Temperature Measurement
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1 Temperature Measurement Temperature is one of the most common measurements What is Temperature? Intuitively understood as sensation of hot/cold Early Researchers: Galileo ( ) Newton ( ) Fahrenheit ( ) Celsius ( ) Kelvin ( ) Scientific definition? Reference to known fixed points: Boiling point, freezing point, body temperature
2 Temperature Measurement Examples Credit: NASA GISS
3 Temperature Standards Physical Definition / Interpretation Scalar Quantity Average kinetic energy level of atoms Standardization Temperature scale is defined based on reference points Example: Freezing point of water 0 C Boiling point of water 100 C Scales: Celsius (Kelvin) Fahrenheit (Rankine) K = F = 1.8* R = C C + 32 F
4 Temperature Reference Temperature Reference points
5 Sensor Physics Thermodynamics Considerations Heat Transfer Sensors need to transfer heat from/to the environment to reach thermal equilibrium 1 st law of Thermodynamics Conservation of Energy Change of internal energy of temperature sensor is coming from test specimen 2 nd law of Thermodynamics Increase in Entropy, Disorder Temperature sensors interact with the test specimen, change in entropy due to heat transfer
6 Temperature Sensors Temperature sensors sense their own temperature Sensed Temperature only identical to the test specimen temperature if in thermal equilibrium Keep thermal mass of sensor small! Ensure good heat conduction from environment to sensor Sensor Response to a step change in temperature Step temp. change in enviroment Sensor Temperature T ( t) = T + ( T 0 T ) e t /τ Rise time (2.3 τ, 90% of final value) Char. Response time τ (63% of final value)
7 Temperature Sensor Types Temperature Sensors make use of physical changes in sensing element due to temperature Thermal Expansion (ΔT Δx) Electrical Resistance Change (ΔT ΔR) Generation of electrical potential (voltage,emf) (ΔT ΔV) Thermal Radiation (Infrared) (ΔT Δf)
8 Liquid Temperature Sensors Device Phys. Principle Adv. Disadv. Liquid In Glass Thermometer ΔT Δx Simple, common inexpensive Not suitable for wide range of temperatures or measurement automation
9 Bi-metallic Temperature Sensors Device Phys. Principle Adv. Disadv. Bi-metallic Thermometer ΔT ΔR Diff in thermal exp coefficient Simple, common, inexpensive Limited temp. range, κ = r d )( T T 1 ( Cα A Cα B 2 1 c = )
10 Infrared Temperature Sensors Device Phys. Principle Adv. Disadv. Radiative Temp Sensor ΔT Δf, Detects radiated thermal energy at a specific wave length Non-contact, temp. measurement at a distance Wave length sensitivity, allowable op. temps, calibration to surface emissivity
11 Infrared Temp. Measurement of Earth The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument aboard NASA s Aqua satellite senses temperature using infrared wavelengths. This image shows temperature of the Earth s surface or clouds covering it for the month of April The scale ranges from -81 degrees Celsius (-114 Fahrenheit) in black/blue to 47 C (116 F) in red. Credit: NASA
12 Resistance Temp. Measurement Challenge Small changes in resistance due to temperature need to be measured Conductor Resistance i R wire ρe R = l A ρ e Resistivity ρ e is a material property, it depends on temperature Resistivity and conductor dimensions determine resistance T R U ~ current source Voltage Signal Power dissipation across resistor U = Ri P = U i = 2 Ri R wire Use small current to avoid self-heating Use short lead wires or compensation for lead wire resistance
13 Resistance Change with Temperature ΔR R 0 Sensitivity = α Sensor Δ T Resistance change depends on material and temperature range Most desirable material is stable and linear Platinum is the preferred material for RTD s
14 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD) -Example ΔR R 0 = α RTD ΔT ( C) RTD s are standardized Common Standard: Platinum RTD has 100Ω resistance at 0 C α= / C ΔR R 0 = ΔT C) A change of 1 C requires changes the resistance by 0.385Ω or 0.385% The measurement system has to be designed for the appropiate temperature resolution! (
15 RTD Example Resistance Temp. Detectors
16 Thermistors & I.C. Sensors Semiconductors Thermistors are now mostly integrated into IC circuits Limited temperature range
17 The Seebeck Effect Hot T meas Material B EMF B EMF A ΔV = = α EMF AB B EMF A *( Tmeas Tref ) Cold T ref Material A The Seebeck effect was discovered by Thomas Seebeck ( ). He noted that when dissimilar metals form an electric circuit with a temperature gradient, a EMF (voltage) is produced across the material junctions. This effect is the thermoelectric effect, an electric potential in a conductor is generated due to a temperature gradient: heat conversion into electricity
18 Thermocouple Laws Hot T meas Material A EMF A EMF A ΔV = EMF A EMF = 0 A Cold T ref Material A Law of Homogenous Materials A thermoelectric current is not generated in a circuit of homogenous materials, even if there is a temperature gradient! Two materials are required!
19 Thermocouple Laws Cold T meas = T ref Material B EMF B EMF A ΔV = EMF B EMF = 0 0 = 0 A Cold T ref Material A Law of intermediate Materials The sum of the thermoelectric forces in a circuit composed of different materials is zero, if the temperature is uniform in the circuit. A temperature gradient is required!
20 Thermocouple Laws V ΔV 13 ΔV 12 ΔV 23 T 1 T 2 T 3 T ΔV 13 = Δ V 12 + Δ V 23 Law of successive or intermediate Temperatures The sum of the EMF s (voltage differences) produced between successive temperatures equals the EMF produced by the total temperature difference
21 Thermocouple Temp. Reference Thermocouples generate voltage based on temperature difference in circuit Reference temperatures at J2 and J3 have to be known to find T at J1 Use a known temperature environment (ice bath) or measure the temperature at the cold junction point (CJC or Cold Junction Compensation) o with another temperature sensor Reference Temp. T Ref Material A EMF 3 EMF 1 V=EMF 1 +EMF 2 +EMF 3 EMF 2 Material B T meas V = f ( α AB, Tmeas, TRef )
22 Types of Thermocouples Distinguished by combination of alloys Common standardized thermocouples use letter code (e.g. J,K,T,E) TC type affects temperature range, sensitivity, price
23 Example Example 1: A J-type thermocouple, whose reference junction is at 0 C, produces a emf output voltage of mv. What is the temperature at the measurement junction of the thermocouple? T ref =0 C T m ΔV 0-Tm = 4.115mV
24 Type J Thermocouple: thermoelectric voltage as a function of temp. ( C) Reference junctions at 0 C, Thermoelectric Voltage in Millivolts C C
25 Example Example 1: A J-type thermocouple, whose reference junction is at 0 C, produces a emf output voltage of mv. What is the temperature at the measurement junction of the thermocouple? T ref =0 C T m ΔV 0-Tm = 4.115mV T m =78.7 C
26 Example Example 2: A J-type thermocouple, whose reference junction is at 21.1 C, produces a emf output voltage of mv. What is the temperature at the measurement junction of the thermocouple? 0 C T ref T m ΔV 0-21 =? ΔV 21-Tm = 2.878mV
27 Type J Thermocouple: thermoelectric voltage as a function of temp. ( C) Reference junctions at 0 C, Thermoelectric Voltage in Millivolts C C
28 Example Example 2: A J-type thermocouple, whose reference junction is at 21.1 C, produces a emf output voltage of mv. What is the temperature at the measurement junction of the thermocouple? 0 C T ref T m ΔV 0-21 = 1.076mV ΔV 21-Tm = 2.878mV ΔV 0-Tm = 3.954mV
29 Type J Thermocouple: thermoelectric voltage as a function of temp. ( C) Reference junctions at 0 C, Thermoelectric Voltage in Millivolts C C
30 Example Example 2: A J-type thermocouple, whose reference junction is at 21.1 C, produces a emf output voltage of mv. What is the temperature at the measurement junction of the thermocouple? 0 C T ref T m ΔV 0-21 = 1.076mV ΔV 21-Tm = 2.878mV ΔV 0-Tm = 3.954mV T m =75.7 C
31 Temp. Measurement in the Lab Connector Block has onboard temperature measurement Data Acquisition Software is configured to use CJC correction based on built-in temperature reference Software automatically converts measured voltage to temperature based on type of thermocouple Thermocouple Input Connector Temperature Reference
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