Moisture-dependent physical properties of paddy grains.

Transcription

1 Journl of Amerin Siene, 2011;7(7) Moisture-epenent physil properties of py grins H. Zreiforoush 1*, B.Hosseinzeh 1, M.E.Abi 1 A.Motvli 1 1 Islmi Az University, Shhreh Qos Brnh, D eprtment of Engineering, Shhreh Qos, Irn hem.zreiforoush@yhoo.om Abstrt: In orer to esign of hrvesting, onveying n proessing equipments, it is neessry to etermintion of physil properties of grins n griulturl ommoities. This stuy ws rrie out to evlute the effet of moisture ontent on some physil properties of py grins. Six levels of moisture ontent rnging from 8 to 24% (.b.) were use. The verge length, with, thikness, equivlent imeter, surfe re, spheriity, thousn grin mss, ngle of repose n spet rtio inrese from to mm, 2.31 to 2.42 mm, 1.85 to 1.94 mm, 3.53 to 3.66 mm, to mm 2, to %, to g, to n to 0.236, respetively, s the moisture ontent inrese from 8 to 24 % (.b.). As the moisture ontent of py grins inrese from 8 to 24% (.b.), the bulk ensity n true ensity were foun to inrese from to kg/m 3, n to kg/m 3 respetively, while the porosity ws foun to erese from to 68.78%. The stti oeffiient of frition of py inrese linerly ginst vrious surfes, nmely, glss ( ), glvnize iron sheet ( ), n plywoo ( ) s the moisture ontent inrese from 8 to 24% (.b.). [H. Zreiforoush, B.Hosseinzeh, M.E.Abi A.Motvli. Moisture-epenent physil properties of py grins. Journl of Amerin Siene 2011; 7(7): ].(ISSN: ). Keywors: Agriulturl equipment, esign, Moisture ontent, Py grin, Physil properties 1. Introution Rie (Oryz stiv L.) is the stple foo for more thn three billion people, over hlf the worl s popultion. It provies 27% of ietry energy n 20% of ietry protein in the eveloping worl. Rie is ultivte in t lest 114, mostly eveloping, ountries n is the primry soure of inome n employment for more thn 100 million househols in Asi n Afri. In Irn, rie is wiely ultivte s erel rop for long time n is grown on n re of bout h with n nnul py proution of bout 3.5 million ton n its yiel 5.56 t/h (FAOSTAT, 2007). Min res of rie ultivtion of Irn re lote in the north provines, nmely, Guiln n Mznrn, prouing 75 perent of Irn s rie prout. Both high yieling n lol vrieties re grown in the rie ultivte res in the ountry. In Guiln provine however, the most populr vrieties grown re lol n romti vrieties suh s Hshemi n Binm. These vrieties re hrterize by long kernels hving wns (Alizeh et l., 2006). In the se of Hshemi vriety, the presene of long wns ffets the physil n morphologil hrteristis of the prout. During vrious steps of rie proution, py rrives into the eh prt with efinite moisture ontent. The moisture ontent of py ereses from 22 to 8% uring hrvesting to milling projets. Vrition the moisture ontent of py hnges the physil properties of py grins. If the justment of vrious prts of the equipment ws not proportionl with the speifi properties of the grin, it my le to more exessive rke n broken rie grins. Hene, in orer to optimiztion of vrious stges of rie proessing projets, etermintion of physil properties of py grins is essentil. This informtion n help out the esign of equipment use in hrvesting, trnsporttion, milling, proessing n storge of rie. The size, shpe n struturl hrteristis of py re importnt in esigning of seprting, sizing n grining mhines. Bulk ensity, true ensity n porosity (the rtio of inter grnulr spe to the totl spe oupie by the grin) re use in esign of storge bins n silos, seprtion of esirble mterils from impurities. The ngle of repose is use in the esign of equipment for the proessing of prtiulte solis. For exmple, it my be use to esign n pproprite hopper or silo to store the mteril. It n lso be use to size onveyor belt for trnsporting the mteril. The stti oeffiient of frition of the grin ginst the vrious surfes is lso neessry in esigning of hnling n storing strutures. In reent yers, physil properties hve been stuie for vrious rops suh s sorrel sees (Omobuwjo et l., 2000); millet (Bryeh, 2002); grounnut kernel (Oljie n Igbek, 2003); lentil see (Amin et l., 2004); sweet orn see (Coşkun et l., 2005); linsee (Selvi et l., 2006); penut (Ayin, 2007) n jtroph see (Grnyk et l., 2008). It seems tht there is not muh publishe work bout 175

2 Journl of Amerin Siene, 2011;7(7) moisture-epenent physil properties of py grins. The objetive of this stuy ws to etermintion some physil properties of py grins suh s xil imensions, size, surfe re, spheriity, thousn grin mss, bulk ensity, true ensity, porosity, ngle of repose n stti oeffiient of frition on vrious surfes in the moisture ontent rnge from 8 to 24% (.b.). 2. Mteril n Methos The py vriety, Hshemi, use for this stuy ws obtine from the Rie Reserh Institute, Rsht, Irn. The vriety (Hshemi) use in the urrent stuy is one of the populr rie vrieties in the north of Irn tht hrterize by long kernels hving long owns (Fig. 1). Before strting experiments, the smples were lene mnully to remove ll foreign mterils n broken grins. The initil moisture ontent of the smples ws etermine by oven rying metho t 103 C for 48 h (Silik et l., 2003). The initil moisture ontent of the grins ws 14.8% (.b.). Fig. 1. Py vriety of Hshemi. In orer to inrese the level of moisture ontent bove the initil level, the smples were moistene with ompute quntity of wter by using the following Eq. (1) n onitione to rise their moisture ontent to the esire three ifferent levels (Coşkun et l., 2005): Wi ( M f M i ) Q = (1) 100 M f where Q is the mss of wter e (kg), W i is the initil mss of the smple (kg), M i is the initil moisture ontent of the smple (%,.b.) n M f is the finl moisture ontent of the smple (%,.b.). To obtin three esire moisture levels below the initil moisture ontent, the smples were kept in n oven t onstnt temperture of 43 C until the esire moisture ontent of the smples were obtine (Yng et l., 2003). After mking six levels of moisture ontents, the smples were spille in polyethylene bgs n the bgs were lose tightly. The smples were kept in refrigertor t 5 C for week to enble the moisture to istribute uniformly throughout the smple. Before strting eh test, the require quntities of the smples were tken out of the refrigertor n llowe to wrm up to the room temperture for bout 2 h. The rewetting tehnique to ttin the esire moisture ontent in kernel n grin hs frequently been use (Nimkr n Chttophyy, 2001; Silik et l., 2003; Coşkun et l., 2005; Grnyk et l., 2008). All the physil properties of the grins were etermine t moisture levels of 8, 11, 14, 18, 21 n 24% (.b.). The shpe of the py grin ws foun to be prolte elliptil with three mjor prinipl imensions, length (L), with (W) n thikness (T). The physil imensions were etermine rnomly mesuring the length, with n thikness of 100 grins using il type vernier liper (Mitutoyo Corportion, Jpn) hving lest ount of 0.01mm. In orer to etermintion of the thousn grin mss, 100 rnomly selete grins from the bulk smple were verge. The thousn grin mss ws mesure by mens of igitl eletroni blne hving n ury of g. Consiering prolte spheroi shpe for py grin, the equivlent imeter (D p ) ws lulte using (Mohsenin, 1986): ( W T ) + D 4 P = L (2) The riteri use to esribe the shpe of the see re the spheriity n spet rtio. Thus, the spheriity (ø) ws oringly ompute s (Mohsenin, 1986): ( ) 1 LWT 3 φ = (3) L The spet rtio (R ) ws lulte by (Muko n Fboroe, 1990): W R = (4) L The surfe re of the grin (S) ws lulte using (Jin n Bl, 1997): 2 πbl S = (5) 2 L B ( ) 176

3 Journl of Amerin Siene, 2011;7(7) where: B = WT (6) where L is the length, W is the with n T is the thikness of grin, ll in mm. The bulk ensity ws etermine using the mss/volume reltionship by filling ylinril ontiner of 500 ml volume n tre weight with the grins by pouring from onstnt height, striking off the top level n weighing (Grnyk et l., 2008). The true ensity is efine s the rtio of mss of grin to the soli volume oupie. The grin volume n its true ensity were etermine using liqui isplement tehnique (Shepher n Bhrwj, 1986). Toluene ws use inste of wter so s to prevent the bsorption uring mesurement n lso to get the benefit of low surfe tension of selete solvent (Sitkei, 1986; Ogut, 1998). The porosity efine s the frtion of the spe in the bulk grin whih is not oupie by the grin (Thompson n Iss, 1967). The porosity ws lulte from bulk n true ensities using the reltionship (Jin n Bl, 1997) s follows: ρ = 1 b ε 100 (7) ρt where ε is the porosity (%), ρ b is the bulk ensity (kg/m 3 ) n ρ t is the true ensity (kg/m 3 ). The ngle of repose is the mximum ngle of stble slope etermine by frition, ohesion n the shpes of the prtiles. When bulk grnulr mterils re poure onto horizontl surfe, onil pile will form. The internl ngle between the surfe of the pile n the horizontl surfe is known s the ngle of repose n is relte to the ensity, surfe re, n oeffiient of frition of the mteril. In orer to etermine the ngle of repose, n pprtus ws speilly me for this reserh whih ws onsiste of n justble plywoo box of mm n n eletril motor to lifting the box (Fig. 2). The justble box ws fille with the smple, n then ws inline gently by the eletril motor llowing the grins to follow n ssume nturl slope; this ws mesure s emptying ngle of repose. A similr tren hs been one by Tbtbeefr (2003). Fig. 2. Apprtus for mesuring emptying ngle of repose; A: Ajustble box, B: Angle guge, C: Eletril key. The stti oeffiient of frition of the grin ws etermine with respet to three struturl mterils, nmely, plywoo, glss n glvnize iron sheet using yliner of imeter 75mm n epth 50mm fille with grins (Fig. 3). With the yliner resting on the surfe, the surfe ws grully rise so s not to touh the yliner n the ngle of inlintion to the horizontl t whih the smple strte sliing ws re off the protrtor tthe to the pprtus (Rzvi n Milni, 2006). The oeffiient of frition ws lulte from the following reltionship: µ = tnα (8) where μ is the oeffiient of frition n α is the ngle of tilt in egrees. Fig. 3. Apprtus for mesuring stti oeffiient of frition. The physil properties of py grin were investigte s funtion of moisture ontent. At eh level of moisture ontent, the experiments were replite ten times n the verge vlues were reporte. The men, stnr evition n orreltion oeffiient of imensions n other hrteristis of py grin were etermine using Mirosoft Exel 2003 softwre progrm. The effet of moisture ontent on the ifferent physil properties of py grins ws etermine using the 177

4 Journl of Amerin Siene, 2011;7(7) nlysis of vrine metho, n signifint ifferenes of mens were ompre using the lest signifint ifferene test t 5% signifint level using SPSS 13 softwre. 3. Results 3.1 Grin Dimensions The effet of moisture ontent on the three xil imensions of py grin, nmely, length, with n thikness is shown in Fig. 4. As it n be seen, upon moisture bsorption, the py grin expns in length, with n thikness within the moisture rnge of 8 to 24% (.b.). The verge length, with n thikness of the 100 grins inrese from to mm, 2.31 to 2.42 mm n 1.85 to 1.94 mm, respetively, s the moisture ontent inrese from 8 to 24% (.b.). Bse on the sttistil nlysis, the effet of moisture ontent on the grin length ws not signifint, while the effet on the grin with n thikness ws signifint t the 1% level of probbility. The reltionship between length (L), with (W), thikness (T) n moisture ontent (M) for the py grin n be expresse by the regressions: L = 0.004M R 2 = (9) W = 0.007M R 2 = (10) T = 0.005M R 2 = (11) Prinipl imens ions, (mm ) Mois ture ontent, (%,.b.) thi kness with leng th Fig. 4. Vrition of prinipl imensions of py grin with moisture ontent. 3.2 Thousn Grin Mss Men vlues of the thousn grin mss of py t ifferent moisture ontents re shown in Tble 1. As the moisture ontent inrese from 8 to 24% (.b.), the thousn grin mss of py inrese signifintly (p<0.01) from to 28.27g. The reltionship between thousn grin mss (m tg ) n moisture ontent (M) n be represente by the regression: m tg = M + R = (12) A similr inresing tren hs been reporte by Silik et l. (2003) for hemp see n Grnyk et l. (2008) for jtroph see. Moisture ontent, (%,.b.) Equivlent imeter, (mm) Tble 1. Physil properties of py grin t ifferent moisture ontents Spheriity, eiml Surfe re, (mm 2 ) Bulk ensity, (kg/m 3 ) True ensity, (kg/m 3 ) Porosity (%) Angle of repose ( ) Thousn grin mss (g) Aspet rtio (0.02) (0.02) (0.01) 3.53 (0.06) 3.55 (0.06) b 3.56 (0.07) (0.66) (0.70) (0.41) (0.90) (0.96) (0.30) e (0.97) (1.04) b (0.82) (0.41) (0.38) (0.21) (1.59) (1.56) (1.59) b (9.21) (13.07) (9.47) (5.05) (2.81) b (4.40) b (6.39) (2.48) (5.73) e (8.87) (2.07) b (9.17) (2.04) (2.01) (1.94) (0.35) (0.25) b (0.52) (1.16) (1.24) (1.11) (0.90) (0.83) b (0.93) b (0.65) (0.99) (0.95) b 3.60 (0.11) 3.63 (0.10) e 3.66 (0.09) e (0.01) (0.01) b (0.01) Vlues in the sme olumns followe by ifferent letters ( e) re signifint (P < 0.05). Figures in prenthesis re stnr evition Equivlent Dimeter The experimentl results of the equivlent imeter of the py grin t ifferent moisture ontents re given in Tble 1. Anlysis of vrine showe tht inresing moisture ontent h signifint effet on the grin equivlent imeter t 178

5 Journl of Amerin Siene, 2011;7(7) the 1% level of probbility. As shown in Tble 1, the equivlent imeter of py grin inrese from 3.53 to 3.66 mm, s the moisture ontent inrese from 8 to 24% (.b.). The reltionship existing between moisture ontent (M) n equivlent imeter (D P ) ppers liner for the py grin, whih n be represente by the regression D P = 0.008M R 2 = (13) 3.4 Spheriity The verge vlues of the grin spheriity t ifferent moisture ontents re presente in Tble 1. As shown, the spheriity of the py grin inrese signifintly (P <0.01) from to 35.46% s the moisture ontent inrese from 8 to 24% (.b.). Dut et l. (1988) n Bl n Mishr (1988) onsiere the grin s spheril when the spheriity vlue ws more thn 0.70 n 0.80, respetively. In the urrent stuy, Py grin shoul not be trete s n equivlent sphere for lultion of the surfe re. Eqution (14) shows the reltionship between spheriity of the py grin (ø) n moisture ontent (M): φ = 0.059M R 2 = (14) Rey n Chkrverty (2004) for rw n prboile py, Altuntş et l. (2005) for fenugreek sees, Krbb (2006) for pporn kernels n Ylçın et l. (2007) for pe see reporte similr trens of inrese in spheriity with inrese in moisture ontent. 3.5 Aspet Rtio Tble 1 shows the spet rtio of the py grin etermine t ifferent levels of moisture ontent. As seen, with inresing the moisture ontent from 8 to 24% (.b.), the spet rtio of py grin inreses signifintly (P <0.01) from to Surfe Are The vrition of surfe re for the py grin with moisture ontent is shown in Tble 1. It n be seen tht the surfe re of py grin inreses linerly from to mm 2 when the moisture ontent inreses from 8 to 24% (.b.). Sttistil nlysis of the t showe tht the grin surfe re hs signifintly ffete by the moisture ontent. The effet of moisture ontent ws signifint t the 1% level of probbility. The vrition of moisture ontent (M) n surfe re (S) n be expresse mthemtilly s follows: S = 0.143M R 2 = (15) Similr results hve been reporte by Altuntş et l. (2005) for fenugreek sees n Selvi et l. (2006) for linsee. 3.7 Bulk Density The effet of moisture ontent on the bulk ensity of py grins (ws signifint t the probbility level of 1%) is presente in Fig. 5. The men vlues of the bulk ensity with respet to the moisture ontent re lso given in Tble 1. The results showe tht the grins bulk ensity inreses linerly from to kg/m 3 with n inrese in moisture ontent from 8 to 24% (.b.). This ws ue to the ft tht n inrese in mss owing to moisture gin in the smple ws higher thn ompnying volumetri expnsion of the bulk. The reltionship between bulk ensity (ρ b ) of the grins n moisture ontent (M) n be expresse by the following eqution: ρ b = M + R = (16) Bryeh n Mngope (2002) for QP-38 vriety pigeon pe n Kingsly et l. (2006) for rie pomegrnte sees hve reporte similr inresing tren in bulk ensity. Bulk ensity, true ensity, (kg /m³) Moisture onte nt, (%,.b.) Fig. 5. Vrition of bulk ensity, true ensity n porosity of py grin with moisture ontent. 3.8 True Density Vrition of the true ensity of py grins t ifferent moisture ontents is given in Fig. 5. The true ensity of py grins foun to be inrese from to kg/m 3 s the moisture ontent inrese from 8 to 24% (.b.). Bse on the sttistil nlysis, the effet of moisture ontent on true ensity of the grins ws signifint t 1% level of probbility. The moisture (M) epenene of the true ensity (ρ t ) ws esribe by liner eqution s follows: ρ = 2.624M R 2 = (17) t P oro sity, ( % ) bulk ens ity true ens ity poros ity 179

6 Journl of Amerin Siene, 2011;7(7) Although the results were omprble to those reporte by Brt-Plnge n Bryeh (2003) for Ctegory B oo bens, Coşkun et l. (2005) for sweet orn see n Selvi et l. (2006) for linsee, ifferent trens were reporte by Silik et l. (2003) for hemp see, Ylçin et l. (2007) for pe see n Cetin (2007) for brbuni ben see. 3.9 Porosity The vrition of porosity in orne with the moisture ontent is shown in Fig. 5. The results inite tht s the moisture ontent of py grins inreses from 8 to 24% (.b.), the porosity ereses linerly from to 68.78%. The effet of moisture ontent on the porosity ws signifint t the 1% level of probbility. As esribe t the previous setions, porosity is funtion of bulk ensity n true ensity. It n be seen from Fig. 5 tht both the bulk n true ensities of py grins inreses with inrese in moisture ontent, while the porosity ereses. This ws ue to the ft tht n inrese in the true ensity hs lower effet on the porosity thn tht of the bulk ensity. The reltionship between the porosity (ε) n moisture ontent (M) of the grins n be represente by: ε = 0.156M R 2 = (18) Silik et l. (2003) n Kingsly et l. (2006) reporte similr trens in the se of hemp see n rie pomegrnte sees, respetively. While Ylçin n Özrsln (2004), Altuntş n Yiliz (2007) n Grnyk et l. (2008) reporte ifferent trens in the se of veth sees, fb ben grins n jtroph see, respetively Angle of Repose The verge vlues of the ngle of repose reltive to the moisture ontent re presente in Tble 1. As shown in Tble 1, the ngle of repose of py grins inreses signifintly (t 1% level of probbility) from to in the moisture rnge of 8 24% (.b.). This is ue to the ft tht inresing in moisture bsorption les to rete lrger surfe lyer of moisture surrouning the prtiles, holing the ggregte of grins together by prouing higher surfe tension. Eqution (19) n be use to express the reltionship existing between the ngle of repose (θ) n moisture ontent (M): θ = 0.482M R 2 = (19) The results were omprble to those reporte by Altuntş n Yiliz (2007), Grnyk et l., (2008) for fb ben grins n jtroph see, respetively Stti Coeffiient of Frition The vrition of stti oeffiient of frition of py grins ginst three surfes, nmely, glss, glvnize iron sheet n plywoo with respet to their moisture ontent re presente in Fig. 6. As it n be seen, the stti oeffiient of frition of py grins inreses linerly with inrese in moisture ontent, for ll the evlute surfes. Bse on the sttistil nlysis, the effet of moisture ontent on the stti oeffiient of frition ws signifint t the 1% probbility level, for ll the investigte surfes. Inrese in stti oeffiient of frition t higher levels of moisture ontent my be ue to the ft tht the wter present in the grin offering higher ohesive fore on the surfe of ontt (Grnyk et l., 2008). The results lso showe tht t ll levels of moisture ontents, the mximum stti oeffiient of frition ws offere by plywoo, followe by glvnize iron sheet n glss surfes. The lest stti oeffiient of frition my be owing to smoother n more polishe surfe in the se of glss ompring with the other surfes evlute. Similr trens hve been reporte by Dutt et l., (1988) n Grnyk et l. (2008) in the se of grm n Jtroph see, respetively. The reltionships between the moisture ontent (M) n stti oeffiient of frition on glss (μ gl ), glvnize iron sheet (μ gi ) n plywoo (μ pw ) surfes n be expresse by the following equtions: µ = 0.008M R 2 = (20) gl µ = 0.003M R 2 = (21) gi µ = 0.005M R 2 = (22) pw Fig. 6. Effet of moisture ontent on stti oeffiient of frition of py grin ginst vrious surfes. 180

7 Journl of Amerin Siene, 2011;7(7) 1. CONCLUSIONS (1) As the moisture ontent of py grin inrese from 8 to 24% (.b.), the verge length, with, thikness n equivlent imeter inrese from to mm, 2.31 to 2.42 mm, 1.85 to 1.94 mm n 3.53 to 3.66 mm, respetively. Exept the length of the grin, the effet of moisture ontent ws signifint on ll the mentione hrteristis. (2) The spheriity, surfe re, thousn grin mss, ngle of repose n spet rtio inrese signifintly (p < 0.01) from to 35.46%, to mm 2, to g, to n to 0.236, respetively, in the moisture rnge of 8 to 24% (.b.). (3) The bulk ensity n true ensity of py grins were foun to inrese (both signifintly t 1% of probbility level) from to kg/m 3, n to kg/m 3 respetively, with inrese in moisture ontent from 8 to 24% (.b.), while the porosity erese from to 68.78% (P < 0.01). (4) The stti oeffiient of frition inrese signifintly (p < 0.01) for ll the evlute surfes, nmely, glss ( ), glvnize iron sheet ( ), n plywoo ( ) s the moisture ontent inrese from 8 to 24% (.b.). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The uthors woul like to thnk the Rie Reserh Institute of Irn (RRII) n Universities of Tehrn n Urmi for proviing the lbortory filities n finnil support for this projet. The uthors re lso grteful to Hme Tvkoli n Kveh Mollze for their oopertion. REFERENCES Alizeh, M.R., Minei, S., Tvkoli, T. n Khoshtghz, M.H Effet of e-wning on physil properties of py. Pkistn Journl of Biologil Siene, 9, Altuntş, E., Özgöz, E. n Tser, Ö.F Some physil properties of fenugreek (Trigonell foenum-greum L.) sees. Journl of Foo Engineering, 71, Altuntş, E. n Yııız, M Effet of moisture ontent on some physil n mehnil properties of fb ben (Vii fb L.) grins. Journl of Foo Engineering, 78, Amin, M.N., Hossin, M.A. n Roy, K.C Effets of moisture ontent on some physil properties of lentil grins. Journl of Foo Engineering, 65, Ayin, C Some engineering properties of penut n kernel. Journl of Foo Engineering, 79, Bl, S. n Mishr, H.N Engineering properties of soyben. In: Proeeings of the Ntionl Seminr on Soyben Proessing n Utiliztion in Ini, pp Brt-Plnge, A. n Bryeh, E.A The physil properties of Ctegory B oo bens. Journl of Foo Engineering, 60, Bryeh, E.A Physil properties of millet. Journl of Foo Engineering, 51, Bryeh, E.A. n Mngope, B.K Some physil properties of QP-38 vriety pigeon pe. Journl of Foo Engineering, 56, Cetin, M Physil properties of brbuni ben (Phseolus vulgris L. v. Brbuniz ) see. Journl of Foo Engineering, 80, Coşkun, M.B., Ylçin, I. n Özrsln, C Physil properties of sweet orn see (Ze mys shrt Sturt.). Journl of Foo Engineering, 74 (4), Dutt, S.K., Nem, V.K. n Bhrwj, R.K Physil properties of grm. Journl of Agriulturl Engineering Reserh, 39, Fostt Rie proution. Avilble from Grnyk, D.K., Prhn, R.C., Nik, S.N. n Bhtngr, N Moisture-epenent physil properties of Jtroph see (Jtroph urs L.). Inustril Crops n Prouts. 27, Jin, R.K. n Bl, S Properties of perl millrt. Journl of Agriulturl Engineering Reserh, 66, Krbb, E Physil properties of poporn kernels. Journl of Foo Engineering, 72, kingsly, A.R.P., singh, D.B., Mnikntn, M.R. n Jin, R.K Moisture epenent physil properties of rie pomegrnte sees (Anrn). Journl of Foo Engineering, 75, Muko, J.N. n Fboroe, M.O Some physil properties of oo pos in reltion to primry proessing. Ife Journl of Tehnology. 2, 1 7. Mohsenin, N.N Physil Properties of Plnt n Animl Mterils. seon e. Goron n Breh Siene Publishers, New York. Nimkr, P.M. n Chttophyy, P.K Some physil properties of green grm. Journl of Agriulturl Engineering Reserh, 80(2),

8 Journl of Amerin Siene, 2011;7(7) Ogut, H Some physil properties of white lupin. Journl of Agriulturl Engineering Reserh, 56, Oljie, J.D. n Igbek, J.C Some physil properties of grounnut kernels. Journl of Foo Engineering, 58, Omobuwjo, T.O., Snni, L.A. n Blmi, Y.A Physil properties of sorrel (Hibisus sbriff) sees. J. Foo Eng. 45, Rzvi, S. n Milni, E Some physil properties of the wtermelon sees. Afriin Journl of Agriulturl Reserh, 13, Rey, B.S. n Chkrverty, A Physil Properties of Rw n Prboile Py. Biosystems Engineering, 88(4), Silik, K., Ozturk, R. n Keskin, R Some physil properties of hemp see. Biosystems Engineering, 86(2), Selvi, K.C., Pinr, Y. n Yeşiloğlu, E Some physil properties of linsee. Biosystems Engineering, 95(4), Shepher, H. n Bhrwj, R.K Moistureepenent physil properties of pigeon pe. Journl of Agriulturl Engineering Reserh, 35, Sitkei, G Mehnis of Agriulturl Mterils. Akemii Kio, Bupest. Tbtbeefr, A Moisture-epenent physil properties of whet. Interntionl Agrophysis, 17, Thompson, R.A. n Iss, G.W Porosity etermintion of grins n sees with ir omprison pynometer. Trnstion of ASAE. 10, Ylçın, İ. n Özrsln, C Physil properties of veth see. Biosystems Engineering, 88 (4), Ylçın, İ., Özrsln, C. n Akbş, T Physil properties of pe (Pisum stivum) see. Journl of Foo Engineering, 79(2), Yng, W., Siebenmorgen, T.J., Thielen, T.P.H. n Cnossen, A.G Effet of glss trnsition on onutivity of rough rie. Biosystems Engineering, 84, /29/