dependent and wr i t er i ndependent on-l i ne cur s i ve handwr i t i ng r ecogni t i on. Thi s
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1 5 CONCLUSIONS In this pper we hve presented the NPen ++ s ys t em, neur l r ecogni zer for writer dependent nd wr i t er i ndependent on-l i ne cur s i ve hndwr i t i ng r ecogni t i on. Thi s systemcombi nes r obus t i nput r epr es enttion, whi ch pr es er ves t he dynm informt i on, wi t h neur l net work i ntegrti ng recogni ti on single frmework. Thi s r chi t ect ur e hs been s tempor l s equences s pr ovi ded by t Evl uti on of the systemon to 20, 000 words i ndep
2 writer dependent writer independent % correct () size of vocbulry (b) Fi gur e 3: ( ) Di erent writing styles in the dtbse: (mi ddl e) nd mixture of both (bottom) t he vocbul r y s i ze cur s i ve ( t op), hnd- pr i nted (b) Recognitionresults withrespec For the writer dependentevlution, the systemws tri ned on 400 word vocbul ry, written by s i ngl e writer of ptterns fromthe sme writer. In t consisted of 4,000pttern 60 di erentwr writ Al
3 w i, i.e. logp( x T 0 jw i) mx q T 0 TX t=1 mx q T 0 logp ( x t+d t0d jq t;w i )+logp ( q t jq t01 ; w i ) TX t=1 logp ( q t jx t+d t0d ) 0 logp ( q t)+logp ( q t jq t01 ; w i ) : (2) Here, the mxi mumi s over l l pos s i bl e s equence s of s t t es q T 0 = q 0 : : : q T word model, p ( q t jxt0d t+d ) refers to the output of the sttes lyer p ( q t ) is the prior probbilityof observingstte 3.3 TRAINING OF THE RECOGNIZER Duri ng tri ni ng the gol i s to determi ne the posterior probbilityp ( w to mke tht m syst
4 bility ble bord bound bout bove zoom b l e... b o u t... b c x y z Sttes Lyer Hidden Lyer Input Lyer time Fi gur e 2: The Multi-Stte TDNNrchi tecture, consi sti ng of 3-l yer TDNNto estimte the posteriori probbilities of the chrcter sttes combi ned wi thwor uni t s, whose scores re deri ved f romthe word model s by Vi t er bi p of the likelihoods p ( x T 0 jw i). units, 40 units in the hidden lyer, nd 78 stte out time del ys bot h i n t he i nput nd hi dde The s of t mx norml i zed out put of the probbilities o ech ti m
5 inspce but globl intime. Tht mens, ech poi nt of the trjectoryis visible from ech ot her poi nt of t he t r j ect or y i n s ml l nei ghbour hood. By us i ng t hes e con bi t mps i n ddi ti on to the l ocl f etures, i mportnt i nf or mti on of the trjectory, whichreinlimi t ed nei ghbour ho 3 THE NPe n ++ RECOGNI ZE The NPen ++ recogni zer i ntegrtes re singlenetwork rchitectu TDNN). The MS- TDN recognition
6 time 0 T finl input representtion () context bitmps normlized coordinte sequence: context bitmps () x/y (b) writing direction curvture writing direction/ curvture (b) t-2 t-1 t t+1 t+2 x(t-2),y(t-2) x(t-1),y(t-1) α x(t),y(t) x(t+2),y(t+2) x(t+1),y(t+1) x(t-2),y(t-2) x(t-1),y(t-1) β x(t),y(t) x(t+2),y(t+2) x(t+1),y(t+1) Fi gure 1: Feture extrction for the norml i zed word \bl e". The nl i nput r epresenttion is derived by cl cul ti ng 15- di mensi onl f eture vector f or ech poi nt, whi ch cons i s t s of context bitmp () nd informti on bo nd wr i t i ng di r ect i on ( b). spce. Thi s r es mpl ed trjectory i s smoothed u order to remove s mpling noise. In representtion of the tr scling of t
7 1 I NTRODUCTI ON Sever l pr epr oce s s i ng nd r ecogni t i on ppr oches f or on- l i ne hndwriting recogni t i on hve been devel oped dur i ng t he ps t yer s. The mi n dvntge of on- l hndwritingrecognitionincompri son to opti cl chrcter recogni tempor l i nf or mti on of hndwriting, whi ch cn be r e t i on. I n gener l t hi s dynmi cwriting info coor di nt es ) i s not vilb ppe r we pr e s writin
8 G. Tesuro, D. Touretzky, nd J. Alspector (Eds.) Advnces in Neurl Informtion Processing Systems 7 MIT Press, Cmbridge MA The Use of Dynmic Wri ti ng Informtion i n Connecti oni st On-Li ne Cursi ve Hndwri ti ng Recogni ti on System StefnMnke Michel Finke AlexWibel Uni ver s i t y of Kr l s r uhe Comput er Sci ence Deprtment D Kr l s r uhe, Germny mnke@i r. uk. de, nkem@i r.uk. de Crnegi e MellonUni ver s i t y School of Comput er Sci ence Pittsburgh, PA , U. S.A. wi cmu. edu Abs tr c t In this pper we present NPen ++, connectionist systemf wr i t er i ndependent, lrge vocbulry on-line cursive recognition. This systemcombi nes r obus t whi ch pr es e r ves t he dynmi c wri net work rchi tecture, Network (MS- TD ttion i
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