Welcome to AP Chemistry 2017!!!!

Transcription

1 Welcme t AP Chemistry 2017!!!! Hpefully yu are all ready fr hard wrk and dedicatin, as well as sme fun and LOTS f chemistry! I LOVE CHEMISTRY and I am really lking frward t teaching AP Chemistry again! There are sme things I d like yu t knw befre we head int summer: 1. AP Chemistry labs require extra time. Yur class is 7 th perid & yu will need t stay after schl t cmplete labs. If that s a prblem, please drp, as it is necessary t finish the labs. There is n chance f earning cllege credit withut the lab cmpnent being in place and cllege level labs cannt be cmpleted in 50 minutes. ** Labs are always scheduled ahead f time. Lab ntebks need t be purchased. $13.00 each 2. Yu WILL have a significant summer assignment that includes 3 chapters (utline, prblems). It will be passed ut tday and psted n the schl website. It is due n the 1 st day f schl in August at 7:30 am, n exceptins. 3. Yu will need t MEMORIZE certain things (such as ins, slubility rules, etc.) These must remain MEMORIZED thrughut the year. Reviewing them daily r weekly shuld be enugh. Pp quizzes n this material will be given all year. Many frmulas will als need t be memrized. The AP frmula sheet will be prvided fr tests questins, as it is fr the exam. 4. There will be a TEST n the very FIRST day f schl in August ver the material yu need t memrize. A secnd test will fllw sn after-n the 1 st 3 chapters (the 1 st week f schl). 5. Success in AP Chemistry will nly be achieved thrugh hard wrk, cmmitment & dedicatin t studying. Yu shuld be able t designate 1-hur minimum per night t review/study and additinal time fr hmewrk/labs. I am much less cncerned with yur grade than I am with yur learning and ability t pass the AP exam. Please dn t take this curse if yu are hping fr an easy A t bst yur GPA. This will nt be an easy A, but it is pssible t get an A. If yu r yur parents will nt accept less than an A, yu shuld reevaluate yur enrllment in this curse. MANY A students earn their first B in AP Chemistry! 6. Dn t expect curves they may/may nt happen at all. (I dn t curve s that students wh dn t study & fail tests will pass my class.) 7. Grading: 70% tests/quizzes, 30% labs/assignments. Hmewrk prblems are designed t help yu succeed n tests, nt t cushin yur grades. HW is grades fr crrectness r cmpleteness-spradically. Labs are graded fr crrectness, nt cmpletin. Extra credit is rare and is never given individually. If it s ffered, it s ffered t everyne. Bnus questins may appear n quizzes/tests. ALL MAKE UP assessments are FRQ nly. 8. All assignments will be due befre schl starts 7:30 in class r n Canvas. Due dates are FINAL due dates fr labs r multiple day assignments. Yu have a calendar, s keep up with the wrk and turn it in early if at all pssible. IT WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED LATE! NO EXCUSES! 9. I use Canvas. I will try t d as much as I can with Canvas--hmewrk psted there instead f cpies, practice quizzes, virtual labs perhaps. 10. I want t see yu succeed & enjy the curse. My gal is t help prepare yu fr success beynd this class including cllege and life in general. I expect yu t be respnsible, hnest, wrk hard, and have the desire t succeed. Withut these things frm yu, we will nt have a successful year. In ther wrds, yur success is nt slely dependent n me, the teacher, it is largely dependent n hw yu, the student, apprach the class & dedicate yurself t yur schlwrk. 11. Summer help: If yu encunter prblems, feel free t send me an jhallwas@pasc.k12.fl.us r a remind message. I wn t prmise t check it daily, it is summer after all, but I will check it weekly and respnd. Sincerely, Julie Hallwas

2 First Weeks f Schl Calendar-Chapters 1-3 August 2017 ***Hmewrk is due by 7:30 n paper in the rm r via Canvas st day Test: Memrizatin f ins, acids, slubility rules. This isn t a jke it will nt be mved, s BE READY. SAFETY Ch. 1-3 Pkts are due by 7:30 am welcme t AP Chem! J HW: Cpy lab fr tmrrw int lab ntebk 21 Review Lab: Determining the Frmula f a hydrate (Due 8/22) HW: Atmic Thery WS #1 prbs #6,7,8,12,13,14,16, 17,18,19,20 16 Cllect lab data Questins frm summer wrk?? HW: Atmic Thery Nmenclature WS #4 all Cpy Thurs Lab 17 Lab: Determine the stichimetry f a reactin (Final due date Mn Aug 28) HW: Atmic Thery WS #5: #1, 7, 9, 10, 19, 20,24 18 G ver week s HW/questins answered Pkt frm summer? s HW: Atmic Thery WS #6: #2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14 HW: Review Handut 22 FRQ prtin f test *****Lab #1 Final DUE DATE! 23 Ch. 1-3 MC Test: HW: Read Ch. 4 Sec 1-3 Prbs: 4.1,4.3,4.8,4.14,4.16, 4.18,4.24,4.30, 4.32,4.38, Reading/HW quiz Ch 4 Sec HW: Lab #2: Frmula f hydrate FINAL due date Aug 29 **Please nte, the dates listed fr labs as final due date is the LAST day that they will be accepted. Yu may always turn them in earlier. Avid waiting until the night befre they are due t cmplete labs as they ften require an EXTENSIVE amunt f time and are 100 pints.

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8 AP Chemistry Chapter One Ntes Cmplete as yu READ the text. Yes, I DO expect yu t READ this textbk! It will aid in yur review/understanding f material! 1. Cmplete 2. Distinguish between physical & chemical prperties. Give an example r 2 f each. 3. Cmpare/Cntrast intensive & extensive prperties. Give an example f each. 4. Hw are physical & chemical changes different? Give examples f each. 5. State the steps f the scientific methd. Make bservatins à à cnduct à gather à draw cnclusins à frmulate r laws 6. Metric system: data invlves numbers! Fill ut the fllwing table:

9 SI base unit Unit abbreviatin What unit represents Kg Time Current K Meter Mle 7. Prefixes t knw: M k d c m µ n p 8. What frmulas is used t cnvert frm Celsius t Kelvin? 9. Derived units can nt be DIRECTLY measured. 2 imprtant examples are and. a. The main units we ll use fr vlume include: b. The 2 main units we ll use fr density include: c. Frm Figure 1.20, what are 5 tls we can use t measure vlume? 10. Uncertainty in Measurement a. Study fig. 1.24: Explain hw precisin & accuracy differ. b. Significant figures: Tw rules fr cunting them. 1. In # s w/ a decimal: start cunting w/ 1 st nn-zer # and cunt until the last nn-zer # 2. In # s w/ a decimal: start cunting w/ 1 st nn-zer # & cunt until the last digit (even if it s a zer) c. Use f Sig Figs in math: 1. Multiplicatin & divisin: rund t # f sig figs in given # s 2. Additin/subtractin: rund t decimal place everyne shares 11. Cnversins Factrs & Dimensinal Analysis a. Dimensinal analysis means yu must use with each number. b. Cnversin facts allw yu t express the same quantity, but with different. c. Yu may flip cnversin factrs ver, but each number must stay w/ it s wn unit! Prblems t d fr Chapter One p : Shw ALL wrk fr prblems! 1.1, 1.2, 1.11, 1.19, 1.26c, 1.29, 1.30a, 1.34, 1.40, 1.72, 1.78

10 2.1 Atmic Thery AP Chemistry Chapter 2 Ntes/Outline Cmplete as yu read the chapter. D the prblems at the end. 1 st used the wrd atm t describe tiny, indivisible particles Jhn Daltn used the scientific methd t develp his ideas 1. are made f. 2. Atms f 1 element are and different frm atm s f anther element 2.2 Atmic structure discveries 3. Atms change frm in rdinary chemical reactins. Atms can nt be nr destryed. 4. result frm cmbs f multiple elements; there are always the same /kind f atms in a given cmpund The law f relates t pstulate 4 The law f relates t pstulate 3 He als predicted the law f which can be seen by cmparing H 2 O t H 2 O 2 *** particles f charge repel, particles f charge attract, DUH! J Cmplete the fllwing table: Scientist Experiment What they discvered Cathde ray tube Mdel: Charge/ f e- Becquerel n/a Nucleus cntained f the mass and f the vlume, was VERY & very n/a Prtn Chadwick n/a 2.3 Current Atmic Thery

11 3 subatmic particles: In neutral atms the # is = t the # Actual charge f prtn:, but we use +1 (e- pp.) Masses f particles: p+ amu, n 0 amu; e- (basically zer) Write the 3 part symbl fr Carbn-12 here: are atms f the same element that differ in # f and therefre mass #. Carbn-12 vs. Carbn Atmic weights Tday these are based n the istpe which is assigned a value f exactly 12 amu Atmic weight can als be called mass The apparatus that aids in measuring istpes is the mass, it measures bth mass &. The lighter istpes are bent than the heavier particles. 2.5 Peridic Table Elements are in rder f increasing The P.T. is arranged by (clumns) & (rws) shw similarities and are als knwn as families Table 2.3: yu shuld knw the family names here! 1A: 2A: 6A: 7A: 8A: There are 3 types f elements: are fund t the left f the P.T. they are cnductrs, exhibit luster & are mstly at rm temperature are fund t the right; they can be Metallids are intermediates and fund alng the line; They include (7 elements) 2.6 Mlecules & Mlecular Cmpunds Usually cmpsed f 2 2 r mre atms bnded tgether There are 7 diatmics yu shuld knw: Prfessr BrINClHOF will help yu! ;) The simplest rati gives yu the frmula, whereas a frmula may nt be the simplest frm

12 Example: H 2 O vs. H 2 O 2 Study the 4 ways t represent frmulas frm Fig We ll cmmnly use structural, a 2D representatin 2.7 Ins/Cmpunds Metals usually frm when electrns are Nnmetals usually frm when e- are ins frm when atms jined by cvalent bnds have a NET charge Fig. 2-22: yu shuld knw all f these by lking at a P.T. Inic cmpunds frm frm + We nly write frmulas fr inic cmpunds and determine by criss crssing charges The 6 elements mst imprtant t life: 2.8 Naming Inrganic Cmpunds Catins Metals capable f 1 charge: d NOTHING Metals w/ different catins: add a Old style: the higher charge gt the ending and the lwer charge gt the ending Example: Fe 3+, Fe 2+ Catins f nnmetal atms: end w/ NH + 4 = in H 3 O + = in Anins End w/ ; Example chlrineà chlride Plyatmics usually end w/ r The always has ne less 1 mre O than the ate = in frnt and at end 1 less O than ite = add in frnt & end is still Anins w/ H + added t xyanins, add 2- CO 3 + H + à PO H + à YOU SHOULD MEMORIZE TABLE 2.5 Acids ccur when is given up in slutin Anin ends with ide = Hydr ic acid Anin ends w/ -ate = ic acid Anin ends w/ -ite = us acid Examples

13 2.9 Organics Mlecular Cmpunds Elements t the are always named, unless it s O, which is always named unless cmbined with If bth are in same grup, name ne with first 2 nd elements always ends w/ - Greek prefixes: Table 2.6 Knw these!!! We dn t add t the first element, why?? Wh knws, it is the rule! Name H cntaining cmpunds as if Alkanes Cntain all C-C single bnds Will always end in Prefixes t use 1C 2C 3C 4C: But- 5+: Use greek prefixes, hexa, hepta, cta, etc. Alchls (a functinal grup) Cnsists f - jined t a carbn Instead f methane, we d call it Use a # t tell which C the OH is cming ff f Draw an example here 1-prpanl 2-prpanl Why wuldn t yu need a # fr Ethanl???? Prblems t d: 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 2.20, 2.24cd, 2.26, 2.31, 2.36, 2.44ac, 2.50, 2.54, 2.58, 2.60, 2.68efg, 2.72bc, 2.76, 2.78, 2.97, 2.101, 2.103

14 AP Chemistry-Chapter 3 Stichimetry Please cmplete the fllwing utline as yu read chapter. Again, this chapter shuld be review. The assigned prblems fllw the utline. Shw ALL wrk fr the prblems and use significant figures in yur answers. In rder t use stichimetry, yu must be able t use/understand 3 things Equatins An example f a chemical equatin fr water shuld be written here This equatin shuld be read ut lud as: mlecules f Hydrgen 1 f xygen 1 mlecule f Reactants: Fund t the f the arrw, Prducts: Fund t the f the arrw are written in frnt f the chemical frmula and represent the number f The law f cnservatin f must be fllwed. What ges in must cme ut! Make sure t always use the whle # rati fr cefficients 3.2 Patterns f Reactivity Synthesis r reactins ccur when 2 r mre reactants becme prduct. Generic equatin: Write an example equatin frm the reading belw: When a and react they frm an inic slid. reactins are the ppsite f cmbinatin reactins. In these, 1 breaks dwn t becme 2 r mre. General eqn. Write an ex. Eqn. belw. Metal carbnates decmpse t frm &. Cmbustin equatins: Hydrcarbns (C, H, & smetimes O) will burn in t prduce & Example equatin: If there is nt enugh O 2 arund, cmbustin ccurs which yields rather than CO Frmula weights---please rund t (use my atmic mass sheet) Frmula weight is the f the atmic weights f in the cmpund. (Therefre, yu ll need a chemical frmula t determine a frmula weight, J)

15 We call it a weight when we re dealing w/ a mlecule, such as H 2 O What is the mlecular weight f water? Shw wrk belw. When we have ins, we call it a weight % cmpsitin: Frmula: x 100 = % cmpsitin All the cmpnents f a frmula when added shuld be equal t 100 Mles can be cmpared t a (think eggs) because there are always x particles in a mle f smething The smething can be ins,, atms, but NEVER GRAMS If 1 mle f pennies were lined up end-t-end, they wuld circle the times! WOW! D Practice 3.8 belw, shw wrk. Mlar mass: Always numerically equivalent t Unit is T g frm mass t mles: by mlar mass T g frm mles t mass: T g frm mass t particles: 1 st by mlar mass, 2 nd by Avgadr s #, vice versa fr particles t mles 3.5 Empirical frmulas (EF) Lab fr this ne!! J Steps t determine: 1. Make int by assuming a 100 g sample 2. by each element s (rund t 3 decimal places) 3. by the smallest # f mles in step 2, rund t whle r ½ numbers. If yu get a ½, duble EVERY # Tada! These numbers are yur fr the empirical frmula! Mlecular Frmula frm Empirical Frmula D all steps t find EF first Take the given weight by mlecular weight = new subscripts (nt necessarily the smallest whle # rati) Cmbustin analysis Material is & masses f & are measured, turned t, and therefre the EF is fund Sample 3.15 g C: g f CO 2 à f CO 2 à mles Cà C g H 2 O : g f H 2 O à mles à H à g H T find mass f, take mass f sample (mass C + mass f H) yu just calculated NOW prceed as if ding EF w/ a 100 g sample DO the practice prblem a n p. 98 right here!

16 3.6 Quantitative Inf frm Balanced Eqns. tell the f mlecules/mls grams à A à mles à g B r any part f this can be used (MOLE DIAGRAM) Hw des insulin relate t glucse? P Limiting Reagents (Reactants) The Limiting Reagent is the ne that is used up! The has an amunt left ver when the reactin is dne! Pay attentin t the bread analgy.it wrks! Lk ver sample prblem 3.18 and 3.19 t refresh yurself n this imprtant tpic! D a practice prblem if yu want as the answer is given. Theretical Yields: Frmula: x 100 = % yield The ne yu get frm ding the lab is the yield. It will always be than the theretical yield which cmes frm ding prblems. Prblems t d fr Chapter 3: 3.4, 3.8, 3.12, 3.14, 3.18, 3.20, 3.24bc,3.26c, 3.30, 3.36bd, 3.37, 3.44b, 3.50b, 3.51b, 3.60, 3.66abc, 3.74 This chapter really gets back int the meat f chemistry. Sme f yu may want t get ut yur hnrs ntes t help yu d the prblems. If there are any cncepts/prblems that yu feel sketchy n (need mre practice), d a prblem r tw in red. The red prblems have answers in the back f the bk, J.