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1 Question Sheet Page 1 of 5 Instructions for the student: Question 1 is compulsory [40 marks] Attempt any two other questions [30 marks per question] The following must be made available during the examination: Type K Thermocouple Table Graph Paper
2 Question Sheet Page 2 of 5 Question 1 (a) Explain with the aid of a sketch the principle of operation of any ONE of the following flowmeters used in industry: Orifice Plate Venturi Meter Pitot Tube (b) (c) A mercury in glass thermometer has a time constant of 6 seconds. The thermometer is placed in a beaker of water that is at a temperature of 25 ºC and allowed to reach steady state before it is suddenly moved to a bath of boiling water. What temperature will the thermometer read 6 seconds after the change is made? Explain the following terms as used in instrumentation: span linearity offset resolution (d) A 250 KVA, 11000/400 Volt 50 Hertz single phase transformer has 80 turns on the secondary winding. Calculate: (i) The primary current, IP, and secondary current, IS, (ii) The approximate number of primary turns, N1, (iii) The maximum value of flux, Φmax. (e) Explain, with the aid of a diagram, the operation of the Double Conversion (VFI) Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). In your answer, refer to the two main purposes of a UPS system with regard to the supply of electrical energy.
3 Question Sheet Page 3 of 5 Question 2 (a) Explain how a thermocouple can be used to measure temperature. Use a sketch to illustrate your answer. (b) Explain the need for and implementation of cold-junction compensation in thermocouple temperature measurement. (c) A Type K Thermocouple has the hot junction connected to the exhaust gas duct of a steam turbine. The cold junction is at a temperature of 25 ºC. If the potential difference between the hot and the cold junctions is measured to be 6.3 mv, what is the temperature of the duct? (d) The following empirical data were obtained for the output from a 4 to 20 ma transmitter connected to a Type K Thermocouple: Current (ma) Temperature ( C) Plot the current versus temperature characteristic and hence calculate the sensitivity and maximum non-linearity of the device. What is the range of this temperature measurement system?
4 Question Sheet Page 4 of 5 Question 3 (a) A Pt100 RTD sensor is connected into one arm of a Wheatstone bridge as shown in Figure Q3. The thermometer resistance changes with temperature according to the equation: R= Ro( 1+ αt ) where R is the resistance of the thermometer at any temperature T, R o is its resistance at 0 C, α is the temperature coefficient of resistance of the thermometer = C V 1kΩ V out 1kΩ 100Ω RTD Figure Q3 (i) Explain what is meant by a balanced bridge and determine the temperature at which this bridge is balanced. (ii) Calculate the magnitude of V out at a steady state temperature of 100 C. (iii) Explain why the Wheatstone bridge is a non-linear device. How can the amount of nonlinearity be minimized? (b) What is the definition of strain? Use suitable sketches to describe the principle of operation of a resistance strain gauge. [5 marks] A resistance strain gauge has a gauge factor of 2 and an unstrained resistance of 120 Ω. What would the resistance of the gauge be if it experienced a strain of 1000 µstrain? [5 marks] Question 4
5 Question Sheet Page 5 of 5 (a) With regard to large power transformers, explain the principle of operation of oil-cooled transformers. Using a sketch, include the function of the following components in your answer: Buchholz Relay, Breather Pipe, Conservator Tank. (b) Sketch a diagram of a Bridge Rectifier and explain it s principle of operation. Indicate on the diagram the direction of current flow and which part of the circuit is DC and which part is AC. (c) A 100 KVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary winding and 80 turns on the secondary winding. The primary and secondary resistances are 0.3Ω and 0.01Ω respectively. The corresponding leakage reactances are 1.1Ω and 0.035Ω respectively. The supply voltage is 2200 Volts. Calculate: (i) The equivalent resistance referred to the primary, (ii) The equivalent leakage reactance referred to the primary, (iii) The voltage regulation and secondary terminal voltage on full-load having a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
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