Journal of Physical Mathematics

Transcription

1 Journal of Physial Mathematis Researh Artile Artile Journal of Physial Mathematis Makanae, J Phys Math 207, 8: DOI: 0.472/ OMICS Open International Aess Verifying Einstein s Time by Using the Equation TimeDistane/ Veloity Makanae M* Independent Researher, Representatie Free Web College, Nishikasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo , Japan Abstrat The statement Eery referene-body o-ordinate system) has its own partiular time, whih appears in Einstein s book Relatiity: The Speial and General Theory, is widely aepted among physiists and een by the general publi with the popular interpretation that a lok in a moing body and another lok at rest in the referene stationary body will indiate different alues of time. Howeer, upon examining the grounds for this perspetie by using the equation timedistane/eloity and using the priniple of the onstany of the eloity of light, we find that the aboe sentene should be arranged as Eery referene body oordinate system) has its own partiular measurement of the time interal for the propagation of light and, also it has its own partiular measurement of the interal of the light path that must be used in order to alulate its time interal. The numerial alue of the ratio of these two interals is : always. This implies that the pae of tiking of all loks is idential. This fat ontradits the aboe popular interpretation. Keywords: Numerial alue; Einstein s time; Lorentz fator Introdution In 905, A. Einstein published the artile titled On the Eletrodynamis of Moing Bodies [], whih is referred to as the Speial Theory of Relatiity STR). In Setion of [], he first defined time, whih is obtained by obsering the hands of a wath at the plae where the wath and the obserer i.e., the user of the wath) are loated. Then, he desribes the method for onfirming the synhronization of two loks that are plaed a ertain distane apart by using the round trip of the ray of light between the two loks. In Setion 2 of [], by onsidering the relationship between a moing system in whih the round trip of the ray of light is performed and a referene stationary system in whih an obserer measures the time interals of the round trip of the ray of light, Einstein implied that the progress of time in the moing system and the progress of time in the referene stationary system are different. Subsequently, in Setion 3 of [], he deeloped the expression, β, whih was later termed as Lorentz fator, as a ore theory of STR. This expression denotes the ratio between the alue of time or length in the moing system and the alue of time or length in the referene stationary system. In 96, A. Einstein published his book titled Relatiity: The Speial and General Theory [2]. In this book, as an explanation of STR, he introdued his thought experiment that onsisted in the obseration of the simultaneity of two lightning strikes. Based on this thought experiment, his onlusion regarding time was: Eery referene body o-ordinate system) has its own partiular time. For oneniene, hereafter, we refer to this Einstein s perspetie as Einstein s time.) Einstein s time is widely aepted among physiists, and een among the general publi, with the popular interpretation that a lok attahed to a moing body and another lok at rest attahed to a referene stationary body indiate different alues of time. Howeer, upon examining the grounds for this perspetie by using the uniersal equation timedistane/eloity and by inorporating the priniple of the onstany of the eloity of light, we find that the aboe sentene should be arranged as Eery referene body oordinate system) has its own partiular measurement of the time interal for the propagation of light and, also, it has its own partiular measurement of the interal of the light path that must be used in order to alulate its time interal. The numerial alue of the ratio of these two interals is always :. This indiates that the tiking pae of all loks is idential. This fat ontradits the aboe popular interpretation. In this study, we explain this issue with tangible reasons by using numerial alues in a pratial example. Then, we suggest a pratial approah, whih uses adaned tehnology of the 2 st entury, for erifying our onlusion, i.e., for erifying Einstein s time. Confirming the Definition of Independent Time Before dwelling on Einstein s time, we onfirm the definition of the onept of independent time as we all it) that was proided in Setion of [], as this onept is the starting point for studying Einstein s perspetie regarding time. In the first half of Setion of [], after emphasizing that the onept of time is important in the study of physis, Einstein onsidered time at a plae where a wath and an obserer i.e., the user of the wath) are loated; then he states the definition of time by substituting the position of the small hand of my wath for time, hereafter referred to as Sentene. We an onsider sundials, hourglasses, modern digital loks, or any other instrument that an be used to measure time, instead of the hand of the wath that appears in Sentene. Therefore, we may replae Sentene with the definition of time by substituting the indiator of my/a wath for time, whih may be referred to as Sentene 2. Usually, one a ertain term has been replaed by another term, we *Corresponding author: Makanae M, Independent Researher, Representatie Free Web College, Nishikasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo , Japan, Tel: +8-0) ; edit@free-web-ollege.om Reeied February 22, 207; Aepted Marh 03, 207; Published Marh 07, 207 Citation: Makanae M 207) Verifying Einstein s Time by Using the Equation TimeDistane/Veloity. J Phys Math 8: 25. doi: 0.472/ Copyright: 207 Makanae M. This is an open-aess artile distributed under the terms of the Creatie Commons Attribution Liense, whih permits unrestrited use, distribution, and reprodution in any medium, proided the original author and soure are redited. J Phys Math, an open aess journal Volume 8 Issue 00025

2 Citation: Makanae M 207) Verifying Einstein s Time by Using the Equation TimeDistane/Veloity. J Phys Math 8: 25. doi: 0.472/ Page 2 of 6 an put the former term aside. In Sentene, time as the last word in the sentene) is replaed by the indiator of a wath. Therefore, we an arrange Sentene 2 as the definition of time is the indiator of wath or lok) by remoing the phrase for time. This sentene is ideal from the iewpoint of formal logi, beause it is meaningless to define the onept of time by using the phrase for time in this ase. Hereafter, we treat this sentene as a definition of the onept of independent time, for the reason that this onept is established at the plae where a wath and an obserer are loated. We an say that this Einstein s onept of independent time is orret, sine time measurement an be arried out preisely and sientifially only by wathing the indiator of a lok. With the premise that Einstein s definition of independent time is orret, we an state that the progress of independent) time an only be known through a lok that tiks at a steady pae, unless the lok is out of order. Thus, we assume that the pae of time progress an be onfirmed by the tiking pae of a lok. Confirming the Bakground of the Primary Perspetie of Einstein's Time After explaining independent time, in Setion of [], Einstein desribes a method for the synhronization of two loks in the same oordinate system by using the round trip of a ray of light between the two loks as t B t A t B. ) This equation is established based on the following assumptions. A lok is loated at point A, and another lok is loated at point B. t A is the point of time when the ray is emitted from the light soure loated at A. t B is the point of time when the ray is refleted by a mirror plaed at B. t A is the point of time when the ray returns to A. The left hand side of ) represents the time required for the ray to Go from A to B) The right hand side represents the time required for the ray to Return from B to A). With the assumption that the eloity of light is onstant in auum, the right-hand and left-hand sides of ) are equal. Thus, we an onlude that the synhronization of the two loks is satisfied. By assuming that the distane between points A and B iewed within the system to whih both the points belong) is, the ray of light moes in s. Thus, we an express ) as s - 0 s2 s - s, then obtaining s s. In Setion 2 of [], based on the priniple of relatiity, the priniple of the onstany of the eloity of light, and the aboe method for onfirming the synhronisation of the two loks, Einstein onsidered the relationships between a moing system and a referene stationary system with the onepts of time and length, using the uniersal equation timedistane/eloity. He then proed the following set of equations, γ AB γ tb ta and AB t A t B 2) + The premises implied or desribed by Eq. 2) are the following:. Two oordinate systems: the moing system refers to a moing rigid rod, and the stationary system is desribed as the referene frame. 2. The rigid rod traels with a uniform eloity, undergoing parallel translation with respet to the stationary system along the positie diretion of the x-axis. 3. A is the point at the beginning of the rod, losest to the origin of the x-axis, and B is the point at the end of the rod, at a distane l from A. 4. A light soure is plaed at A, and a mirror is plaed at B to reflet the light in the opposite diretion. 5. A lok is plaed at eah of the points A and B. 6. The round trip of a ray of light between A and B is goerned by Eq. ) in the moing system. 7. The eloity of the moing rigid rod is, and is the eloity of light. 8. The point in time at whih the light is emitted by the light soure is t A. 9. The point in time at whih the light is refleted by the mirror is t B. 0. The point in time at whih the light returns to A is t A.. γ AB denotes the length of the moing rigid rod measured in the stationary system. 2. The quantity or + is the relatie eloity between the front of the ray and A iewed from the stationary referene system. Conditions 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 0 are the same onditions expressed by Eq. ). When an obserer at rest in the referene stationary system obseres this round trip of the ray of light, Eq. 2) holds. The left side of Eq. 2) orresponds to the Go interal A to B), and the right side orresponds to the Return interal B to A). Unlike Eq. ), the struture of the equations representing Go and Return is different in Eq. 2). Based on Eq. 2), Einstein onluded Setion 2 of [] with the following statement. Obserers moing with the moing rod would thus find that the two loks were not synhronous, while obserers in the stationary system would delare the loks to be synhronous. So we see that we annot attah any absolute signifiation to the onept of simultaneity, but that two eents whih, iewed from a system of o-ordinates, are simultaneous, an no longer be looked upon as simultaneous eents when enisaged from a system whih is in motion relatiely to that system. We an say that this sentene indiretly implies Einstein s time. In other words, this sentene an be defined as a primary perspetie of the Einstein s time. Thus, for breity, we refer to this sentene as the primary perspetie of Einstein s time. Calulating the Time Interals of the Trips of the Light Ray First, let us alulate the time interals in the round trip of the ray between two loks by using numerial alues in a pratial example, where the eloity of the moing system is half of the eloity of light i.e., 0.5), and the distane between the two loks plaed at A and B is iewed within the moing system. The ray of light traels in s. Hereafter, the lok plaed at A is desribed as Clok A and the lok plaed at B is desribed as Clok B. J Phys Math, an open aess journal Volume 8 Issue 00025

3 Citation: Makanae M 207) Verifying Einstein s Time by Using the Equation TimeDistane/Veloity. J Phys Math 8: 25. doi: 0.472/ Page 3 of 6 Whereas the moing system moes along the x-axis of the referene stationary system, the system appears to be stationary when iewed in the moing system, sine it moes with uniform eloity. Therefore, in the moing system, in whih the round trip of the ray between Clok A and Clok B is performed, we an alulate the time interal for Go and Return by using Eq. ), namely t B t A t B. Thus, we obtain s in both interals. In other words, s s in the moing system. On the other hand, if obsering the Go interal of the round trip of the ray from the referene stationary system, when +tt, the mirror reflets the front of the ray under the priniple of the onstany of the eloity of light. We an onert + tt to t.the time t orresponds to the time interal between t and t. Thus, we A B an express t as t B 3) Inserting the numerial alue of i.e., 0.5) in the denominator of the right-hand side, we obtain t B 2s 0.5 Likewise, in the Return interal, if we assume for the time being that the point of time when the mirror reflets the front of the ray is 0 s, where tt, the front of the ray returns to Clok A iewed from the referene stationary system). We an onert -tt to t. + The time t + orresponds to the time interal from t to t'. Thus, B A we an express t as + t' A tb +. 4) Inserting the numerial alue of i.e., 0.5) in the denominator of the right-hand side, we obtain t ' t l 2/ 3s. From the A B aboe, we onlude that the time interals for the Go and Return trips measured by the obserer at rest in the referene stationary system are different, and are in the ratio 2 s:2/3 s, whereas, the proportion is s: s when measured by the obserer at rest in the moing system. The aboe situation does not onsider the Lorentz fator β, whih is desribed in Setion 3 of [] as a ore theory of STR. The denominator of denotes the alue of time or length in a moing system, whereas the orresponding alue in the referene stationary system is unity. Therefore, if the Lorentz fator is employed and the alue of the eloity of the moing system i.e., ) is 0.5, the distane between A where Clok A and the light soure are plaed) and B where Clok B and the mirror are plaed) is iewed within the moing system, and the ray moes in s, then the alue of the time interal in the moing system beomes s in the Go trip and 2 / s in the Return trip. By inserting the numerial alue of i.e., 0.5) in, it beomes , and the time interal for the light ray to trael as measured by the obserer at rest in the referene stationary system equals 2 s in the Go trip and 2/3 s in the Return trip, as preiously obtained. From the aboe, we an infer that the time interals of the same round trip of the ray are different in the referene stationary system and in the moing system when the Lorentz fator is employed. It seems that the results of the aboe alulation proe the orretness of Einstein s time, namely Eery referene-body o-ordinate system) has its own partiular time. Considering Time and Distane in the Expression TimeDistane In the preious setion of our study, we foused on the time interal for the propagation of a ray of light. Now, we onsider the aboe time interals by inluding the distane of the trips of the ray, i.e., the interals of the light path between A where Clok A and the light soure are plaed) and B where Clok B and the mirror are plaed). By employing the priniple of the onstany of the eloity of light, the eloity of the ray of light in the uniersal equation timedistane/ eloity an be desribed as unity. Thus, we an treat time and distane as equialent; we will write timedistane, for oneniene. With the aboe assumption that timedistane and not employing the Lorenz fator, the relationship between the time interal for the propagation of the ray of light i.e., time ) and the interal for the path of the light ray i.e., distane ) an be expressed as 2 s2l in the Go trip and 2/3 s2/3l in the Return trip, when obsering the round trip of the ray from the referene stationary system. On the other hand, the relationship is s in both the Go and Return trips when obsering in the moing system. If the Lorenz fator is employed and with the assumption that the time interal for the propagation of the light ray in the referene stationary system is 2 s and the interal for the light path of the ray is 2l in the Go trip, 2/3 s and 2/3l in the Return trip, we an desribe timedistane as 2 s l 0.75 in the Go trip, and 2 / 3 s / 3l 0.75 in the Return trip, in the moing system. From the aboe, we find that the interal for the path of the light ray per seond is in eery situation, whether the Lorentz fator is employed or not. This means that the ratio of the numerial alue of the time interal for the propagation of the ray of light to the interal of the path of the light ray is :, whih also implies that unless the loks are out of order, the tiking pae of the loks is always idential. In other words, all loks are synhronous, een if eah time interal for the propagation of the light ray has its own partiular alue. Confirming the Transformation Method for the Case When the Lorentz Fator is not Employed In the aboe statement, we onsidered two ases, one that employs the Lorentz fator and another that does not employ it. The Lorentz fator denotes the ratio of the alue of time or length ) in the referene stationary system to the alue of time or length ) in the moing system. Thus, the transformation method proides the ratio as : employed.. We treat below the ase when the Lorentz fator is not We preiously onfirmed that the moing system has uniform J Phys Math, an open aess journal Volume 8 Issue 00025

4 Citation: Makanae M 207) Verifying Einstein s Time by Using the Equation TimeDistane/Veloity. J Phys Math 8: 25. doi: 0.472/ Page 4 of 6 eloity. Thus, this system is stationary when iewed within the system itself, and thus the ray of light moes in s in the Go and Return trips, so the interal of the light path between Clok A and Clok B iewed within the moing system is. Therefore, t/. This equation orresponds to the form of the uniersal equation timedistane/ eloity. On the other hand, as measured by the obserer at rest in the referene stationary system, the time interal for the Go trip of the light ray is 2 s. This alue is obtained by using t, beause, when +tt, the mirror reflets the front of the ray iewed from the referene stationary system. Therefore, with the equation timedistane/ eloity, we an express the ratio of the time interal) in the referene stationary system to the time interal) in the moing system as / -):/. We an redue /-):/ to : -. The Return interal of the round trip of the ray refers to the opposite of the Go interal. Thus, we an denote the aboe ratio as :+. For onfirming that this ratio for Return is orret, we an insert the numerial alue of the pratial example for i.e., 0.5). We then obtain the numerial ratio as :.5. This ratio mathes the ratio 2/3 s: s that we preiously obtained. From the aboe, in the ase when the Lorentz fator is not employed, the transformation theory gies the ratio for the round of trip of the ray as :- for the Go trip and :+ for the Return trip. Differene between Equations 2), 3), and 4) Here, we notie that the struture of the set of equations 2) γ AB proided in Setion 2 of [], namely t B and ' A B t γ AB t, + resembles the struture of equations 3) and 4), namely t l tb A and t' l A t B +, exept that the expressions in the numerators of the right-hand side are different: γ AB in 2), and in 3) and 4), where γ AB is the length of the moing rigid rod measured in the stationary system. From the aboe, it seems that the orret numerial alue of γ AB is. Howeer, Eq. 2) is established based on the onept of light pass eloity, whih an be arranged to timedistane/ time interel eloity, desribed in the first half of Setion 2 in []. On the other hand, in Eqs. 3) and 4) is the result of transposing from +tt or tt, whih is the time orresponding to the light propagation between Clok A and Clok B, as iewed from the referene stationary system. In other words, the grounds for γ AB in Eq. 2) and in Eqs. 3), and 4) are different, whereas the strutures of Eq. 2) and Eqs. 3) and 4) resemble eah other. Therefore, we annot onlude that γ in Eq. AB 2) equals is orret. In fat, in Setion 2 of [], Einstein implies that the alue of γ AB differs from. Therefore, this issue, where γ AB of Eq. 2) and in Eqs. 3) and 4) hae different meanings in similar equations, does not affet our study in this paper, een if the tangible alue of γ AB is unknown. At any rate, in our study the main fous is not on Einstein s distane or length of a rigid rod, but on time. Therefore, we set aside the issue of γ AB and onentrate on time instead. Confirming the Bakground of Einstein s Time in [2] From the aboe onsiderations, we an onlude that the primary perspetie of Einstein s time proided in [] annot be used as the ground of Einstein s time proided in [2]. Therefore, we now fous on Einstein s time itself. First, we onfirm the bakground of Einstein s time, namely Eery referene-body o-ordinate system) has its own partiular time. Here, between Setions and 7, Einstein explained regarding the bakground of STR and STR itself. From Setion 8 to 29, he proided his perspetie regarding the General Theory of Relatiity. From Setion 30 to Setion 32, he introdued his perspetie of our unierse. In Setion 8 of, titled On the Idea of Time in Physis, Einstein assumed a situation in whih two lightning strikes our simultaneously when a train runs along a straight railway embankment as a thought experiment. He then introdues a method to reognize the simultaneity of the two lightning strikes from the midpoint between Points A and B, where the lightning strikes the ground. Einstein desribed this method as follows: By measuring along the rails, the onneting line AB should be measured up and an obserer plaed at the midpoint M of the distane AB. This obserer should be supplied with an arrangement e.g. two mirrors inlined at 90 ) whih allows him isually to obsere both plaes A and B at the same time. If the obserer pereies the two flashes of lightning at the same time, then they are simultaneous. Then, in Setion 9, The Relatiity of Simultaneity, he explained the following: When we say that the lightning strokes A and B are simultaneous with respet to the embankment, we mean: the rays of light emitted at the plaes A and B, where the lightning ours, meet eah other at the mid-point M of the length A > B of the embankment. Howeer, the eents A and B also orrespond to positions A and B on the train. Let M' be the mid-point of the distane A > B on the traelling train. Just when the flashes of lightning our, this point M' naturally oinides with the point M, but it moes towards the right in the diagram with the eloity of the train. If an obserer sitting in the position M in the train did not possess this eloity, then he would remain permanently at M, and the light rays emitted by the flashes of lightning A and B would reah him simultaneously, i.e. they would meet just where he is situated. Now in reality onsidered with referene to the railway embankment) he is hastening towards the beam of light oming from B, whilst he is riding on ahead of the beam of light oming from A. Hene the obserer will see the beam of light emitted from B earlier than he will see that emitted from A. Obserers who take the railway train as their referene-body must therefore ome to the onlusion that the lightning flash B took plae earlier than the lightning flash A. The aboe explanation of the thought experiment is orret and ery lear, and is easily intelligible to the general publi. Immediately after that explanation, Einstein stated the following onlusion of the aboe thought experiment, whih inludes Einstein s time. We thus arrie at the important result: Eents whih are simultaneous with referene to the embankment are not simultaneous with respet to the train, and ie ersa relatiity of simultaneity). Eery referene-body o-ordinate system) has its own partiular time; unless we are told the referene-body to whih the statement of time refers, there is no meaning in a statement of the time of an eent. Examining the Tangible Timings of the Flashes Reahing M or M Here, let us examine the tangible timings of the two flashes reahing J Phys Math, an open aess journal Volume 8 Issue 00025

5 Citation: Makanae M 207) Verifying Einstein s Time by Using the Equation TimeDistane/Veloity. J Phys Math 8: 25. doi: 0.472/ Page 5 of 6 M or M by using numerial alues in a pratial example. First, we assume the following onditions, along with the onditions that A, B, and M are the stationary points on the embankment and point M moes with the train. The alue of the distane from A or B to M is i.e., from A to B is 2l). The alue of the distane from A or B to M is, at 0 s. The flash of light moes in s on the embankment and also in the train, satisfying the priniple of onstany of the eloity of light. The eloity of the train, whih is expressed as, equals half the speed of light, i.e The lightning strikes A and B simultaneously at 0 s. We denote the mirror plaed at A as Mirror A, and that plaed at B as Mirror B. We denote the flash refleted by Mirror A as Flash A, and that refleted by Mirror B as Flash B. The following results are then obtained. On the embankment: Flash A reahes M at s. The interal of the light path of Flash A from Mirror A to M is. Flash B reahes M at s. The interal of the light path of Flash B from Mirror B to M is. On the train: Flash A reahes M at 2 s. The interal of the light path of Flash A from Mirror A to M is 2l. Flash B reahes M at 2/3 s. The interal of the light path of Flash B from Mirror B to M is 2/3l. From the aboe, we an onfirm that the obserer plaed at M i.e., on the embankment) reognizes both flashes at the same time, in ontrast to the obserer plaed at M i.e., on the train) who reognizes Flash B before Flash A. This result mathes Einstein s explanation in Setion 9 of [2] Obserers who take the railway train as their referenebody must therefore ome to the onlusion that the lightning flash B took plae earlier than the lightning flash A. Confirming the Pae of Time Progress Now, let us desribe the form timedistane/eloity by using the numerial alues obtained in the preious setion. We note that interal of the light path of the flash orresponds to distane in timedistane / eloity. For the interal of the light path of Flash A from Mirror A to M; s/. For the interal of the light path of Flash B from Mirror B to M; s/. For the interal of the light path of Flash A from Mirror A to M ; 2 s2l/. For the interal of the light path of Flash B from Mirror B to M ; 2/3 s2/3l/. In the priniple of the onstany of the eloity of light, we an desribe as unity. Thus, the aboe expressions beome: For the interal of the light path of Flash A from Mirror A to M; s. For the interal of the light path of Flash B from Mirror B to M; s. For the interal of the light path of Flash A from Mirror A to M ; 2 s2 l. For the interal of the light path of Flash B from Mirror B to M ; 2/3 s2/3l. As desribed aboe, the interal of the light path of the flash per seond is in eery situation. This means that the ratio of the numerial alue of the time interal of the motion of the flash to the interal of the light path of the flash is :. Oeriew In [], Einstein uses the uniersal equation timedistane/eloity in order to establish the primary perspetie of Einstein s time. In his study, eloity in timedistane/eloity orresponds to the eloity of a ray of light that obeys the priniple of the onstany of the eloity of light. Using this priniple, we an treat eloity in timedistane/ eloity as unity. Thus, timedistane/eloity an be expressed as timedistane in his study. This fat leads us to reognize learly that time and distane must be onsidered together all the way in []. In fat, eery light ray in the unierse is in motion by its nature. Hene, we annot disuss the time interal for the propagation of light without onsidering the interal of the light path. Thus, any orret disussion always requires the expression numerial alue of ) timenumerial alue of ) distane, when employing the priniple of the onstany of the eloity of light in order to onsider time or synhronization of loks by aounting for the round trip of the ray of light between the loks. Then, we obtain the result that the interal of the light path of the ray per seond is in all situations, when onsidering numerial alues in pratial examples. Thus, the ratio of the numerial alue of the time interal of the propagation of the light ray to the interal of the light path of the ray is :. This means that the tiking pae of all the loks is always idential. Likewise, in the thought experiment desribed in [2], we an explain the fat that the obserer plaed at M reognizes Flash B before Flash A by onsidering timedistane/eloity. Then, the expression numerial alue of) timenumerial alue of) distane results in the interal of the light path of the flash per seond being on the embankment and also on the train, when numerial alues in pratial examples are onsidered. This fat implies that the pae of time progress is idential on the embankment and on the train. Preiously, we assumed that pae of time progress an be onfirmed by the tiking pae of a lok. Thus, we an say that the tiking pae of loks is idential on the embankment and on the train. Therefore, Einstein s time, namely Eery referene body oordinate system) has its own partiular time, should be rearranged as Eery referene body oordinate system) has its own partiular measurement of the time interal for the propagation of light and, also it has its own partiular measurement of the interal of the light path that must be used in order to alulate its time interal. The numerial alue of the ratio of these two interals is : always. J Phys Math, an open aess journal Volume 8 Issue 00025

6 Citation: Makanae M 207) Verifying Einstein s Time by Using the Equation TimeDistane/Veloity. J Phys Math 8: 25. doi: 0.472/ Page 6 of 6 Conlusion From the laim in our study, we an assume that all loks are synhronous in our unierse unless the loks are out of order. Howeer, we know that in pratial siene experiments, the aboe assumption is disproed, suh as in the famous Hafele Keating experiment in 97, whih reported that atomi loks loaded on an airplane indiate different alues of time after twie around the world flights in the eastward and westward diretions. Howeer, the onditions for this kind of experiment in the 2 st entury are muh better than those in 97. For example, the International Spae Station ISS) always goes round the Earth muh faster than airplanes, and modern loks are more preise than the loks that were aailable in 97. In addition, eery experiment is required to be reproduible. Therefore, we expet that any experiment that uses utting-edge tehnology, suh as the Atomi Clok Ensemble in Spae ACES), will surely proide lear eidene that disproes our laim. If a lok loaded on the ISS and another lok loaded on any stationary satellite indiate different alues, we an retrat our laim and the redibility of Einstein s time is ompletely established. If this kind of experiments by using the ISS or any other spae ship hae already been arried out, but the results are not published, we suggest that these results should be widely publiized immediately. If the siene ommunity withholds those ations, not only some people who do not beliee in relatiity, but also the general publi may begin to doubt pratitioners of modern siene, whih presently espouse Einstein s time. Therefore, we strongly suggest the aboe ations in order to maintain the redibility of siene. We should not hold redibility of siene to hostage in order to defend the onept of Einstein s time. Finally, we note that, een if the laim in our study is orret, we should ontinue to study STR apart from Einstein s time, beause, our laim, whih is a results that the numerial alue of ratio of time to distane i.e., length of objet in Lorentz fator) is :, is the basis of the fat that tiking pae of the loks are always idential holds under the Lorenz fator as shown in the last half of setion titled Considering Time and Distane in the Expression TimeDistane in our study. In other words, een if Einstein s time is not orret, length may shrink beause of the Lorenz fator. Likewise, we an ontinue to study General Theory of Relatiity GTR) apart from Einstein s time. Hitherto, GTR may be desribing that the tiking pae of loks will be peuliar in ured spae. Howeer, the onept of ured spae is not proided by Einstein s time, whereas GTR disusses both. Therefore, the issue of Einstein s time should be separated from the study of GTR, if the experiments by using the ISS or any other spae ship proe that tiking pae of all loks are idential. Aknowledgments I would like to thank Editage for English language editing, and Ms. Maxie Pikert for onfirming the meanings of the German original text [2], Mr. Makoto Kawahara for onfirming basi mathematis theory, and Ms. Noriko Teramoto for help with the English grammar. Referenes. Perrett W, Jeffery GB 923) On the eletrodynamis of moing bodies. The Priniple of Relatiity. Methuen and Company, UK. 2. Einstein A96) Relatiity:The Speial and General Theory. London: Methuen & Co, UK. OMICS International: Open Aess Publiation Benefits & Features Unique features: Inreased global isibility of artiles through worldwide distribution and indexing Showasing reent researh output in a timely and updated manner Speial issues on the urrent trends of sientifi researh Speial features: Citation: Makanae M 207) Verifying Einstein s Time by Using the Equation TimeDistane/Veloity. J Phys Math 8: 25. doi: 0.472/ Open Aess Journals 50,000+ editorial team Rapid reiew proess Quality and quik editorial, reiew and publiation proessing Indexing at major indexing series Sharing Option: Soial Networking Enabled Authors, Reiewers and Editors rewarded with online Sientifi Credits Better disount for your subsequent artiles Submit your manusript at: J Phys Math, an open aess journal Volume 8 Issue 00025