & t = γt where γ = ĉ. Now if is the eloity assigned along the x-axis x x t (7) Now x x t os r. ˆ r ˆ. t Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol. 5 tbeing the time frame of the solar system and ĉ being the unit diretional etor of light from the star (assumed to be at rest referene frame). x t os r ost Diiding numerator & denominator by r x t γ os r r t osγ r Applying law of inariability of eloity of light os γ os γ os ine γ = r + where r is net reessional eloity of the solar system os r + os ' = os r + r (+ ) os os '= (8) r + os r r And for = 90 ;(+ ) as is ery small os (9) This was the Bradley obseration. The formula (8) is erifiable as it an established fat that formula (6) does not represent the law of aberration orretly if ompared with the data aailable with NAA. The adantage of the transformation deried in artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) is that it proes the inariability of eloity of light but in the time frame of the obserer and resoles the long standing onfusion between orpusular theory and wae theory of light whih is disussed in the hapter.5 tellar Aberration of the book Refletions on Relatiity by Kein Brown. At least now the proper explanations of the experiments onduted for transerse Doppler Effet and the stellar aberration hae shown that the artile Albert

10 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: Einstein (905a) is inorret. There is other theoretial eidene that the artile Albert Einstein (905a) is inorret. The equation generally adopted for inariability of eloity of light in Quantum Mehanis and een in theories of relatiity for the propagation of wae motion of light/radiation in two oordinate systems in artesian oordinates with oordinates of spae & time as x, y, z, t, & x, y, z, t in relatie motion are x y z t (0) x y z t () Admittedly the Lorentz transformation does satisfy these equations but for more than one and a half deades none of the physiists ould physially interpret the oigt/lorentz transformation. These two equations in no ase define the inariability of eloity of light with respet to spae but these equations define the inariability of eloity of light with respet to the oordinate systems or obserers. Whereas, as desribed, Einstein equated the eloity of light with respet to spae and the obserer to physially interpret the Lorentz transformation. The long pending task has been aomplished in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) and the experimental eidene of the fat that the transformation is absolutely orret are the experiments of transerse Doppler Effet desribed in this artile. Though the transformation deried in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) has been physially interpreted in the said artile and also in artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (0) and shown to satisfy the wae-equation in the oordinate systems in relatie motion of any nature. But the appliation of the transformation deried in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) would be done in the artesian oordinate systems in this artile whih would further larify the physial interpretation of the transformation. The transformation was deried in the spherial polar oordinates wherein the transformation was between the absolute referene frame of ether at rest and the moing referene frame with the eloity in the time frame of the moing referene frame. The transformation is moing oordinate system ould be in motion in any diretion irular or linear or spiral; keeping in iew the fat the 0. The eloity etor of the moing oordinate system ould be represented as where is the irular omponent of the eloity and is the omponent of the eloity due to whih there is reeding or approahing motion. Thus ˆ. ˆ. ˆ. sine Thus ĉ. 0 ˆ. ˆ. (RorA) This means that the irular omponent of the motion of moing oordinate system has no effet on the transformation of time and for any irular motion time frames of the ether at rest frame of referene and the moing referene frame in the irular motion with respet to ether at rest frame of referene are the same. This priniple was applied to explain the Mihelson- Morley experiment in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (0). General rule follows from the transformation that irularly moing referene frames around a point will hae the same time frame as that of the point. This is onfirmed by the experiments of transerse Doppler Effet. The time frames of the ether at rest frame of referene and the moing referene frame whih hae the reeding or approahing motion are different. Now onsider the moing oordinate system and the ether at rest oordinate system haing the oordinates as x, y, z, and time frame as t and x, y, z & time frame as t respetiely and the two oordinate systems are aligned suh that x axes of both oordinate systems are oiniding and the approahing or reeding motion of moing oordinate system along the x axes with the eloity as depited in Fig.5 Fig. 5 r r t () t =γt (3) where γ ĉ. (4) where ĉis the unit diretional etor of eloity of light the soure of whih is at the origin of the oordinate system whih is at rest with respet to ether. Here in spherial polar oordinates r 0, 0 80 and The transformation ould be safely desribed with 0 whih does not inole any oer-simplifiation. Now the A soure of light is loated at the origin of the ether at rest frame of referene of oordinate. The wae front of Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol.

11 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: the light pulse emitted by the soure ould be defined by the following two equations, keeping in iew the inariability of eloity of light x y +z t (5) x +y +z t (6) ine r x +y +z Hene equation (5) ould be written as r = t r = t Thus This is perfetly alright, that the wae front has r the eloity = in the ether at rest frame of referene. t Now onsider the transformation deried in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) r = r γt where γ ĉ. + Now. ˆ r.r ˆ ˆ. γt r = r - γt As here For the light wae front r = r r γ r r + so Now r = r.r = t ˆ. = r t = r = γ r (inariability of eloity of light) x y z γ x y z = γ t diiding by γ x y z x y z γ γ γ Hene x = γ x x γ x (7) y = γ y y γ y (8) z γ z t Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol. 7 z γ z (9) where t = γ t (30) These equations being for wae front but the general transformation in the artesian oordinates would be x x γ t (3) y = γ y (3) z = γ z (33) where t = γ t (34) When the oordinate system x, y, z is moing with a eloity s (the reeding/approahing eloity ) in the diretion of x-axis with the time frame of t where γ (35) + is positie if the referene frame or the moing oordinate system is reeding and is negatie if the referene frame moing oordinate system is approahing. The physial interpretation of the transformation deried in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) and the same deried herein in the artesian oordinate system is that if the measurements are arried out with the help of light/radiation then transformations deried and represented are equations (3) to (34) where the fator γ is gien by equation (35). Now if it is possible to arry out measurements diretly & physially without the help of light/radiation from the moing oordinate system then the transformations would be x x γ t (36) y y (37) z z (38) t = γ t (39) The equations (37) and (38) are different beause here the fator γ will not be alled into play beause the eloity of light whih is the same as but on the time frame of the moing oordinate system whih depends on the reeding or approahing motion of the moing oordinate system. Thus it should be lear that the due to motion of the oordinate system only the time frame of the moing oordinate system is affeted whih would depend upon the approahing or reeding motion of the moing oordinate system with respet to the absolute referene frame or ether at rest frame of referene or oordinate system. The presumed experimental eidene for the absene of ether and the spae ontration in the diretion of motion till date is only Mihelson-Morley experiment. The artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (0) shows that the

12 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: onlusions about the absene of ether and ontration of spae in the diretion of motion are absolutely baseless. The theoretial and experimental eidenes disussed herein shows beyond any doubt whatsoeer that the Lorentz fator is not real and aordingly the time dilation as deried by Lorentz and Einstein in the artile Albert Einstein (905a) is not orret. Though there is no diret experimental eidene of spae ontration till date but there are hundreds of experimental eidenes of time dilation and in the history of physial sienes only the theories of relatiity put forth by Einstein predited the time dilation. onsequently the theories of relatiity were adopted in physial sienes and hae found way in eery branh of physial sienes in one form or the other. During whole of the twentieth entury no alternatie theory was put forward but now when the alternatie theory has been put forward under artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) with suffiient theoretial and experimental eidenes produed in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (0) and herein; delay in disarding the entire physial sienes based on Einstein s onepts and theories inluding the spae-time onept would be simply irrational and unsientifi. The obious onsequene of the inorret artile Albert Einstein (905a) was the artile Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy ontent Albert Einstein (905b). The terms stand already introdued in this artile and without defining the terms; taking up the main equation in the said artile l * os l (40) Where l represents the energy of the light pulse in the at * rest frame of referene with oordinates x, y, z and l represents the energy of the same light pulse in the moing frame of referene with oordinates whih is in uniform parallel translation eloity with respet to the x, y, z oordinate and is the angle whih the diretion of the light pulse makes with the diretion of x axes. From formula (40) it will be shown theoretially and experimentally that the transformation deried in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00) is orret. The formula (40) ould be written as os h h (4) It is presumed that h is a onstant as Einstein had presumed. Now if 90 Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol. 8 But the experiments of transerse Doppler Effet disussed herein hae shown that there is absolutely no hange in the frequeny of the light or radiation; thereby proing experimentally that the Lorentz fator not real and has been wrongly adopted. It would be ery appropriate to mention here that the onsequenes of retifying this inorret onept are so immense and important that it would hange the sientifi iews of all the physial sienes whih are presently held by the main-stream siene. Thus sine it is experimentally erified that the Lorentz fator is not real aordingly equation (4) ould be written as ĉ. (4) here the ĉ is the unit diretional etor of light in the reerse diretion. Frequeny of the light/radiation is simply the number of waes passing through a point per unit time. If t is the time period in the stationary oordinate system in whih * N number of waes passes through a point; the time t in the moing oordinate system in whih same number ( N ) of waes passes in the moing oordinate system would be goerned by the equation (4) N N ĉ. t t Hene * t t = (43) ĉ. + or * t = γ t Where γ = ĉ +. There ould not be any simpler way of proing experimentally & theoretially that the transformation deried in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) is orret; as per whih only the time frame of the moing oordinate system is affeted and that too if the moing oordinate system has the reeding or approahing omponent of motion and in no way spae is affeted/inoled. Admittedly this is onsistent with is

13 Indian Journal of iene and Tehnology ol. 5 No.3 (Mar 0) IN: lassial physis but under lassial physis the onstany of eloity of light annot be explained. Now taking up the equation * ĉ. h h + Let the energy [atually the work apaity as per the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b)] of the light * pulses be W and W in the two oordinate systems would be * ĉ. w w + * γ w w Thus work apaity (energy of the present main-stream siene) is onsered in the absolute referene frame of ether at rest. Different oordinate systems quantify the work apaity (energy) differently depending upon the time frame of the moing oordinate systems. Thus the first postulate of Einstein introdued in the artile Albert Einstein (905a) annot be orret. It is stated in the artile Mohammad hafiq Khan (00b) that disoery of the Doppler Effet in the nineteenth entury was the historial and most important disoery and proper understanding of Doppler Effet would hae been of great help in understanding the state of existene of the physial unierse. The seret of existene of ether and more importantly the seret of nature of time was in the Doppler Effet whih unfortunately for humanity was not orretly studied and interpreted. The misinterpretation of Doppler Effet by Einstein in the artile Albert Einstein (905b) lead to the deriation of the formula E = m whih quantifies the relationship between inertia and the energy (work apaity) ontent of a body. oneptually, logially and sientifially it is an inorret theory/onept whih forms the basis of the present main stream physial sienes. The whole onfusion is beause of the Lorentz fator whih was theoretially deried in the artile Albert Einstein (905a) with the help of trikery and for whih the misoneied and misinterpreted Mihelson Morley experiment sered the experimental basis. The formula in the Albert Einstein (905b) under the same premises and the same notations and same situation as has been adopted in the artile Albert Einstein (905b) but without the Lorentz fator whih has been shown to be not real; (it needs to be born in mind that premises of Doppler Effet; the relatiisti Doppler Effet; as held by Einstein and also the same under lassial physis are fundamentally not orret ) ould be rewritten as E 0 = E + L + L (44) Now H 0 = H + L - os + L + os H 0 = H + L + L (45) Hene H E H E = 0 (46) 0 0 Assuming as in the artile Albert Einstein (905b) H E = K H E = K + so K 0 K = 0 (47) Hene the onlusion of Einstein that L K K (48) 0 Whih orresponds to m L (presently known as the formula E=m ) is untrue as the same is based on the inorret artile Albert Einstein (905a) and for whih experimental eidenes hae been disussed in this artile. Before the signifiane of equation (47) is disussed, it ould be safely onluded that the absolute and unquestionable proof against the present mainstream understanding of the physial unierse is the Doppler Effet. Now if it is presumed that the soure of light is at rest in ether at rest frame of referene or oordinate system and the energy (work apaity) of the light pulse in three oordinate systems whih are at rest with the oordinate system of the soure, reeding with respet to oordinate system of the soure and approahing with respet to the oordinate system of the soure respetiely are w = h (49) w = h (50) r a r w = h (5) a ine is the frequeny under the reeding ondition r whih is red-shifted hene r and a is the frequeny under the approahing ondition whih is blue-shifted hene. There is absolutely no reason for the light a pulse to loose or gain work apaity (energy) due to the motion of the oordinate system. If it is presumed that spae and time is affeted by the motion of the oordinate systems then a logial and rational question arises where from and where the light pulse gains or loses the work apaity (energy). This should show as to what extent the present main-stream siene is irrational and illogial. Now if it is presumed that the harateristis of the light pulse hanges due to ontration of spae in the diretion of motion; then sine there is ontration of spae in the diretion of motion whether the obserer oordinate system is reeding or approahing then there should hae been blue-shifting whether the obserer oordinate system is approahing or reeding the soure of light. Thus Doppler Effet had been an experimental proof that Researh artile Fallay of spae-time onept and a new theory against it M..Khan Indian oiety for Eduation and Enironment (iee) Indian J.i.Tehnol.