radiation, 150 Bomb calorimeter, 375 Bourdon gauge, 253 bridge full, 259, 264, 435 half, 259, 260 quarter, 259 burst signal, 308

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1 R 2,55 R 2 Adj,55 β, diameter ratio, 319 γ,ratio of specific heats, 326 acceleration, 436 accelerometer, 441 Fiber Optic, 448 Piezoelectric, 445 accuracy, 6, 44 acousto-optic cell, 413 aliases, 80 Alphatron gauge, 279 amplifier differential, 471 differentiating, 472 instrumentation, 474 integrating, 472 logarithmic, 473 summing, 470 analog to digital converter (ADC), 480, 488 angular velocity, 448 APD, 417 beat frequency, 447 Beer s law, 416 bell prover, 340 Bernoulli principle, 283 best estimate, 8 Betz manometer, 467 bias, 6 bit, 480 black body cavity, 151 radiation, 150 Bomb calorimeter, 375 Bourdon gauge, 253 bridge full, 259, 264, 435 half, 259, 260 quarter, 259 burst signal, 308 calibration, 5, 6 Callendar correction, 132 calorific value, 360, 374 calorimetric method, 360, 370, 404 capacitance type pressure transducer, 266 capture efficiency, 424 Chauvenet s criterion, 32 Chemiluminescence, 418 Chi Squared test, 62 circular frequency, 438 coefficient of thermal expansion, 166 cold junction, 113 Collis and Williams correlation, 296 compensated probe, 184 compressibility, 286, 326 conduction error, 184 confidence interval, 9 confounded, 81 constant head tank, 381 continuous flow calorimeter, 378 correlation index of, 55 correlation coefficient, 54 Mechanical Measurements, Second Edition. S.P. Venkateshan S.P. Venkateshan. Published 2015 by Athena Academic Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

2 518 INDEX count, 480 covariance, 50 critical value, 64 cross section absorption, 416 extinction, 416, 426 total, 417 cubical expansion, 163 cumulative probability, 9 current loop, 482 damping coefficient, 438 critical, 438 damping ratio, 251, 440 dead weight tester, 254, 435 degrees of freedom, 15, 17, 65 derived quantity, 4, 40 Design of experiments, 74 DIAL, 415 dial gauge, 434 diaphragm/bellows gauge, 262 differential absorption, 416 diffuse, 391 digit, 481 digital data logger, 479, 488 digital panel meter (DPM), 480 digital voltmeter, 480 dimensional analysis, 74, 82 dimensionless, 83 dimensionless groups, 74 Dixon s Q test, 39 dominant factor, 78 Doppler effect, 303 shift, 303, 447 velocimeter, 303 Laser, 307 ultrasonic, 304 drag coefficient, 331 drop resistor, 482 dual thin film probe, 345 dynamometer, 448 brake drum, 449 Electric generator, 449 electrical analog, 173 emissivity, 157, 214, 225, 390, 400 hemispherical, 391 spectral, 151, 153 total, 158 entropy, 112 equilibrium, 104 error estimator, 15 error propagation, 42 errors, 6 random, 6 systematic, 6 Euler number, 83 EXCEL, 494 Exhaust gas, 410 expansion factor, 326 factorial 2 k,75 fractional, 79 full, 74 one half, 79 quarter, 81 factors, 74 film coefficient, 224 filter, 476 high pass, 477 low pass, 477 neutral density, 155 notch, 476 red, 154 twin T, 476 fin analysis, 188, 192 first order system, 173 fit, 49 fixed point primary, 107 secondary, 108 flow coefficient, 318 flow meter calibration, 337 drag effect, 330 positive displacement type, 334 turbine, 335 variable area, 316 discharge coefficient, 318 flow nozzle, 323 irrecoverable pressure loss, 324 orifice plate, 319 pressure taps, 319 selection, 330 venturi, 323 variable area type, 346

3 INDEX 519 vortex shedding type, 334 Flue gas, 410 fluid velocity, 282 flying start - flying finish, 340 force balancing element, 273 force measurement, 430 Fourier number, 369 full bridge, 492 Gardon gauge, 205 sensitivity, 207 gauge constant, 207 time constant, 211 transient analysis, 210 Gas Chromatography, 419 gas concentration, 409 gas thermometer, 105 gauge factor, 256 Gaussian distribution, 8, 10 global polynomial, 115 gold point, 149 goodness of fit, 54 Graphic User Interface (GUI), 490 Grashof number, 364 heat capacity, 360, 370 liquid, 373 solid, 370 heat diffusion, 110 heat flux, 205 heat flux sensor axial conduction guarded, 214 slug type, 215, 218 thin film, 212, 220 construction detail, 222 thin wafer, 213 heat transfer coefficient, 138, 223 convection, 172 cylindrical probe, 225 radiation, 200 heating value (HV), 379 high frequency transmitter, 493 high vacuum, 275 Hooke s law, 433 hot wire anemometer, 293 constant current, 297 constant temperature, 295 hypotheses, 4 ice point, 106 ideal gas scale, 107 impact probe, 288 influence coefficient, 74 integrating radiometer, 400 integrating sphere, 394 interaction effect, 75 interpolation, 115 intrusive, 4 ionization gauge, 278 ITS90, 108 Joule heating, 110 Kelvin relations, 110, 112, 113 Kelvin sensing, 135 King s law, 294 Kirchoff s law, 470 Kolmogorov Smirnov two sample test, 29 LABVIEW, 494 laminar flow, 380 Laser Doppler Vibrometer, 446 LDV, 307 fringe system, 307 reference beam system, 308 lead wire model, 186 lead wires, 118 compensating, 119 least square method, 401 least squares, 11 levels, 74 Line reversal technique, 161 low pass filter, 306 LVDT, 263, 266 Mach number, 282 main effects, 76 manometer U - tube, 245 well type, 247 inclined tube, 247 mass flow rate, 316 MATLAB, 494 McLeod gauge, 276 mean, 8 measurements, 4 monochromator, 393

4 520 INDEX multi-hole probe, 291 five hole, 292 three hole, 291 natural frequency, 438 NDIR, 413 Newtonian fluid, 380 non-intrusive, 5 non-linear fit, 60 normal distribution, 8 normal equations, 50 NTC thermistors, 140 opacity, 426 operational amplifier, 469 optical RPM meter, 453 Orsat gas analyzer, 422 orthogonal set, 79 outliers, 32 parity plot, 59 partial pressure, 410 phase lag, 181 Pierce s criterion, 35 Pirani gauge, 277 Pitot static tube, 284 Pitot tube, 282, 347 Planck distribution, 150 platform balance, 430 Platinum 67, 121 Platinum resistance temperature scale, 132 Poisson ratio, 256, 263, 493 portable emissometer, 406 Prandtl number, 177 Prandtl tube, 284 pre-amplifier, 493 precise, 6 pressure dynamic, 283 stagnation, 282 static, 283 pressure coeffcient, 293 pressure transients, 269 primary quantity, 4 principal stresses, 450 Prony brake, 449 Propagation of errors, 40 proving ring, 435 pyrometer total radiation, 157 two color, 159 vanishing filament, 153 pyrometer equation ideal, 153 practical, 153 pyrometry, 149 QtiPlot, 67 radiation error, 194 radiation shield, 196 Rayleigh number, 176 recovery factor, 344 reentry, 209 reference ice point, 119 reflectance, 425 reflectivity bidirectional, 391 directional hemispherical, 391, 399 hemispherical directional, 393, 398 regression linear, 49 multiple linear, 57 polynomial, 54 simple model, 76 repeatability, 74 repeatable, 6 replicate, 74 resistance flow, 250, 271 specific, 255, 256 thermal, 173, 270 Resistance thermometer, 131 Platinum, 131 resolution, 44, 81, 480 response dynamic, 249 flat, 157 linear, 6 non-linear, 6, 140 periodic input, 179 ramp input, 178 steady state, 178, 181 step input, 173 transient, 178, 181, 249 Reynolds number, 55, 83, 199

5 INDEX 521 Rotameter, 330 analysis, 330 rotating cylinder viscometer, 380, 384 RTD, 131, 346 Bridge circuit, 135 dissipation constant, 138 four wire, 132 lead wire compensation, 135 measurement circuits, 135 self heating, 138 temperature coefficient of resistance, 132 three wire, 132 sampling, 423 iso-kinetic, 424 Saybolt viscometer, 380, 383 search method, 60 Conjugate Gradient, 60 Levenberg-Marquardt, 60 steepest descent, 60 second order system, 251 Segmented or piecewise regression, 68 shear modulus, 432 shear stress, 450 shielded thermocouple, 344 signal conditioning, 492 electronic, 468 mechanical, 466 single wire model, 187 slip rings, 493 soap film burette, 337 software, 494 solar flux, 209 sonic nozzle, 328 soot, 423 spectroscope, 162 specular, 390 spring balance, 432 spring constant, 432 SRM, 368 standard error, 19 Stefan Boltzmann constant, 158, 195 Steinhart-Hart equation, 141 Stokes number, 424 Stolz equation, 319 strain gauge, 255 Strouhal number, 335 Student t distribution, 17 subsonic flow, 286 supersonic flow, 288 Tachometer, 453 temperature actual, 152 brightness, 152 bulk mean, 346 color, 159 inside a solid, 184 mixing cup, 347 moving fluid, 185, 194 solid, 191 stagnation, 344 surface, 183 systematic error, 183 transient, 171 true, 160 Test for normality, 19 χ 2 test, 26 Box and whisker plot, 20 Jarque-Bera test, 24 Q-Q plot, 22 thermal conductivity, 360 comparator, 360, 367 Gaurded hot plate solid sample, 361 Guarded hot plate, 360 liquid sample, 364 Laser flash method, 360, 369 Radial heat conduction apparatus, 360, 364 thermistor circuit, 145 thermistors, 140 thermo-electricity Peltier effect, 110 Seebeck effect, 110 Thomson effect, 110 thermo-physical properties, 360 thermocouple bayonet probe, 127 differential, 128 junctions, 126 butt welding, 127 button, 127 exposed, 126 grounded, 126 separated wire, 126

6 522 INDEX parallel, 129 types, 122 thermocouples series, 128 thermoelectric power, 121 thermometer bimetallic, 166 IC temperature sensor, 171 liquid crystal, 170 liquid in glass, 163 thermometer error, 189 thermometer well, 185, 199 thermometric error, 127, 189, 192, 199, 201 thermometric property, 105, 107 thermometry, 104 thermopile, 128, 129, 212 thermostat, 170 Thompson τ test, 38 time constant, 173 time of flight, 282 TOF, 282 velocimeter, 309 torque, 448 transmittance, 426 trend line option, 64 triple point of water, 106 USB port, 488 vacuum, 275 variance, 8 velocimeter cross correlation, 313 velocity of approach factor, 318 vena contracta, 323 viscosity, 360, 380 voltage gain, 470 volume flow rate, 316 wedge probe, 289 Wein s approximation, 150 displacement law, 151 Young s modulus, 166, 169, 263, 433, 493 zeroth law of thermodynamics, 104 Zhukaskas correlation, 199, 294

Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements

Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements Third Edition Richard S. Figliola Clemson University Donald E. Beasley Clemson University John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York / Chichester / Weinheim / Brisbane