Regresia liniară simplă

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1 Ecoomtr MRK Rgr lră mplă Prolmă rzolvtă: O frmă d gurăr vr ă găcă o lgătură îtr vlor prjudculu provoct d cdul u locuţ ş dtţ dtr locul cdulu ş c m proptă tţ d pompr. Ptru ct, rlzză u tudu, îtr-o umtă rgu, luâd î codrr cl m rct 5 cd. Sut îrgtrt dt rfrtor l vlor prjudculu ş dtţ dtr cdu ş c m proptă tţ d pompr: Nr. crt. Dtț fță d tț d pompr (zc km) Vlor prjudculu (m Euro) 3,4 6,,8 7,8 3 4,6 3,3 4,3 3, 5 3, 7,5 6 5,5 36,0 7 0,7 4, 8 3,0,3 9,6 9,6 0 4,3 3,3, 4,0, 7,3 3 6, 43, 4 4,8 36,4 5 3,8 6, Crtl ut:. Alzţ grfc tţ, ul ş form lgătur dtr cl dou vrl tld cr t vrl plctvă ş cr t vrl plctă;. P z dtlor d şto, dtrmţ tmtl cofcţlor modlulu d rgr dcvt lz dpdţ dtr cl două vrl ş trprtţ vlorl oţut; 3. Ttţ vldtt modlulu d rgr lră l u prg d mfcţ d 5%; 4. Măurţ ttt lgătur dtr cl două vrl folod cofctul lr d corlţ Pro; 5. Clculţ rportul d corlţ, ttţ mfcţ (vldtt) ctu l u vl mfct d 5% ş trprtţ rzulttul oţut; 6. Clcult cofctul d dtrmţ ş trprtţ rzulttul oţut; 7. Ttt potzl rfrtor l mfcţ prmtrlor modlulu d rgr, l u vl d mfcţ d 5%; 8. Dtrmţ trprtt trvll d îcrdr 95% ptru prmtr modlulu; 9. Rzolvţ prolm î Ecl; 0. Etmţ puctul ş prtr-u trvl d îcrdr 95% vlul prjudculu, dcă dtţ îtr locul cdulu ş tţ d pompr r f d 6,5 zc d klomtr (prvzu puctulă ş pr trvl d îcrdr).

2 Vlorl vrl dpdt Y (vlor prjudculu, m Eur) Ecoomtr MRK REZOLVARE. Vrll ut: X vrl cr rtă dtţ dtr cdu ş c m proptă tţ d pompr, prmtă î zc d km (vrl dpdtă u vrl plctvă u vrl ogă) Y vrl cr rtă vlor prjudculu, prmtă î m Euro (vrl dpdtă u vrl plctă u vrl dogă) Corlogrm St Ecl: Irt Chrt XY(Scttr) Corlogrm Vlorl vrl dpdt X (dtt d l locul cdulu l tt d pompr, zc km) Corlogrm ugrză că tă lgătură drctă ş lră îtr cl două vrl. Y f X Etă o fucţ f tfl îcât vrl X plcă vrl Y pr fucţ f, lră f. Modlul lr d rgr t Y X., o fucţ. Cofcţ modlulu d rgr lră mplă Ptru fcr dtr cl =5 cd -u ott vlorl clor două vrl, X ş Y, oţîdu tfl r d dt,,,,...,, u,,. P z ctu şto vom, dtrm tmtor ş prmtrlor ş modlulu d rgr. Etmtor ş rprztă oluţ tmulu cuţlor orml:

3 Ecoomtr MRK 3 Rzolvr tmulu folod mtod dtrmţlor:, ud t dtrmtul mtrc tmulu d cuţ, r, ut mor corpuzător clor două cuocut. Clcull trmdr ut prztt î tlul d m jo: Vlorl l vrl X Vlorl l vrl Y =3,4 =6, ( ) =,56 ( ) =686,44 =89,08 =,8 =7,8 ( ) =3,4 ( ) =36,84 =3,04 3 =4,6 3 =3,3 ( 3 ) =,6 ( 3 ) =979, =43,98,3 3, 5,9 533,6 53,3 3, 7,5 9,6 756,5 85,5 5,5 36,0 30,5 96, ,7 4, 0,49 98,8 9,87 3,0,3 9,00 497,9 66,9,6 9,6 6,76 384,6 50,96 4,3 3,3 8,49 979,69 34,59, 4,0 4,4 576,00 50,4, 7,3, 99,9 9,03 6, 43, 37, 866,4 63,5 4,8 36,4 3,04 34,96 74,7 5 =3,8 5 =6, ( 5 ) =4,44 ( 5 ) =68, 5 5 =99,8 49, , 5 96, , , 5 S oţ: 779 0, 49, 96, ,65 49, 96,6 396,

4 Ecoomtr MRK 5470,65 49, 396,6 4,993, 596,6 49, pr urmr drpt d rgr t d cuţ ˆ 0,779 4, 993, cuţ d rgr lră î şto t 0,779 4,993,, 5 r vlorl jutt l orvţlor,, 5 pr rgr ut ˆ 0,779 4,993,,5., Itrprtr vlorlor cofcţlor rtă că vlor prjudculu crşt cu 4,993 m uro dcă dtţ dtr cdu ş tţ d pompr crşt cu o utt, dcă 0 km rtă că vlor prjudculu t, î md, glă cu 0,779 m uro dcă cdul r f lâgă tţ d pompr. 3. Vldtt modlulu d rgr Ptru ttr vldtăţ modlulu formulză cl două potz: H 0 : modlul d rgr u t vld tttc, cu ltrtv H : modlul d rgr t vld tttc. Stttc utlztă ptru dcd cr dtr potz ccptă t: SSR / MSR k / F ~ Fhr k, k SSE u F k ~ Fhr k, k, MSE k k ud k t umărul d vrl plctv d modlul d rgr (î czul otru, k= dorc vm u modl d rgr lră ufctorlă u mplă, cu o gură vrlă plctvă). F α vlul u prgul d mfcţ l ttulu, r -α t vlul d îcrdr l ttulu. Dcă u pcfcă, vom codr î grl că α =0,05 (u α 00=5%), r -α =0,95 (u (-α ) 00=95%). Ptru clculul tttc F clc folom tlul ANOVA: 4

5 Ecoomtr MRK Sur vrţ Dtortă rgr Sum pătrtlor (SS-Sum of Squr) SSR / (Rgro) ˆ Rzdulă SSE (Rdul) ˆ Totlă SST Grd d lrtt (df - dgr of frdom) k k Md pătrtlor (MS- M of Squr) Dprl corctt SSR MSR k u / / k SSE MSE k u k Vlor tttc F MSR F MSE clc u F /. SST D m, pot clcul dpr d lct lu Y, dc Rgul d dcz t: dcă Fclc Fcrtc F '; k, k, dcă F clc găşt î rgu crtcă, tuc rpgm H 0 ş ccptăm H, că modlul d rgr t vld tttc. F crtc F '; k, k Clcull trmdr ut prztt î tlul următor: 5

6 Nr. crt. ˆ 0,779 4, 993 ˆ Ecoomtr MRK ˆ ˆ 3,4 6, 7,0035-0,8035-0,33 0,0455 0,6456 0,3484,8 7,8 9,36 -,336-8,633 74,889, , ,6 3,3 3,9067 -,6067 4,8867 3,8798,584 4,640 4,3 3,,593,5077-3,333 0,9780,73 3,4 5 3, 7,5 5,577,973,0867,809 3,8898 0, ,5 36,0 37,334 -,334 9,5867 9,9048,7797 9,68 7 0,7 4, 3,74 0,3786 -,333 5,674 0,433 6, ,0,3 5,0358 -,7358-4,33 6,99 7,4846,8975 9,6 9,6 3,068-3,468-6,833 46,4,076, ,3 3,3 3,4309-0,309 4,8867 3,8798 0,07 5,76, 4,0 0,6084 3,396 -,433 5,840,507 33,6965, 7,3 5,689,609-9,33 83,05,5949 5, , 43, 40,856,944 6,7867 8,7933 8,4936 9, ,8 36,4 33,8905,5095 9, ,734 6,974 55, ,8 6, 8,97 -,87-0,333 0,098 8,440 6, , 5 5 ˆ 396, ,5 SST SSE 69,75 SSR 84,76 / 5 SST ud 6, 433. S pot clcul ș dpr d lcț prjudculu (vrl Y): 65,

7 Sur vrţ Dtortă rgr (Rgro ) Rzdulă (Rdul) Totlă Tlul ANOVA Sum pătrtlor (SS-Sum of Squr) SSR / 84,76 Grd d lrtt (df - dgr of frdo m) SSE 69,75 k Ecoomtr MRK Md pătrtlor (MS - M of Squr) 84, 7 k = / = 3 SST 9,5 = 4 Vlor tttc F F crtc MSR / MSR Fclc 56, 8 F 0,05;,3 4,667 MSE MSE 5,365 Cum F clc ,89 4, Fcrtc, rpgm potz ulă ş cocluzoăm că modlul d rgr t vld tttc (modlul t mfctv tttc u modlul t corct pcfct). 4. Măurţ ttt lgătur dtr cl două vrl folod cofctul lr d corlţ Pro r r 5470,65 49, 396, 596,6 49, 5376,48 396, 0,96098 Vlor cofctulu d corlţ Pro, poztvă ş fort proptă d, rtă că îtr cl două vrl tă o lgătur lră drctă ş putrcă. 7

8 Ecoomtr MRK 5. Clculţ rportul d corlţ, ttţ vldtt ctu ş trprtţ rzulttul oţut. R SSR SST / 84,76 9,5 0,96098 Ttr vldtăţ u mfcţ rportulu d corlţ cotă î ttr H 0 : Rportul d corlţ t mfctv tttc (vrl X u r fluţă mfctvă upr lu Y) cu ltrtv H : Rportul d corlţ t mfctv tttc (mfctv dfrt d 0, dcă vrl X r fluţă mfctvă upr lu Y). R Stttc ttulu t F k Fhr k, k R. k 0,96098 Vlor clcultă tttc ttulu t F 56, 89, 0, ccş vlor c l ttr vldtăţ modlulu d rgr folod ANOVA. Dc ttr rlzz l u prg d mfcţ α =0,05, tuc F F F 4,67 crtc '; k, k 0,05;,3. Comprăm F clc =56,89 > 4,67=F crtc, rpgm potz ulă H 0 ş cocluzoăm că rportul d corlţ t mfctv dfrt d zro, dcă vrl X (dtţ) r o fluţă mfctvă upr vrl Y (prjudcul). SSR / 84,76 6. Cofctul d dtrmţ t R 0, 935 SST 9,5 u R 0, , 935 ş rtă că 9,35% (dcă R %) d vrţ totlă prjudculu cuzt d cd t plctă d vrţ vrl dpdt (dtţ îtr locul cdulu ş tţ d pompr). ud 7. Ttr mfct prmtrulu α l modlulu lr d rgr Y X : H 0 : α=0 (prmtrul t mfctv tttc) H : α 0 (prmtrul α t mfctv tttc, dcă mfctv dfrt d 0) Stttc ttulu t t Studt ( k), t dpr rzdul u rorlor, r tmtorulu, (ror tdrd rzdulă u rorlor). 8 t tr tdrd (ror tdrd) t tr tdrd rzdulă

9 t clc Ecoomtr MRK Vlor clcultă tttc ttulu, î potz că H 0 t dvrătă, dcă α=0, t 0 0,779, dc t clc 7, 37,4, cu =,4. Dcă vlul d mfcţ t α =0,05, tuc rgu crtcă ttulu t R ; t t ; c crtc crtc, t ' t ' ; ; t 0,05 t ;, 0,05 ; k ; k ;3 ;3 ud tcrtc t ' t vlor crtc ttulu t ltrl ptru ttr mfct prmtrlor uu ; k modl lr d rgr cu k vrl plctv l u vl d mfct '. Cum t ' t 0,05,60 tcrtc t clc 7,37 Rc ;,60,60;, tuc ; k ;3 rpg H 0 ş cocluzoăm c prmtrul α t mfctv tttc. ud Ttr mfcţ prmtrulu β l modlulu lr d rgr Y X : H 0 : β=0 (prmtrul t mfctv tttc) H : β 0 (prmtrul β t mfctv tttc, dcă mfctv dfrt d 0) Stttc ttulu t t Studt ( k), 9, dc t tr tdrd (ror tdrd) tmtorulu, t dpr rzdulă, r t tr tdrd rzdulă (ror tdrd rzdulă). Vlor clcultă tttc ttulu, î potz că H 0 t dvrătă, dcă β=0, t 0 4,993 tclc, dc t clc, 56 0,39, cu =0,39. Cum Dcă vlul d mfcţ t α =0,05, tuc rgu crtcă ttulu t R ; t t ; c, t crtc crtc t ; ; t t ;. ' ' 0,05 0,05 ; k ; k ;3 ;3 ' t 0,05,60 tcrtc, tuc t clc,56 Rc ;,60,60; ; k ;3 t H 0 ş cocluzoăm c prmtrul β t mfctv tttc., dc rpg 8. Itrvlul d îcrdr (-α ) 00% = 95% ptru prmtrul α l modlulu lr d rgr Y X, dtrmt p z ştoulu orvt, t: t ' t ' ; k ; k, lmt fror trvlulu dcrdr (-α') 00% prmtrulu lmt upror trvlulu dcrdr (- ') 00% prmtrulu ud t ror tdrd tmtorulu.

10 Ecoomtr MRK Î czul otru, =0,779, =,4, α =0,05, t ' t 0,05, 60, dc trvlul [7,; 3,34] ; k copră vlor dvărtă prmtrulu α cu proltt 0,95, dcă trvlul d vlor [7,; 3,34] m Eur copră vlul prjudculu provoct d cdu, dcă ct produc chr lâgă tţ d pompr. Cum trvlul d îcrdr 95% dtrmt ptru prmtrul α u copră vlor 0, tuc putm pu c ct t mfctv dfrt d 0 u t mfctv tttc. Dcă îă, trvlul d îcrdr ptru α r f coprt, dcă r f coţut, ş vlor 0, tuc cocluzom că prmtrul t mfctv tttc (u t mfctv dfrt d 0). Itrvlul d îcrdr (-α ) 00% = 95% ptru prmtrul β l modlulu lr d rgr Y X, dtrmt p z ştoulu orvt, t: t ' t ' ; k ; k, lmt fror trvlulu dcrdr (-α') 00% prmtruluβ lmt upror trvlulu dcrdr (- ') 00% prmtrulu ud t ror tdrd tmtorulu. Î czul otru, =4,993, =0,39, α =0,05, t ' t 0,05, 60, dc trvlul [4,07; 5,76] ; k copră vlor dvărtă prmtrulu β cu proltt 0,95. Cu lt cuvt, dcă dtţ dv m mr cu o utt (0 km), vlul prjudculu crşt cu o vlor coprtă d trvlul [4,07; 5,76] m Eur, cu o proltt d 0,95. Cum trvlul d îcrdr 95% dtrmt ptru prmtrul β u copră vlor 0, tuc putm pu că ct t mfctv dfrt d 0 u t mfctv tttc. Dcă îă, trvlul d îcrdr ptru β r f coprt, dcă r f coţut, ş vlor 0, tuc cocluzom că prmtrul t mfctv tttc (u t mfctv dfrt d 0). ;3 ;3 9. Rzolvr î Ecl: Î Ecl, tă modulul Dt Al, opţu Rgro cr furzză îtr-u output pcfc tot ct clcul prztt pâă cum. 0

11 Ecoomtr MRK Atfl, îtr-o fo d lucru, troduc tul d dt { (, ), (, ),..., (, ) }, î czul otru =5, r po d mul prcpl lgm Dt, umul Dt Al ş po Rgro, dcă lucrză î Ecl 007. Dcă vţ l dpozţ Ecl 003, lgţ d mul prcpl Tool, po Dt Al ş po Rgro. Î frtr cr v pr, tru:. ă lgţ cr t şrul d vlor corpuzător vrl dpdt Y (Iput Y Rg) ş cr t şrul d vlor corpuzător vrl dpdt X (Iput X Rg). ă pcfcţ vluld îcrdr l ttulu, d oc 95% 3. ă prczţ clul d fo d lucru d l cr vor fş rzulttl, dcă outputul (Output Rg)

12 Ecoomtr MRK 4. ă fţ opţu Rdul ş, opţol, L Ft Plot. Output-ul t prztt î tll următor: ANOVA SUMMARY OUTPUT Rgro Stttc Multpl R 0,9609 = R = rportul d corlţ R Squr 0,934= R = cofctul d dtrmţ Adjutd R Squr 0,975 Stdrd Error,363= = ror tdrd u tr tdrd rorlor Orvto 5 = = umărul d prch d orvţ d şto df SS MS F Sgfcc F Rgro = k SSR 84,7660 / / 84,7660 Fclc 56,8860,478E-08 Rdul 3 = -k- SSE 69,750 5,3650 Totl 4 = - SST 9,500 Coffct Stdr d Error t Stt P-vlu Lowr 95% (Lmt froră trvlulu d îcrdr 95%) Uppr 95% (Lmt uproră trvlulu d îcrdr 95%) Itrcpt 0,779=,4= 7,37= tclc X Vrl 4,993= 0,39= tclc,55= 6,59E- 06,5E- 08 7,= t = 0,05 ; k 4,07= t = 0,05 ; k 3,34= t = 0,05 ; k 5,76= t = 0,05 ; k RESIDUAL OUTPUT Orvto Prdctd Y ˆ 0,779 4, 993 Rdul ˆ 7,0037-0,8037 9,37 -, ,9068 -,6068 4,594, ,579, ,334 -, ,75 0, ,0359 -, ,068-3, ,43-0,3

13 Vlor prjudculu, m Eur (vrl Y) Ecoomtr MRK 0,6085 3,395 5,689, ,858, ,8907, ,974 -, Dtt, zc km (vrl X) = R = vlorl orvt vlorl tmt l lu Lr (vlorl orvt ) Prolm propu pr rzolvr Prolm. Ptru 8 gţ d turm -u îrgtrt dtl prvd umărul ltlor vâdut ş proftul oţut (m RON). Î urm lz lgătur lr dtr cl două vrl, -u oţut următorl rzultt: ANOVA df SS MS F Sgfcc F Rgro. 0,438 0,05 Rdul 6 0, Totl. Coffct Stdrd Error t Stt P-vlu Itrcpt -0,435 0,8569 0,698 Nr. lt vâdut 0, ,05 Ştd că dpr umărulu d lt vâdut t d 3796,79 cr: ) Scrț cuț d rgr ș trprtț cofcț. ) Compltț formţl lpă d tll d m u. c) C proct d vrţ proftulu fot dtrmt d fluţ umărulu d lt vâdut? d) Ttț vldtt modlulu d rgr ptru u vl d mfcț d 0% ( F 3, 776 ). ) Să dtrm ș ă trprtz trvll d îcrdr 90% ptru prmtr modlulu. crtc 3

14 Ecoomtr MRK Prolm. Ptru u mr mgz lmtr -u cul dt prvd vâzărl (m RON) ş proftul (m RON) rlzt î 9 lu l ulu 007. Î urm tudr lgătur lr dtr cl două vrl, - u oţut următorl rzultt: ANOVA df SS MS F Sgfcc F Rgro 0, ,00007 Rdul.... 0,0004 Totl 8. Coffct Stdrd Error t Stt P-vlu Itrcpt 0, ,007 Vl. Vâz. 0,07 0,004. 7,8E-05 Ştd că vlor md vâzărlor t d 0 m RON/lu, cr: ) Să compltz formţl lpă d tll d m u. ) Să ttz mfcţ modlulu lr d rgr, ptru u vl d mfcţ d 5%. c) Să ttz mfcţ prmtrlor modlulu, ptru clş vl d mfcţ. d) C proct d vrţ proftulu fot dtrmt d fluţ volumulu vâzărlor? Prolm 3. Ptru lz dpdţ dtr uprfţ cultvtă (h) ş producţ l hctr (q/ h) -u îrgtrt dt rfrtor l ct vrl ptru 0 prcl. Î urm prlucrăr dtlor (utlzâd EXCEL) ş pcfcăr cuţ d rgr (î potz lgătur lr) cr modlză dpdţ dtr cl vrl oţ: Supr. cultvtă (h) Producț l hctr (q/h) M 8,4000 M 4,6000 Stdrd Dvto,960 Stdrd Dvto 7,50 Smpl Vrc 7,6000 Smpl Vrc 56,666 Sum 84,0000 Sum 46,0000 Cout 0 Cout 0 ˆ , r dpr rorlor t ) Vldţ modlul d rgr oţut. ) Dtrmţ trvll d îcrdr ptru prmtr cuţ d rgr. c) Alzţ ttt lgătur dtr cl două vrl cu jutorul uu dctor dcvt ş ttţ mfcţ ctu. Prolm 4. Ptru u mgz d molă -u cul dt prvd umărul d potur pulctr dfuzt ş umărul vzttorlor (m pr.) tmp d 5 zl. Modlul d rgr oţut î urm prlucrăr dtlor t: ŷ =9,3+3,98. S cuoc: vrţ dtortă rgr (tmtcă) vrţ rzdulă ptru u vl d mfcţ α=0,05. 4 / ˆ =740,8; ˆ =60. Să ttz mfcţ modlulu d rgr folod ttul F, Prolm 5. Ptru lz dcă îtr vlor vâzărlor lur ş vârt gţlor d vâzăr, u mr comp c comrclzză produ comtc, tă o lgătură, u lt lctză ltor u

15 Ecoomtr MRK ţto d 5 pro. Î urm prlucrăr î EXCEL dtlor cul ptru cl două vrl, -u oţut rzulttl: SUMMARY OUTPUT Rgro Stttc Multpl R 0,004 R Squr 0,000 Adjutd R Squr 0,0660 Stdrd Error 5,906 Orvto 5 ANOVA df SS MS F Rgro. 3,70 Rdul 3... Totl 4 367,6000 Coffct Stdrd Error t Stt Lowr 95% Uppr 95% Itrcpt, ,309 3,4777 Vârt 0,06. -0,307 0,437 ) Să ttz vldtt modlulu d rgr lră p z căru -u oţut prlucrărl d tll d m u. ) Să ttz mfcţ prmtrlor modlulu ptru o proltt d 95% (t crtc =,64). Prolm 6. O frmă c orgzză lctţ ptru vâzr uor tchtăţ dorşt ă dtrm rlţ dtr prţul oţut ptru rtcoll lctt (u.m.) ş umărul d pro c prtcpă l lctţ. Î potz uu modl d rgr lră, rzulttl prlucrăr î EXCEL ut: Rgro Stttc Multpl R 0,860 R Squr 0,7400 Adjutd R Squr 0,7075 Stdrd Error 77,7908 Orvto 0 ANOVA df SS MS F Sgfcc F Rgro 79973, ,5000,7770 0,004 Rdul , ,5600 Totl ,0000 Coffct Stdrd Error t Stt P-vlu Itrcpt 086,690 74,485 6,80 0,000 Mărm udț 9,39, ,775 0,004 ) Dtrmț modlul d rgr dcvt lz dpddț dtr cl două vrl. ) Să trprtz rzulttl d tl. c) Dtrmţ ş trprtţ trvll d îcrdr ptru prmtr modlulu (t crtc =,896). 5

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