References. Basic structure. Power Generator Technologies for Wind Turbine. Synchronous Machines (SM)

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1 Gnato chnologi fo Wind ubin Mhdad Ghandhai Rfnc 1. Wind Plant, ABB, chnical Alication Pa No.13.. WECC Wind Plant Dynamic Modling Guid, WECC Rnwabl Engy Modling ak Foc. 3. Wind ubin Plant Caabiliti Rot, Autalian Engy Makt Oato, AEMO 4. ndtanding Intial and Fquncy Ron of Wind Plant, NREL/CP Wind d Baic tuctu Elc. at ~ dvic 3 Synchonou Machin (SM) b c i i a u a Elc. dvic a i f a u f f n at Shaft Gnato 4 c b a, b and c dnot th tato th winding. hy a 10 lctical dg aat. 5 i b u b u c i c h tato i ntd by th magntic ax a, b and c ach coonding to on of th ha winding. 6 1

2 a i f c b b c a h fild winding. It cai a dict cunt to oduc a magntomotiv foc (mmf) which div th fild flux aound th magntic cicuit. 7 at m Shaft Gnato Elc. dvic Sinc th tubin with a toqu ( m ) otat th oto haft, th fild winding on th oto (which cai a dict cunt) oduc a otating flux in th ai ga which induc voltag ov th tato winding. Sli ing and buh will b ndd to uly th fild winding with dc cunt. 8 i u f f i b u b i a u a h oto i ntd by two ax. h dict axi (), which i th magntic axi of th fild winding. n u c i c 9 i u f f i b u b i a u a h quadatu axi () which i locatd 90 lctical dg bhind th. n u c i c 10 i u f f i b u b i a u a n u c i c h mchanical oto angl. It dfin th intantanou oition of th oto with ct to a tationay fnc. m m t 11 m m t t m m b a i f c b c a f n m fm 60 m f ( Hz) n( m) f ( Hz) n( m) 1

3 b c a a i f c b Elc. dvic 13 at 14 Shaft 15 Gnato Elc. dvic Elc. dvic Elc. dvic at Shaft Gnato at Shaft Gnato at Shaft Gnato h tubin with a toqu ( m ) otat th oto haft and thby th fild winding on th oto (which cai a dict cunt) oduc a otating flux in th ai ga. 16 Whn th gnato i loadd, cunt flowing in th tato winding alo oduc otating flux in th ai ga. 17 hn, th ultant (o combind) flux aco th ai ga ovid an lctomagntic toqu ( ) which oo th toqu of th tubin ( m ). 18 3

4 Modlling I SG q j q E E Eq I jx d d M Pm P dt 19 SG Eq jx d I 0 S P jq 3R E I q Eq E 3 in q co xd xd P Q * q j E 1 Induction Machin () Squil-Cag (SC) b c a i f c b a i a i b a-axi i b a-axi a-axi i b i a a-axi Eq Q 3 Eq co x d i c i a i c i c 3 4 4

5 Squil-cag Modlling (tady-tat) Modlling (tady-tat) Modlling (tady-tat) R jx P P P ag h lo I R 1 3R I 3R I jx Plo P h P h I 1 R 8 R jx I R jx P h I 1 R 1 P R I h 3 Ph Ph P h 1 m 9 R jx I R jx P h I 1 R 1 P R I h 3 Ph R 3 I

6 Modlling (tady-tat) Modlling (tady-tat) Modlling (tady-tat) R h jx I Rh R jx h jx P h I 1 R jx I R R jx I jx?? R X h h h?? I?? 31 R h Rh I jx h jx I R h R 3 I R R / j X X h h 3 R jx I R R 3 I jx P h I 1 R h Rh jx h jx h h h R 3 R R / X X I 33 R Ph P ag Wound-oto i a i b R 3 max max I max h h h R 3 R R / X X d 0 d R R X X??? h h i a i b a-axi Extnal Elctical i Dvic a i b i c i c a-axi i a ic i c 36 i b a-axi a-axi 6

7 Comaion (wind ow alication) In gnal +: i cha, liabl, and adily availabl in a wid ang of lctical iz. +: Contuction of i iml and obut. +: SC nd littl maintnanc. -: SC tak activ ow fom PS. 37 Comaion (wind ow alication) +: SM i mo fficint (at lat th lag on). +: SM can mo aily b contolld to 1 3 k th ytm fquncy contant. Pw vw dvic +: SM can uly it own activ ow, Pm CPw and thby it i abl to contol it tminal voltag. C f(, ) P -: Mo comlicatd contuction, and d nd mo maintnanc. v 38 w 39 Wind d Elc. at ~ P P d Ca YPE 1 Gabox: wind tubin 40 to 400 (m), gnato 1000 to 1500 (m) quil-cag induction machin dictly connctd to th ow gid, and oat with l than 1% vaiation in oto P d Ca YPE 1 (1 ) Wind d 40 d (fixd-d wind tubin)

8 Ca YPE 1 o k fixd d: ga of th gabox, th numb of ol of th lctical gnato, and blad contol. hy a iml, obut, liabl and lativly cha. Ca YPE 1 But thy conum activ ow, hav high mchanical t and limitd contol on th outut ow (fd into PS). Vaiation of wind d lad to a chang in th mchanical toqu, which ult in a fluctuation of th outut ow. Ca YPE Ca YPE Ca YPE A wound-oto who oto winding a connctd to thyito-contolld vaiabl itanc. Blow th atd wind d, it bhavio i th am a YPE Abov th atd wind d, th itanc i contolld to maintain th outut ow contant (nomally to atd ow). hi contol allow a vaiabl d oation of u to 10%, i

9 Ca YPE Alication of vaiabl itanc ult in dvloing hat in th oto which mut b diiatd. hfo, in actic itch contol i ud to minimiz th hat gnatd Ca YPE Ca YPE Comad to YPE1, YPE i mo fficint to catu wind ow, and giv i to l outut ow and voltag fluctuation. Howv, it qui mo maintnanc du to th li ing and buh. It alo conum activ ow

10 VSC YPE 3 It i alo fd to a Doubly-Fd Induction Gnato (DFIG). h oto winding and th ow ytm a connctd though a back-to-back VSC. hi configuation allow not to lo th YPE 3 ow diiatd a hat in YPE VSC A VSC i abl to contol activ and activ ow in both diction, indndntly. modulat th otating magntic fild to contol th otating d of th oto. It i alo abl to contol th tubin activ ow o th tminal voltag. VSC YPE 3 h ating of VSC i nomally at aound 5 35% of th gnato ating. hn, it i oibl to obtain 5-35% d vaiation abov o blow th ynchonim d by. 57 VSC YPE 3 VSC YPE 3 VSC YPE 3 Anoth advantag i that th mchanical div tain i lagly dcould fom th lctical ytm via VSC. hu, th wind d vaiation do not hav a onouncd imact on PS. 58 R jx I jx R I 59 h objctiv of VSC i to uly o abob th activ ow xchang of by contolling th DC voltag ov th DC caacito. h activ ow xchang of VSC i nomally t to zo (activ ow contol)

11 VSC VSC SM YPE 4 61 SM with fild winding o mannt magnt (PM). With low-d convion and a mo numb of ol, th gabox can b movd which imli l mchanical lo and high liability VSC VSC VSC SM YPE 4 SM YPE 4 SM YPE 4 h back-to-back VSC comltly dcoul th gnato and PS which allow allow oation of th gnato at any d to maximum atd d. Howv, th VSC hav th am ating a th gnato With PM th i no nd of li-ing and buh. It alo duc th xcitation lo and th iz of th gnating unit

12 VSC Comaion ytm tability SM YPE 1 YPE YPE 3 YPE 4 Sd ang E D C A Ractiv ow E E C B Initial cot A B C D Maintnanc cot A C C B Numb intalld D D B C angl tability Voltag tability A B C D E Excllnt Vy Good Good Modat Poo Fquncy tability anint tability POD WSCC Augut 10, 1996 Ditubanc Malin - Round Mountain MW Flow im in Scond 71 Gnato in Southn Finland ocillating againt tho of Southn Swdn and Noway (fquncy 0.3 Hz) Limit th tanmiion caacity fom 7 Finland to Swdn 1

13 Voltag tability