Modelling of induced polarization effects in time-domain electromagnetic data from a glacier in Svalbard, Norway
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1 Modelling of induced polarization effects in time-domain electromagnetic data from a glacier in Svalbard, Norway Heather A. Burgi and Colin G. Farquharson Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia; Inco Innovation Centre, and Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland.
2 Acknowledgments Prof. Tavi Murray, Swansea University.
3 Outline Introduction. Context. Svalbard. The glacier. Time-domain EM soundings. The data. Complex-valued, frequency-dependent conductivity. Mathematical model. Fitting the observations. The physical mechanism? Summary.
4 Outline Introduction. Context. Svalbard. The glacier. Time-domain EM soundings. The data. Complex-valued, frequency-dependent conductivity. Mathematical model. Fitting the observations. The physical mechanism? Summary.
5 Svalbard
6 The glacier in Svalbard: Bakaninbreen
7 The glacier
8 The glacier
9 Time-domain EM soundings
10 Time-domain EM soundings
11 Time-domain EM soundings
12 Time-domain EM soundings
13 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms)
14 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms)
15 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms)
16 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms)
17 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms)
18 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms)
19 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms)
20 Outline Introduction. Context. Svalbard. The glacier. Time-domain EM soundings. The data. Complex-valued, frequency-dependent conductivity. Mathematical model. Fitting the observations. The physical mechanism? Summary.
21 Ohm s law E J σ E σ
22 Ohm s law E J σ(ω) E σ(ω)
23 Debye and Cole-Cole models σ(ω) = σ (iωτ) c 1 + (1 m)(iωτ) c σ 0 τ m c DC conductivity (S/m), relaxation time (s), chargeability, frequency parameter. R C R
24 Debye Conductivity (S/m) real imaginary Frequency (Hz) σ 0 : S/m, τ : s, m : 0.5
25 Outline Introduction. Context. Svalbard. The glacier. Time-domain EM soundings. The data. Complex-valued, frequency-dependent conductivity. Mathematical model. Fitting the observations. The physical mechanism? Summary.
26 Non-polarizable halfspace 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms) thickness (m) σ 0 (S/m) τ (s) m 0
27 Polarizable halfspace 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms) thickness (m) σ 0 (S/m) τ (s) m
28 Two-layer model, polarizable over non-polarizable 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms) thickness (m) 55 σ 0 (S/m) τ (s) m 0.5 0
29 Two-layer model, non-polarizable over polarizable 10 Station Voltage (µv) e-05 1e-06 1e Time (ms) thickness (m) 62 σ 0 (S/m) τ (s) m
30 Conclusions from numerical modelling Double sign change can be easily mimicked using a simple complex-valued, frequency-dependent model of conductivity (i.e., Debye). Slight preference for a two-layer Earth model, rather than a homogeneous polarizable halfspace.
31 Outline Introduction. Context. Svalbard. The glacier. Time-domain EM soundings. The data. Complex-valued, frequency-dependent conductivity. Mathematical model. Fitting the observations. The physical mechanism? Summary.
32 What is the physical mechanism? Traditional explanations for polarization effects in exploration geophysics: electrode polarization disseminated sulphides; membrane polarization clays.
33 What is the physical mechanism? But what about an explanation that s relevant here... the ice itself; membrane polarization ice sediment mixture; membrane polarization ice water mixture? Debye Conductivity (S/m) real imaginary Frequency (Hz)
34 Outline Introduction. Context. Svalbard. The glacier. Time-domain EM soundings. The data. Complex-valued, frequency-dependent conductivity. Mathematical model. Fitting the observations. The physical mechanism? Summary.
35 Summary Double sign changes have been observed in time-domain EM sounding data from a glacier. These sign changes can be easily reproduced mathematically with a complex-valued, frequency-dependent model of conductivity, such as the Debye model. The physical mechanism responsible for the polarization effects is unknown. It might be a consequence of an ice water mixture, an ice sediment mixture, or a property of the ice itself.
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