The Janus Cosmological Model and the fluctuations of the CMB

Transcription

1 The anus Cosmologial Model and the flutuations of the CMB.P. PETIT It is shown than, in the framework of the anus Cosmologial Model the gravitational instability whih ours in the negative setor makes an imprint in the positive one, whih orresponds to the CMB inhomogeneities. So that their harateristi wavelength gives the ratio of the spae sale fators of the two setors, whih differ from two orders of magnitude. Subsequently the speed of light in the negative setor is ten times highers than ours. So that, given to distant points, if the travel between them is managed along the negative geodesis paths, the orresponding travel time is redued by a fator one thousand. 1 Introdution A osmologial model must take aount of the observations. From this point of view a reent paper [1] showed that the the anus Cosmologial Model (CM) fits many. CM explains the absene of observation of the so alled primeval antimatter, opposite to the mainstream ΛCDM model. CM desribes preisely the nature of the invisible omponents of the universe, opposite to the mainstream ΛCDM model. CM predits that the antimatter produed in laboratory will reat as the matter with respet to the gravitational field of the Earth (it will fall). Beause positive and negative matter are repelling eah other, the negative matter in the solar system is almost zero. So, CM fits the lassial relativisti observation, as presented in former papers [2, 3]. CM suggests a lear shema for VLS formation [4] when the mainstream model ΛCDM seems to struggle to give one. CM explains the observed strange effet due to the Great Repeller [5]. The measured esape veloities of galaxies are due to the presene of an invisible repellent luster made of negative mass, loated in the entre of the big void. The mainstream model supporters suggest that suh a repellent effet ould be due to some kind of a hole in the dark matter field of the universe (positive masses). But, if the gravitational instability leads to the setting up of massive lusters, it does not provide ant sheme for suh void formations. So that the mainstream model ΛCDM does not provide any explanation of the observation. CM explains the onfinement of galaxies and their flat rotation urves ( [1, 6]). Mysterious dark matter is no longer required, while the mainstream model ΛCDM does. After CM the intensity of the observed gravitational lensing effet is mainly due to the negative matter that surrounds galaxies and lusters of galaxies. Mysterious dark matter is no longer required, while the mainstream model ΛCDM does. CM suggests an explanation of the low magnitude of very young galaxies : this would be due to the negative lensing weakening, when their light are rossing the negative mass lusters loated at the enter of the big voids. CM explains the spiral struture of galaxies, due to dynamial frition with the surrounding mass ( [1, 6]). The model ΛCDM don t give any model explaining the spiral struture. CM explains the aeleration of the universe [1]. The so-alled dark energy is the one assoiated to the negative mass ontent through E = ρ 2, with ρ < 0. CM explains the homogeneity of the primeval universe. ( [2, 16]). CM is definitively not a simple or pure produt of mathematial physis. But it represents a deep paradigmati hange, on geometrial grounds. In the Einstein s model the universe is onsidered as a manifold, whose geometry orresponds to a single metri field, solution of a single field equation, without osmologial onstant : R µν 1 2 R g µν = χt µν (1) Suh model automatially generates the unmanageable runaway effet [7, 8], just beause, if imbedded in a given gravitation field (the term T µν ), positive and negative masses reat the same way (a single metri solution g µν ). If we give up suh.p. Petit. anus Cosmologial Model and CMB flutuations 1

2 Volume xx (2018) PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Issue x (August) restritive and non-logial hypothesis it means that, imbedded in a given gravitation field the geodesis of the two speies derive from two metris fields g µν and g µν, solutions of two oupled field equations, as derived from Lagrangian method [9, 10]. R µν 1 2 R g R µν 1 2 R g µν = +χ µν = χ T µν + T µν + g g g g T µν T µν (2) The physial meaning of the presene of the two square roots in the seond members is the energy onservation requirement. We have a single manifold M 4, with two tensor fields T µν and T µν, whih refer to positive and negative mass ontents. In some regions T µν dominates, in other T µν dominate. In others the two are zero. In any ase we find everywhere two families of geodesis, as derived from the metri g µν and g µν. The first refers to the paths of positive mass partiles, and positive energy photons (null positive geodesis). The seond refers to the paths of negative mass partiles, and negative energy photons (null negative geodesis). On pure geometri grounds the negative mass objets are invisible to us, beause they emit negative energy photons that positive mass devies annot apture. And vie versa. The positive and negative masses interat only trough (anti) gravitation. The lassial Newton s law omes from the Einstein s equation (1) through Newtonian approximation (small urvature, veloities small with respet to the speed of light, quasi Lorentzian metri). Similarly from the system (2) we get ( [3, 11]) the following Newtonian, and antinewtonian interation laws: Positive masses do attrat together, through Newton law Negative masses do attrat together, through Newton s law Opposed masses do repel eah other, through anti Newton s law. This interation sheme fits the ation-reation priniple. The nature of the invisible omponents of the universe are determined from dynami group theory ( [6, 12]). They are a opy of the ordinary antipartiles, with negative energy. This shema fits initial Sakharov s idea [13 15]. As evoked in [17], CM may produe an original sheme for galaxies formation. The strutures of the positive and negative setors are fairly different. After disoupling, with ρ >> ρ +, spheroidal globular lusters form first, the matter being onfined in the remnant plae, getting an alveolar struture. The ompression of positive matter along flat struture is optimum for radiative ooling and eans instability triggering, giving galaxies, stars and heavy atoms. At the ontrary the negative mass antimatter is onfined in spheroidal objets, that an be ompared to huge proto-stars that will never ignite beause their ooling time is longer that the age of the universe. As a onsequene no galaxies, no stars, no heavy atomes and planets an form. Life is absent from suh negative world. 2 A short remark about another model with negative mass The model of L.Blanhet and G. Chardin is based on the Einstein s equation, so that the runaway effet belongs to it, whih does not worry the authors. Their sheme suggests, without theoretial grounds, that the primeval antimatter ould have a negative mass. From the Einstein s equation the interation laws between positive and negative masses is the following ( whih ontains the runaway effet) : Positive masses mutually attrat through the Newton s law Negative masses mutually repel through anti-newton s law 2.P. Petit. anus Cosmologial Model and CMB flutuations

3 Positive masses are repelled by negative masses Négative masses are attrated by positive masses whih ontradits the ation-reation priniple. Howevever L.Blanhet and G.Chardin think that, thanks to suh interation sheme the primeval (negative mass) antimatter ould have survived somewhere. About osmologial evolution the authors opt for the Dira-Milne model [17], whih orresponds to a onstant null gravitational field, with a onstantly global zero mass. Then the expansion is linear in time, whih ontradits the reent observation of the aeleration of the expansion. CM shows that there are two forms of antimatter. The positive mass, we an all it Dira antimatter (C-symmetrial of our matter) reats as the ordinary matter, if imbedded in a gravitational field This is the antimatter we produe in laboratory, so that we predit that the antimatter weighted if the alpha experiment will fall down. The negative mass antimatter orresponds to the primeval antimatter and is loated between galaxies. We may all it Feynmann antimatter ( PT-symmetrial from our ordinary matter). 3 How to determine the parameters in the negative setor Aording to the variable onstants evolution shema ( [2,16]) the two setors orrespond to two different sets of so-alled onstants, time plus sale parameters : { { ; G ; h ; e ; m ; µ 0 ; a ; t } ; G ; h ; e ; m ; µ 0 ; a ; t } (3) Where are spae and time fators. In both setors the so-alled onstants and spae and time fators experiene joint gauge variations whih keep the equations of physis invariant. It means that if one hooses one of the eight parameters the other seven an be expressed using that one. For example : 1 a 1 a ; G 1 a ; h (a ) 3/2 ; e a ; m a ; t (a ) 3/2 ; G 1 a ; h (a ) 3/2 ; e a ; m a ; t (a ) 3/2 (4) What is the ontologial justifiation of suh proess? It makes no neessary to invoke inflation to justify the observed homogeneity of the primeval universe. In effet, the osmologial horizon beomes an integral ( [2, 16]) : horizon = dt a (5) Same thing in the negative setor. A question arises immediately : when does this generalized gauge proess era ends? This will be examined in a next paper. Have a look on the eans lengths L and L and times eans t and t. In this gauge proess all the veloities, inluding thermal veloities, vary like the speed of light of their orresponding setor : (so that < V > < V > (6) L a t t L a t t (7).P. Petit. anus Cosmologial Model and CMB flutuations 3

4 Volume xx (2018) PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Issue x (August) The flutuations, due to gravitational instability are not observable in a given setor, by observers who live in. Anyway, in a fully ionized plasma the strong link to the radiation bakgrounds prevents lustering of matter in both setors. What about the gas of photons? 4 Photons reat to gravitational field This gives the gravitational lensing effet. On another hand the photons ontribute to the urvature. If the inertial mass of the photon is zero, we an introdue an individual equivalent gravitational mass of the photon : m ϕ = h v 2 a m m ϕ = h v 2 a m (8) We may onsider than the gravitational instability ours in the gaz of photons but the orresponding eans length beomes : L = a L 4 π G ρ = 4 π G ρ a (9) again, suh flutuations in one setor annot be observed by an observer that belongs to, beause it extends beyond the orresponding osmologial horizon. But, from a oneptual point of view, this links to the idea of so-alled multivers. Beyond our osmologial universe we may onsider that other universes extend, with different sets of physial onstants and sale fators. But, as suh they should obey the same equations, their histories would not be different from ours, giving, in the orresponding positive setors, atoms, stars, galaxies, planets and life. We get an infinite set of oupled (positive/negative mass) portions of the universe. If the gravitational instability annot our in our setor of the universe, before deoupling, we have the imprint of suh primeval instability, whih ours in the negative setor. We think that this produes the light inhomogeneities in the CMB. The basi flutuation extent is two order of magnitude smaller than the whole angular extent. It gives diretly the order of magnitude of the ratio of the spae sale fatoirs. In the negative setor the flutuations have a harateristi wavelength, so that the measure of the imprints in our setor gives the order of magnitude aording to : a a (10) As a onlusion, if we onsider two points A and B of the manifold, we have two different lengths, whih differ from the same ratio. 5 Link to the interstellar travel problem During the gauge proess era the two setors experiene evolution of their onstants aording to: a 2 = a ( ) ( )2 = onstant (11) Combining with (10) we get : 10 (12) Aording to the Einstein s model (1), interstellar travels at sub-relativisti veloity implies durations fairly inompatible with human lifetime. But if some distant ivilizations ould invert the mass of a vehile (plus passengers) and travel along geodesis of the negative setor at V < the gain in time travel would orrespond to three order of magnitude. So that a travel to, or from the nearest systems ould be possible. 4.P. Petit. anus Cosmologial Model and CMB flutuations

5 6 Conlusion We review the many observational onfirmations of the anus Cosmologial Model. We deal with the origin of the flutuations in the CMB. Based on our primeval gauge proess era, whih explains the homogeneity of the primeval universe, without need to the inflation shema, we look at the gravitational instability during that era and show that the orresponding eans s length follows the extension of the osmologial horizon in both setors. We notie that, even if we annot make observation beyond the horizon, other portions of the universe ould be ruled by different sets of so-alled onstants and sale fators. This links to the idea of Multiverse. But, aording to ou sheme suh sets should derive from the same set of equations, so that the physial, an biologial evolution in suh setors should give the same patter (atoms, stars, planets, life). We point out that suh primeval gravitational instability, ourring in the negative setor, make an imprint in ours, and that orresponds to the observed flutuations in the CMB. Then it gives the measure of the ration of the two sale fators a 100. a Aording to our gauge proess sheme it orresponds to 10. As a onlusion it shortens the travel time, for sub-relativist journeys, by a fator 1000, whih makes the impossibility of travels to nearest stars questionable, if mass inversion tehnique would be someday possible. Referenes 1. G.D Agostini and.p.petit, Constraints on anus Cosmologial model from reent observations of supernovae type Ia. Astrophysis and Spae Siene P.Petit, Twin universe osmology, Astrophysis And Spae Siene, 222, 273, P.Petit and G.D Agostini, Negative mass hypothesis and the nature of dark energy. Astrophysis And Spae Siene, 353, Issue 2, V. de Lapparent, M.H.Geller and.p.huhara, A slie of the Universe. Astrophysial ournal, Vol. 102, 1986, L1-L2 5. Y.Hoffman, D.Pomarede, R.B. Tully and H.M. Courtois, The Dipole Repeller, Nature Astronomy, 0036, P.Petit, P.Midy and F. Landsheat. Twin matter against dark matter. International meeting on astrophysis and Cosmology Where is the matter?. Marseille 2001 june, H.Bondi. Negative mass in General Relativity. Review of Modern Physis, Vol.29, N3, W.B. Bonnor, Negative mass in General Relativity. General relativity and Gravitation. Vol. 21, N11, , S.Hossenfelder, Antigravitation. Physis Letters B, 636 : , S.Hossenfelder, A bimetri theory with exhange symmetry. Physial Review, D78 (044015), P.Petit and G.D Agostini, Cosmologial Model with interation positive and negative masses and two different speeds of light, in agreement with the observed aeleration of the universe.modern Physis Letters A, vol. 29, N34, M.Souriau, Struture des Systèmes Dynamiques, Paris, Dunod. ISSN and Birkhauser, Boston, A.D.Sakharov, ZhETF Pis ma 5 : 32 ; ETP Lett. 5 : 24 ( 1967 ) 14. A.D.Sakharov, ZhETF Pis ma 76 : 1172 (1979) ; ETP 49 : 594 (1979) 15. A.D.Sakharov, (1980). Cosmologial Model of the Universe with a Time Vetor Inversion. ZhETF (Tr. ETP 52, ) (79): P.Petit, Cosmologial model with variable veloity of light. Modern Phys Letters A3, 1988, pp P.Petit, The missing mass problem. Il Nuovo Cimento, Vol.109: , uly A. Benoit-Levy and G.Chardin, Introduing the Dira-Milne universe. arxiv : v2 (astro-ph) 2 feb P. Petit. anus Cosmologial Model and CMB flutuations 5