ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS. CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids
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1 CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Development of Fluid Mechanics 1.3 Units of Measurement (SI units) 1.4 Mass, Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, Specific Gravity 1.5 Viscosity 1.6 Pressure 1.7 Compressibility and Elasticity 1.8 Thermodynamic Properties 1.9 Gas Laws 1.10 Vapour Pressure 1.11 Surface Tension and Capillarity 1.12 Regimes in Fluid Mechanics 1.13 Fluid Properties and Analysis of Fluid Flow CHAPTER 2 Kinematics of Fluid Flow 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Visualisation of Flow Pattern 2.3 Velocity 2.4 Types of Flow 2.5 Stream Lines, Path Lines, Streak Lines and Stream Tubes 2.6 Principle of Conservation of Mass 2.7 Acceleration of Fluid Particles 2.8 Rational &Irrotational Motions 2.9 Circulation 2.10 Velocity Potential 2.11 Stream Function 2.12 Solution of Laplace Equation 2.13 Utility of Flow Net Analysis CHAPTER 3 Equations of Motion and Energy Theorem 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Force Influencing Motion 3.3 Equations of Motion 3.4 Integration of Euler s Equation 3.5 Bernoulli s Equation for Compressible Fluids 3.6 Measurement of Pressure and Velocity Head 3.7 Assumptions in Bernoulli s Equation 3.8 Bernoulli s Equation as Energy Equation 3.9 Energy Correction Factor CHAPTER 4 Statics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fluid Pressure
2 4.3 Pressure Variation in Static Compressible Fluids 4.4 Manometers 4.5 Forces Acting on Immersed Plane Surfaces 4.6 Total Force on Immersed Curved Surfaces 4.7 Floating Bodies 4.8 Stability of Floating and Submerged Bodies 4.9 Metacentre 4.10 Relative Equilibrium CHAPTER 5 Application of Bernoulli s Equation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Pressure Distribution in Irrotational Flow 5.3 Cavitation 5.4 Efflux from Conduit Constructions 5.5 Orifice Plate and Venturimeter 5.6 Orifices and Mouthpieces 5.7 Large Orifices and Sharp Crested Weirs 5.8 Flow Under a Sluice Gate 5.9 Vortex Motion 5.10 Analysis of Liquid Jets CHAPTER 6 Momentum Equation and Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Development of Momentum Equation 6.3 Momentum Correction Factor 6.4 Forces on Fixed & Moving Plates 6.5 Moving Plates and Vanes 6.6 Applicability of Energy and Momentum Equations 6.7 Angular Momentum CHAPTER 7 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Dimensions 7.3 Physical Quantities in Fluid Flow 7.4 Dimensionally Homogenous Equations 7.5 Characteristics of Homogenous Equations 7.6 Buckingham s Theorem 7.7 Calculation of Dimensionless Parameters 7.8 Similitude 7.9 Physical Significance of Dimensionless Parameters 7.10 Complete Similarity 7.1 Model Studies and Model Scales CHAPTER 8 Laminar Flow 8.1 Introduction
3 8.2 Dependence of Shear on Pressure 8.3 Laminar Flow Through Circular Pipes 8.4 Laminar Flow Through Non-Circular Pipes 8.5 Flow Through Porous Media 8.6 Stokes Law 8.7 Fluidization 8.8 Elements of Lubrication Mechanics 8.9 Measurement of Viscosity 8.10 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 8.11 Instability of Laminar Flow 8.12 Blood Circulation in Human Body CHAPTER 9 Layer Theory 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Boundary Layer Thickness and in Characteristics 9.3 Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers and Laminar Sublayer 9.4 Laminar Boundary Layer 9.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer 9.6 Laminar Sublayer 9.7 Application of Momentum Equation 9.8 Hydrodynamically Smooth and Rough Boundaries 9.9 Boundary Layer on Rough Surface 9.10 Atmospheric Boundary Layer 9.11 Establishment of Flow in Pipes 9.12 Effect of Compressibility 9.13 Separation 9.14 Methods of Avoiding Separation CHAPTER 10 Turbulent Flow 10.1 Nature of Turbulent Flow 10.2 Shear Stress Due to Turbulence 10.3 Velocity Distribution in Turbulent Flow 10.4 Resistance of Smooth and Artificially Roughened Pipes 10.5 Commercial Pipes 10.6 Turbulent Flow in Noncircular Conduits 10.7 Turbulent Diffusion 10.8 Dispersion From Smoke Stacks CHAPTER 11 in Pipe Flow 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Energy Losses in Transition 11.3 Losses Due to Sudden Expansion and Contraction 11.4 Energy Losses in Pipe Fittings and Valves 11.5 Flow in Bends 11.6 Concept of Equivalent Length 11.7 Solution of Pipe Flow 11.8 Siphons
4 11.9 Parallel Pipes Branching Pipes Pipe Networks Resistance to Breathing CHAPTER 12 Forces on Immersed Bodies 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Types of Drag 12.3 Dimensional Analysis 12.4 Deformation, Friction and Form Drags 12.5 Drag on a Sphere 12.6 Drag on a Cylinder 12.7 Drag on a Flat Plate 12.8 Drag on a Airfoil 12.9 Effect of Free Surface on Drag Effect of Compressibility on Drag Development of Lift Lifting Vanes Drag on Airfoils and Vanes Polar Diagram for Airfoils Effect of Compressibility Airplane Mechanics Wave Forces CHAPTER 13 Flow in Open Channels 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Steady Uniform Flow 13.3 Steady Uniform Flow in Alluvial Channels 13.4 Velocity Distribution in Open Channels 13.5 Channel of Efficient Cross-section 13.6 Specific Energy & Critical Depth 13.7 Open Channel Transitions 13.8 Free Overfall 13.9 Gradually Varied Flow Characteristics of Surface Profiles Integration of the Varied Flow Equation Hydraulic Jump Surges and Waves in Open Channels CHAPTER 14 Compressible Flow 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Basic Relationships 14.3 Propagation of Elastic Waves 14.4 Mach Number & its Importance 14.5 Energy Equation for Compressible Fluids 14.6 Stagnation Pressure in Compressible Flows 14.7 Frictionless Adiabatic Flow ThroughPipes of Varying Cross-Section
5 14.8 Frictionless Adiabatic Flow Through Orifices and Nozzles 14.9 Normal Shock Waves Flow Through Converging Diverging Nozzles CHAPTER 15 Unsteady Flow 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Types of Unsteady Flows 15.3 Equation of Motion for Unsteady Flow 15.4 Flow Around a Body Moving Through Stationary Fluid 15.5 Periodic Flows 15.6 Nonperiodic Flows CHAPTER 16 Turbines 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Water Wheels 16.3 Classification of Turbines 16.4 Pelton Wheel 16.5 Theory of Impulse Turbines 16.6 Pelton Wheel Parameters 16.7 Double Over-hung Pelton Wheel 16.8 Governing of Pelton Wheels 16.9 Performance of Pelton Wheel Francis Turbine Velocity Triangles for Radially Inward Flow Turbines Francis Runner Dimensions Kaplan Turbine Deriz Turbine Governing of Reaction Turbines Cavitation in Turbines Selection of Turbines CHAPTER 17 Pumps 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Discharge Relation for Reciprocating Pumps 17.3 Power Requirements 17.4 Air Vessels 17.5 Discharge Variation in the Air Vessel 17.6 Other Pumps of Displacement Type 17.7 Description of Centrifugal Pumps 17.8 Classification of Centrifugal Pumps 17.9 Velocity Diagrams Manometric Head, Losses, Energy Equation and Efficiencies Axial and Mixed Flow Pumps Similitudes in Pumps Characteristic Curves for Centrifugal Pumps Pumps in Series (Multistage) and in Parallel Preliminary Design of Centrifugal Pumps
6 17.16 Selection of Rotodynamic Pumps Pump Intakes and Sump CHAPTER 18 Miscellaneous Devices 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Hydraulic Lift 18.3 Hydraulic Press 18.4 Hydraulic Accumulator 18.5 Differential Accumulator 18.6 Hydraulic Ram 18.7 Hydraulic Intensifier 18.8 Air-lift Pump and Jet Pump
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