A STUDY OF TOTAL REACTION CROSS SECTIONS FOR PROTON ON SOME NUCLEI AT INTERMEDIATE ENERGIES
|
|
- Natalie Freeman
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A STUDY OF TOTAL REACTION CROSS SECTIONS FOR PROTON ON SOME NUCLEI AT INTERMEDIATE ENERGIES By Saleh Marzoq Barki Al-Lugmani A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master's Degree in Science Department of Physics Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia September 2007
2 مستخلص هذذال لل يذذ راذذذنظ يةللذذت الرذذت لنيايذذذك لل لتذذل للصذذ لل نذذل لنخ ذذ لخ ذذذ يظ 008 م غذذ تل خذذل ت ع لذذج نذذ بل ح ذذ ث صذذن 08 يذذ ث بذذ رذذت لل لبذذ ت 12 C. تت للنةللذذت م تذذذ ت 208 Pb 90 Zr لل لسذذ ظ 40 Ca للزةك ذذ ظ لللصذذ تي ت ة ي ذس كن بل للي غظ بضهن ك ل ظ. للب ث للخضلرب ت لألخ لة مغننت م ع ت م ذ متث لذ ت للذخي ةة كنذ ت كنذ ت للخل حسخخنظ كز عت ص مب ل- ب ح للشبه ظ هلرت لل ز عت للا هلرت كيذ ت للخغ ذل للغ صذ عذل يت للغلكت لنبل ح ت للس يط بسبب مض ل ك ل ظ لنص لة للهنف حم خاه عل للغس ب رض. لل نةل لذ ت لل غ ل ذ ت ح ذل ن ت يذ ذ س كنذ بل ر يذ ص ذ نل تلذ عذ ن م اذ ل عذل مذ ن يذ ت للبل حذ ت للسذ يط عذل مذن للي يذت 08 ذ 008 م غذ تل خذل ت ع لذج. ي مذ ح يذل لل ز عذت للا هلرت خ ئش عض م كز عت صذ مب ل- ب حذ للشذبه ظ هلرذت. ب إلتذ عت صذن رضذ ت حغ ذل يت ك ل ظ له حأر ل منغ ظ ن لليايك لل لتل لليغس ب. 6
3 Abstract This work presents a theoretical study of the total nuclear reaction cross-section for protons at energies between 80 and 180 MeV on 12 C, 40 Ca, 90 Zr and 208 Pb nuclei. The study is made within the framework of Coulomb modified Glauber model. Recent experimental proton-nucleus total reaction cross section data are analyzed in terms of NN scattering amplitude parameters using Gambhir Patil (GP) semi-phenomenological and phenomenological densities. The downward shift in the incident proton kinetic energy due to the target Coulomb field is also taken into account. The present study shows that the Glauber model works reasonably well in the incident proton energy range MeV and that, in general, the phenomenological density gives better results than recently proposed Gambhir-Patil semi-phenomenological density. Furthermore, we find that the Coulomb energy shift has noticeable effect on the calculated cross section, specially at lower energies. 5
4 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT (ENGLISH)... ABSTRACT (ARABIC). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CONTENTS.. LIST OF TABLES... LIST OF FIGURES... i ii iii iv vi vii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Nuclear processes Nuclear cross-section Aim of the present research work Thesis organization. 5 Chapter 2: COULOMB MODIFIED GLAUBER MODEL Potential scattering High energy approximation for potential scattering Cross sections in the high energy approximation Glauber multiple scattering theory N-nucleus scattering Coulomb modified Glauber model (CMGM). 21 Chapter 3: NUCLEAR DENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS Some commonly used density distributions Semi phenomenological nucleon density distribution... Chapter 4: STUDY OF PROTON TOTAL REACTION CROSS-SECTION Density parameters NN scattering amplitude
5 4.3 Calculation of ζ R Results and discussion Summary and conclusions REFERENCES APPENDIX A 47 APPENDIX B 50 APPENDIX C 51 9
6 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 The parameter values of Gambhir-Patil density Page Table 4.2 p - 12 C total reaction cross-section Table 4.3 p - Ca total reaction cross-section Table 4.4 p - Zr total reaction cross-section Table 4.5 p Pb total reaction cross-section
7 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2.1 Eikonal approximation Page Fig. 2.2 N-nucleus scattering Fig. 2.3 Schematic diagram of projectile trajectory.. 21 Fig. 4.1 p - 12 C total reaction cross-section with the Coulomb energy shift. Stars: predictions of G-P density; Open circles: predictions of the folded Yukawa density; solid circles: show experimental data of Auce et al.. 37 Fig. 4.2 Same as figure 4.1 but for p - Fig. 4.3 Same as figure 4.1 but for p - 40 Ca 90 Zr Fig. 4.4 Same as figure 4.1 but for p - Fig. 4.5 p Pb C total reaction cross-section. Stars: predictions of folded Yukawa density without Coulomb energy shift effect; open circles: with Coulomb energy shift effect; solid circles: show experimental data of Auce et al. 40 Fig. 4.6 Same as figure 4.5 but for p - 40 Ca Fig. 4.7 Same as figure 4.5 but for p - 90 Zr Fig. 4.8 Same as figure 4.5 but for p Pb
8 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Nuclear reactions are used to study the properties of nuclei. Reactions that exchange energy or nucleons can be used to measure the energies of binding and excitation, quantum numbers of energy levels, and transition rates between levels. A particle accelerator, which produces a beam of high velocity charged particles (electrons, protons, alphas, or "heavy ions"), works as the source of these reactions when the accelerated particles strike a target nucleus. Nuclear reactions can also be produced in nature by high velocity cosmic ray particles, for instance in the upper atmosphere or in space. Beams of neutrons can be obtained from nuclear reactors or as secondary products when a charged particle beam knocks out weakly bound neutrons from a target nucleus. Beams of photons, mesons, muons, and neutrinos can also produce nuclear reactions. In order for nuclear reaction to occur, the nucleons in the incident particle, or projectile, must interact with the nucleons in the target. Thus the energy must be high enough to overcome the natural electromagnetic repulsion between the protons. This energy "barrier" is called the Coulomb's barrier. If the energy is below the barrier, the nuclei will bounce off each other. Early experiments by Rutherford used low-energy alpha particles from naturally radioactive material to bounce off target atoms and measure the size of the target nuclei. 02
9 1.1 Nuclear processes When a collimated beam of mono-energetic light particles such as protons or neutrons is shot at a target containing atoms, nuclei, etc., the projectile particles may approach so close to the target so that the two interact. And as a result of this interaction any of the following nuclear processes may occur singly or jointly: (i) The incident particle may simply be deviated from its rectilinear path so that the incoming and outgoing particles are the same. This process is known as scattering. The scattering processes may be of two types: if the incoming and outgoing particles have the same kinetic energy, the process is called elastic scattering and if the outgoing particle has lesser kinetic energy than the incident one, the process is called inelastic scattering. (ii) The incident particle be completely absorbed by the target without the emission of any particle. This process is called radiative capture. (iii) The incident and the emergent particles may be different from each other. This process is known as a nuclear reaction. However nuclear reactions themselves include a variety of special phenomena for example fission, fussion, spallations, etc. 1.2 Nuclear cross section We can determine the probability of occurrence of the nuclear process. The most naive means of expressing this probability is offered by one of the most important concepts of nuclear physics the namely cross-section. It may be visualised as the effective circular area, a target nucleus presents to the incident particles for undergoing a particular nuclear process. 03
10 The concept of cross-section for a nuclear process is quite different from the geometrical cross-sectional area (πr 2 ) of the nucleus. Instead of the treating the geometrical cross-sectional area as a measure of interaction probability, each target nucleus is ascribed an effective circular area ζ. The probability of a nuclear process is then just equal to the probability that the incident particle strikes within this effective area. The process becomes a certainty if the incident particle happens to strike the target within this cross-sectional area. The magnitude of the cross-section ζ, is different for different nuclear processes and for a particular nuclear process is a function of the energy of impinging particle. It has the dimensions of area and is expressed in units of barn: 1 barn = m 2. There are a great many kinds of cross-sections which play a vital role in nuclear physics studies. Among them some are the following: (i) Total nuclear-interaction cross-section (ζ tot ): It is the effective area that a target nucleus possesses for removing particles from a collimated incident beam by all possible processes (scattering, absorption and /or nuclear reaction) involving an interaction between the target nucleus and the incident particles. The magnitude of total cross section thus defined is a function of the kinetic energy of the incident particle and it also depends upon the kind of incident particle (such as, a proton, an α-particle, etc.). (ii) Partial cross-section: The total cross-section as defined above shall be composed of the sum of several partial cross sections which represent the contributions of various distinct, independent processes by which particles can be removed from the incident beam. It is a standard practice to make distinction between (a) the scattering processes in which the outgoing particle is the same as the incident particle and (b) absorption or 04
11 nuclear reaction, which may be only radiative capture or may lead to the various types of nuclear reactions and in which the outgoing particle if any is of a character different from that of the incident particle. Therefore, the total cross-section may be written as (Pandya and Yadav, 1994) ζ tot = ζ sc + ζ R (1.1) where ζ sc is the scattering cross-section and ζ R is the reaction crosssection. Furthermore, scattering may be elastic or inelastic and absorption (reaction) may lead to the various nuclear reactions. Therefore, in general, total cross-section may be written as (Pandya and Yadav, 1994) ζ tot = Σ ζ partial (1.2) where the summation extends over each of the partial cross section, ζ partial referring to the individual simultaneous nuclear process, scattering, absorption, etc. 1.3 Aim of the present research work We present a study of total nuclear reaction cross-section for protons with energies between 80 and 180 MeV on 12 C, 40 Ca, 90 Zr and 208 Pb nuclei. The study has been made within the theoretical framework of the optical limit approximation to the Coulomb modified Glauber model using semi-phenomenological proton and neutron density 05
12 distributions as proposed by Gambhir and Patil (1986) and the measured densities as parameterized by Broglia and Winther (1981). The main aim of this work is to undertake a comparative study of the predictions of Gambhir-Patil semi-phenomenological and phenomenological densities with regard to the proton total crosssection and to demonstrate importance of the Coulomb energy shift on the calculated cross-section. 1.4 Thesis organization After the current introductory chapter, we give in chapter 2, a brief review of the potential scattering theory in the high energy approximation, the Glauber multiple scattering theory for N-nucleus scattering (for a review see also Joachain, 1975) and its modification to account for the deviation of the projectile trajectory in the Coulomb field of the target nucleus. In chapter 3, we present a brief description of the most useful models for nuclear density and their important characteristics. The results of our calculation for proton reaction cross section are presented and discussed in chapter 4. In this chapter, we also give the summary and conclusions of the present study. 06
Chapter V: Interactions of neutrons with matter
Chapter V: Interactions of neutrons with matter 1 Content of the chapter Introduction Interaction processes Interaction cross sections Moderation and neutrons path For more details see «Physique des Réacteurs
More informationB. Rouben McMaster University Course EP 4D03/6D03 Nuclear Reactor Analysis (Reactor Physics) 2015 Sept.-Dec.
2: Fission and Other Neutron Reactions B. Rouben McMaster University Course EP 4D03/6D03 Nuclear Reactor Analysis (Reactor Physics) 2015 Sept.-Dec. 2015 September 1 Contents Concepts: Fission and other
More informationNuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-30 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 4 - Detectors Binding Energy Nuclear mass MN less than sum of nucleon masses Shows nucleus is a bound (lower energy) state for this configuration
More informationTotal probability for reaction Yield
Total probability for reaction Yield If target has thickness d, and target material has # nuclei/volume: n 0 [part./cm 3 ] Y=σ n 0 d The yield gives the intensity of the characteristic signal from the
More information6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions
6 Neutrons and Neutron Interactions A nuclear reactor will not operate without neutrons. Neutrons induce the fission reaction, which produces the heat in CANDU reactors, and fission creates more neutrons.
More informationDecays and Scattering. Decay Rates Cross Sections Calculating Decays Scattering Lifetime of Particles
Decays and Scattering Decay Rates Cross Sections Calculating Decays Scattering Lifetime of Particles 1 Decay Rates There are THREE experimental probes of Elementary Particle Interactions - bound states
More informationChapter 22. Preview. Objectives Properties of the Nucleus Nuclear Stability Binding Energy Sample Problem. Section 1 The Nucleus
Section 1 The Nucleus Preview Objectives Properties of the Nucleus Nuclear Stability Binding Energy Sample Problem Section 1 The Nucleus Objectives Identify the properties of the nucleus of an atom. Explain
More informationWhat is Spallation???
What is Spallation??? Definition found in Nuclear Physics Academic press: projectile (p, n, π,...) target Spallation---a type of nuclear reaction in which the high-energy level of incident particles causes
More informationPhysics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface
Physics 3204 UNIT 3 Test Matter Energy Interface 2005 2006 Time: 60 minutes Total Value: 33 Marks Formulae and Constants v = f λ E = hf h f = E k + W 0 E = m c 2 p = h λ 1 A= A T 0 2 t 1 2 E k = ½ mv 2
More informationFundamental Forces. Range Carrier Observed? Strength. Gravity Infinite Graviton No. Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983)
Fundamental Forces Force Relative Strength Range Carrier Observed? Gravity 10-39 Infinite Graviton No Weak 10-6 Nuclear W+ W- Z Yes (1983) Electromagnetic 10-2 Infinite Photon Yes (1923) Strong 1 Nuclear
More informationChapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter)
Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Science Physics Department Fourth Grade Nuclear Physics Dr. Ali A. Ridha Chapter Four (Interaction of Radiation with Matter) Different types of radiation interact
More informationElastic scattering. Elastic scattering
Elastic scattering Now we have worked out how much energy is lost when a neutron is scattered through an angle, θ We would like to know how much energy, on average, is lost per collision In order to do
More informationThere are 82 protons in a lead nucleus. Why doesn t the lead nucleus burst apart?
Question 32.1 The Nucleus There are 82 protons in a lead nucleus. Why doesn t the lead nucleus burst apart? a) Coulomb repulsive force doesn t act inside the nucleus b) gravity overpowers the Coulomb repulsive
More information1. Nuclear Size. A typical atom radius is a few!10 "10 m (Angstroms). The nuclear radius is a few!10 "15 m (Fermi).
1. Nuclear Size We have known since Rutherford s! " scattering work at Manchester in 1907, that almost all the mass of the atom is contained in a very small volume with high electric charge. Nucleus with
More informationChapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 30.1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: 30.1 Structure
More informationCHEM 312: Lecture 9 Part 1 Nuclear Reactions
CHEM 312: Lecture 9 Part 1 Nuclear Reactions Readings: Modern Nuclear Chemistry, Chapter 10; Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Chapter 4 Notation Energetics of Nuclear Reactions Reaction Types and Mechanisms
More information22.54 Neutron Interactions and Applications (Spring 2004) Chapter 1 (2/3/04) Overview -- Interactions, Distributions, Cross Sections, Applications
.54 Neutron Interactions and Applications (Spring 004) Chapter 1 (/3/04) Overview -- Interactions, Distributions, Cross Sections, Applications There are many references in the vast literature on nuclear
More informationSOURCES of RADIOACTIVITY
Section 9: SOURCES of RADIOACTIVITY This section briefly describes various sources of radioactive nuclei, both naturally occurring and those produced artificially (man-made) in, for example, reactors or
More informationBasic science. Atomic structure. Electrons. The Rutherford-Bohr model of an atom. Electron shells. Types of Electrons. Describing an Atom
Basic science A knowledge of basic physics is essential to understanding how radiation originates and behaves. This chapter works through what an atom is; what keeps it stable vs. radioactive and unstable;
More information2 Give the compound nucleus resulting from 6-MeV protons bombarding a target of. my notes in the part 3 reading room or on the WEB.
Lecture 15 Krane Enge Cohen Williams Reaction theories compound nucleus 11.10 13.7 13.1-3 direct reactions 11.11 13.11/12 ch 14 Admixed Wave functions residual interaction 5.1-4 Admixed Wave functions
More informationCross-Sections for Neutron Reactions
22.05 Reactor Physics Part Four Cross-Sections for Neutron Reactions 1. Interactions: Cross-sections deal with the measurement of interactions between moving particles and the material through which they
More informationNuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions
Slide 1 / 33 Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions The Nucleus Slide 2 / 33 Proton: The charge on a proton is +1.6x10-19 C. The mass of a proton is 1.6726x10-27 kg. Neutron: The neutron is neutral. The
More informationChapter VIII: Nuclear fission
Chapter VIII: Nuclear fission 1 Summary 1. General remarks 2. Spontaneous and induced fissions 3. Nucleus deformation 4. Mass distribution of fragments 5. Number of emitted electrons 6. Radioactive decay
More informationCHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
CHARGED PARTICLE INTERACTIONS Background Charged Particles Heavy charged particles Charged particles with Mass > m e α, proton, deuteron, heavy ion (e.g., C +, Fe + ), fission fragment, muon, etc. α is
More informationNuclear Physics Fundamentals and Application Prof. H.C. Verma Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Nuclear Physics Fundamentals and Application Prof. H.C. Verma Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Lecture - 34 Nuclear fission of uranium So, we talked about fission reactions
More informationEmphasis on what happens to emitted particle (if no nuclear reaction and MEDIUM (i.e., atomic effects)
LECTURE 5: INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER All radiation is detected through its interaction with matter! INTRODUCTION: What happens when radiation passes through matter? Emphasis on what happens
More informationPhys102 Lecture 29, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Phys10 Lecture 9, 30, 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Key Points Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decays References 30-1,,3,4,5,6,7. Atomic Structure Nitrogen (N) Atom
More informationNuclear Physics 2. D. atomic energy levels. (1) D. scattered back along the original direction. (1)
Name: Date: Nuclear Physics 2. Which of the following gives the correct number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of B? 5 Number of protons Number of neutrons A. 5 6 B. 5 C. 6 5 D. 5 2. The
More informationNuclear Reactions A Z. Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q > 0. Exothermic Endothermic
Radioactivity, Spontaneous Decay: Nuclear Reactions A Z 4 P D+ He + Q A 4 Z 2 Q > 0 Nuclear Reaction, Induced Process: x + X Y + y + Q Q = ( m + m m m ) c 2 x X Y y Q > 0 Q < 0 Exothermic Endothermic 2
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Science
Introduction to Nuclear Science PIXIE-PAN Summer Science Program University of Notre Dame 2006 Tony Hyder, Professor of Physics Topics we will discuss Ground-state properties of the nucleus Radioactivity
More information1.4 The Tools of the Trade!
1.4 The Tools of the Trade! Two things are required for material analysis: excitation mechanism for originating characteristic signature (radiation) radiation detection and identification system (spectroscopy)
More informationPhysics of Radiotherapy. Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter
Physics of Radiotherapy Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter Charge Particle Interaction Energetic charged particles interact with matter by electrical forces and lose kinetic energy
More informationFundamentals in Nuclear Physics
018/ Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics Kenichi Ishikawa ( ) http://ishiken.free.fr/english/lecture.html ishiken@n.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp 1 Schedule Nuclear reactions 5/1 Nuclear decays and fundamental interactions
More informationThursday, April 23, 15. Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Physics Some Properties of Nuclei! All nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons! Exception is ordinary hydrogen with just a proton! The atomic number, Z, equals the number of protons in the
More information16.5 Coulomb s Law Types of Forces in Nature. 6.1 Newton s Law of Gravitation Coulomb s Law
5-10 Types of Forces in Nature Modern physics now recognizes four fundamental forces: 1. Gravity 2. Electromagnetism 3. Weak nuclear force (responsible for some types of radioactive decay) 4. Strong nuclear
More informationNuclear Physics. PHY232 Remco Zegers Room W109 cyclotron building.
Nuclear Physics PHY232 Remco Zegers zegers@nscl.msu.edu Room W109 cyclotron building http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~zegers/phy232.html Periodic table of elements We saw that the periodic table of elements can
More informationenergy loss Ionization + excitation of atomic energy levels Mean energy loss rate de /dx proportional to (electric charge) 2 of incident particle
Lecture 4 Particle physics processes - particles are small, light, energetic à processes described by quantum mechanics and relativity à processes are probabilistic, i.e., we cannot know the outcome of
More informationneutrons in the few kev to several MeV Neutrons are generated over a wide range of energies by a variety of different processes.
Neutrons 1932: Chadwick discovers the neutron 1935: Goldhaber discovers 10 B(n,α) 7 Li reaction 1936: Locher proposes boron neutron capture as a cancer therapy 1939: Nuclear fission in 235 U induced by
More informationBannerman High School Physics Department. Making Accurate Statements. Higher Physics. Quanta and Waves
Bannerman High School Physics Department Making Accurate Statements Higher Physics Quanta and Waves Mandatory Key Area: Particle Physics 1. Use your knowledge of physics to estimate the ratio of the smallest
More informationEEE4101F / EEE4103F Radiation Interactions & Detection
EEE4101F / EEE4103F Radiation Interactions & Detection 1. Interaction of Radiation with Matter Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za March
More informationNuclear Decays. Alpha Decay
Nuclear Decays The first evidence of radioactivity was a photographic plate, wrapped in black paper and placed under a piece of uranium salt by Henri Becquerel on February 26, 1896. Like many events in
More informationPHYSICS A2 UNIT 2 SECTION 1: RADIOACTIVITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY
PHYSICS A2 UNIT 2 SECTION 1: RADIOACTIVITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS / NUCLEAR RADIUS & DENSITY / PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION / INTENSITY & BACKGROUND RADIATION / EXPONENTIAL LAW OF DECAY
More informationAtomic and nuclear physics
Chapter 4 Atomic and nuclear physics INTRODUCTION: The technologies used in nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging have evolved over the last century, starting with Röntgen s discovery of X rays and Becquerel
More informationNuclear and Particle Physics
Nuclear and Particle Physics W. S. С Williams Department of Physics, University of Oxford and St Edmund Hall, Oxford CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD 1991 Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Historical perspective 1 1.2
More informationNeutron Interactions Part I. Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics Y2.5321
Neutron Interactions Part I Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics rhowell@mdanderson.org Y2.5321 Why do we as Medical Physicists care about neutrons? Neutrons in Radiation Therapy Neutron Therapy
More informationCompound and heavy-ion reactions
Compound and heavy-ion reactions Introduction to Nuclear Science Simon Fraser University Spring 2011 NUCS 342 March 23, 2011 NUCS 342 (Lecture 24) March 23, 2011 1 / 32 Outline 1 Density of states in a
More informationNeutron Interactions with Matter
Radioactivity - Radionuclides - Radiation 8 th Multi-Media Training Course with Nuclides.net (Institute Josžef Stefan, Ljubljana, 13th - 15th September 2006) Thursday, 14 th September 2006 Neutron Interactions
More informationThe number of protons in the nucleus is known as the atomic number Z, and determines the chemical properties of the element.
I. NUCLEAR PHYSICS I.1 Atomic Nucleus Very briefly, an atom is formed by a nucleus made up of nucleons (neutrons and protons) and electrons in external orbits. The number of electrons and protons is equal
More informationPhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 1. Describe briefly one scattering experiment to investigate the size of the nucleus of the atom. Include a description of the properties of the incident radiation which makes
More informationThe Atom. Describe a model of the atom that features a small nucleus surrounded by electrons.
The Atom Describe a model of the atom that features a small nucleus surrounded by electrons. A guy by the name of Bohr created a model for the atom that consisted of an small nucleus surrounded by orbiting
More informationName: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Class: Date: AP REVIEW 3 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. For a mass hanging from a spring, the maximum displacement the
More informationAlpha decay, ssion, and nuclear reactions
Alpha decay, ssion, and nuclear reactions March 11, 2002 1 Energy release in alpha-decay ² Consider a nucleus which is stable against decay by proton or neutron emission { the least bound nucleon still
More information= : K A
Atoms and Nuclei. State two limitations of JJ Thomson s model of atom. 2. Write the SI unit for activity of a radioactive substance. 3. What observations led JJ Thomson to conclusion that all atoms have
More informationLecture 33 Chapter 22, Sections 1-2 Nuclear Stability and Decay. Energy Barriers Types of Decay Nuclear Decay Kinetics
Lecture 33 Chapter 22, Sections -2 Nuclear Stability and Decay Energy Barriers Types of Decay Nuclear Decay Kinetics Nuclear Chemistry Nuclei Review Nucleons: protons and neutrons Atomic number number
More informationContents. Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition
Contents Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Notes xiii xv xvii 1 Basic Concepts 1 1.1 History 1 1.1.1 The Origins of Nuclear Physics 1 1.1.2 The Emergence of Particle Physics: the
More informationBasic Nuclear Theory. Lecture 1 The Atom and Nuclear Stability
Basic Nuclear Theory Lecture 1 The Atom and Nuclear Stability Introduction Nuclear power is made possible by energy emitted from either nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. Current nuclear power plants utilize
More informationSECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models
AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Modern Physics SECTION A Quantum Physics and Atom Models 1. Light of a single frequency falls on a photoelectric material but no electrons are emitted. Electrons may
More informationAlpha Decay. Decay alpha particles are monoenergetic. Nuclides with A>150 are unstable against alpha decay. E α = Q (1-4/A)
Alpha Decay Because the binding energy of the alpha particle is so large (28.3 MeV), it is often energetically favorable for a heavy nucleus to emit an alpha particle Nuclides with A>150 are unstable against
More informationInteractions of Particulate Radiation with Matter. Purpose. Importance of particulate interactions
Interactions of Particulate Radiation with Matter George Starkschall, Ph.D. Department of Radiation Physics U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Purpose To describe the various mechanisms by which particulate
More informationFission and Fusion Book pg cgrahamphysics.com 2016
Fission and Fusion Book pg 286-287 cgrahamphysics.com 2016 Review BE is the energy that holds a nucleus together. This is equal to the mass defect of the nucleus. Also called separation energy. The energy
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Physics
1/3 S.PÉRU The nucleus a complex system? What is the heaviest nucleus? How many nuclei do exist? What about the shapes of the nuclei? I) Some features about the nucleus discovery radius, shape binding
More informationThe interaction of radiation with matter
Basic Detection Techniques 2009-2010 http://www.astro.rug.nl/~peletier/detectiontechniques.html Detection of energetic particles and gamma rays The interaction of radiation with matter Peter Dendooven
More informationUGC ACADEMY LEADING INSTITUE FOR CSIR-JRF/NET, GATE & JAM PHYSICAL SCIENCE TEST SERIES # 4. Atomic, Solid State & Nuclear + Particle
UGC ACADEMY LEADING INSTITUE FOR CSIR-JRF/NET, GATE & JAM BOOKLET CODE PH PHYSICAL SCIENCE TEST SERIES # 4 Atomic, Solid State & Nuclear + Particle SUBJECT CODE 05 Timing: 3: H M.M: 200 Instructions 1.
More informationMCRT L8: Neutron Transport
MCRT L8: Neutron Transport Recap fission, absorption, scattering, cross sections Fission products and secondary neutrons Slow and fast neutrons Energy spectrum of fission neutrons Nuclear reactor safety
More informationState the main interaction when an alpha particle is scattered by a gold nucleus
Q1.(a) Scattering experiments are used to investigate the nuclei of gold atoms. In one experiment, alpha particles, all of the same energy (monoenergetic), are incident on a foil made from a single isotope
More informationUnits and Definition
RADIATION SOURCES Units and Definition Activity (Radioactivity) Definition Activity: Rate of decay (transformation or disintegration) is described by its activity Activity = number of atoms that decay
More informationPhysic 492 Lecture 16
Physic 492 Lecture 16 Main points of last lecture: Angular momentum dependence. Structure dependence. Nuclear reactions Q-values Kinematics for two body reactions. Main points of today s lecture: Measured
More informationToday, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions.
Today, I will present the first of two lectures on neutron interactions. I first need to acknowledge that these two lectures were based on lectures presented previously in Med Phys I by Dr Howell. 1 Before
More informationForms of Ionizing Radiation
Beta Radiation 1 Forms of Ionizing Radiation Interaction of Radiation with Matter Ionizing radiation is categorized by the nature of the particles or electromagnetic waves that create the ionizing effect.
More informationFOUNDATIONS OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
FOUNDATIONS OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Michele Laino January 8, 2016 Abstract In this brief tutorial, some of basics of nuclear chemistry are shown. Such tutorial it is mainly focused on binding energy of nuclei
More informationChapter 10 - Nuclear Physics
The release of atomic energy has not created a new problem. It has merely made more urgent the necessity of solving an existing one. -Albert Einstein David J. Starling Penn State Hazleton PHYS 214 Ernest
More informationWrite down the nuclear equation that represents the decay of neptunium 239 into plutonium 239.
Q1.A rod made from uranium 238 ( U) is placed in the core of a nuclear reactor where it absorbs free neutrons. When a nucleus of uranium 238 absorbs a neutron it becomes unstable and decays to neptunium
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Engineering
2016/9/27 Introduction to Nuclear Engineering Kenichi Ishikawa ( ) http://ishiken.free.fr/english/lecture.html ishiken@n.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp 1 References Nuclear Physics basic properties of nuclei nuclear
More informationPhysics 102: Lecture 26. X-rays. Make sure your grade book entries are correct. Physics 102: Lecture 26, Slide 1
Physics 102: Lecture 26 X-rays Make sure your grade book entries are correct. Physics 102: Lecture 26, Slide 1 X-Rays Photons with energy in approx range 100eV to 100,000eV. This large energy means they
More informationLesson 1. Introduction to Nuclear Science
Lesson 1 Introduction to Nuclear Science Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry What is nuclear chemistry? What is the relation of nuclear chemistry to other parts of chemistry? Nuclear chemistry vs nuclear
More informationFundamental Stellar Parameters. Radiative Transfer. Stellar Atmospheres. Equations of Stellar Structure
Fundamental Stellar Parameters Radiative Transfer Stellar Atmospheres Equations of Stellar Structure Nuclear Reactions in Stellar Interiors Binding Energy Coulomb Barrier Penetration Hydrogen Burning Reactions
More informationNuclear Spectroscopy: Radioactivity and Half Life
Particle and Spectroscopy: and Half Life 02/08/2018 My Office Hours: Thursday 1:00-3:00 PM 212 Keen Building Outline 1 2 3 4 5 Some nuclei are unstable and decay spontaneously into two or more particles.
More informationParticle Interactions in Detectors
Particle Interactions in Detectors Dr Peter R Hobson C.Phys M.Inst.P. Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering Brunel University, Uxbridge Peter.Hobson@brunel.ac.uk http://www.brunel.ac.uk/~eestprh/
More informationNuclear Physics. Radioactivity. # protons = # neutrons. Strong Nuclear Force. Checkpoint 4/17/2013. A Z Nucleus = Protons+ Neutrons
Marie Curie 1867-1934 Radioactivity Spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable isotope. Antoine Henri Becquerel 1852-1908 Wilhelm Roentgen 1845-1923 Nuclear Physics A Z Nucleus =
More information(10%) (c) What other peaks can appear in the pulse-height spectrum if the detector were not small? Give a sketch and explain briefly.
Sample questions for Quiz 3, 22.101 (Fall 2006) Following questions were taken from quizzes given in previous years by S. Yip. They are meant to give you an idea of the kind of questions (what was expected
More informationIntroduction to Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Decay
Introduction to Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Decay Larry MacDonald macdon@uw.edu Nuclear Medicine Basic Science Lectures September 6, 2011 toms Nucleus: ~10-14 m diameter ~10 17 kg/m 3 Electron clouds:
More informationPhysics 126 Practice Exam #4 Professor Siegel
Physics 126 Practice Exam #4 Professor Siegel Name: Lab Day: 1. Light is usually thought of as wave-like in nature and electrons as particle-like. In which one of the following instances does light behave
More informationChapter 12: Nuclear Reaction
Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction A nuclear reaction occurs when a nucleus is unstable or is being bombarded by a nuclear particle. The product of a nuclear reaction is a new nuclide with an emission of a nuclear
More informationMockTime.com. Ans: (b) Q6. Curie is a unit of [1989] (a) energy of gamma-rays (b) half-life (c) radioactivity (d) intensity of gamma-rays Ans: (c)
Chapter Nuclei Q1. A radioactive sample with a half life of 1 month has the label: Activity = 2 micro curies on 1 8 1991. What would be its activity two months earlier? [1988] 1.0 micro curie 0.5 micro
More informationFYS 3510 Subatomic physics with applications in astrophysics. Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction
FYS 3510 Subatomic physics with applications in astrophysics Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction, 2nd Edition Professor Brian Martin ISBN: 978-0-470-74275-4
More informationRb, which had been compressed to a density of 1013
Modern Physics Study Questions for the Spring 2018 Departmental Exam December 3, 2017 1. An electron is initially at rest in a uniform electric field E in the negative y direction and a uniform magnetic
More informationChapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter - Nuclear Chemistry - The Nucleus I. Introduction A. Nucleons. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 8 a. radium-8 or 88 Ra II.
More informationPhysics 736. Experimental Methods in Nuclear-, Particle-, and Astrophysics. Lecture 3
Physics 736 Experimental Methods in Nuclear-, Particle-, and Astrophysics Lecture 3 Karsten Heeger heeger@wisc.edu Review of Last Lecture a colleague shows you this data... what type of reaction is this?
More informationPart II Particle and Nuclear Physics Examples Sheet 4
Part II Particle and Nuclear Physics Examples Sheet 4 T. Potter Lent/Easter Terms 018 Basic Nuclear Properties 8. (B) The Semi-Empirical mass formula (SEMF) for nuclear masses may be written in the form
More information1.5. The Tools of the Trade!
1.5. The Tools of the Trade! Two things are required for material analysis: excitation mechanism for originating characteristic signature (radiation) radiation detection and identification system (spectroscopy)
More informationR. P. Redwine. Bates Linear Accelerator Center Laboratory for Nuclear Science Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Pion Physics in the Meson Factory Era R. P. Redwine Bates Linear Accelerator Center Laboratory for Nuclear Science Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bates Symposium 1 Meson Factories
More informationLecture 1. Introduction to Nuclear Science
Lecture 1 Introduction to Nuclear Science Composition of atoms Atoms are composed of electrons and nuclei. The electrons are held in the atom by a Coulomb attraction between the positively charged nucleus
More informationLecture 14 Krane Enge Cohen Williams Nuclear Reactions Ch 11 Ch 13 Ch /2 7.5 Reaction dynamics /4 Reaction cross sections 11.
Lecture 14 Krane Enge Cohen Williams Nuclear Reactions Ch 11 Ch 13 Ch 13 7.1/2 7.5 Reaction dynamics 11.2 13.2 7.3/4 Reaction cross sections 11.4 2.10 Reaction theories compound nucleus 11.10 13.7 13.1-3
More informationCHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW
IB PHYSICS Name: Period: Date: # Marks: 94 Raw Score: IB Curve: DEVIL PHYSICS BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW 1. An alpha particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kv.
More informationCHAPTER 12 The Atomic Nucleus
CHAPTER 12 The Atomic Nucleus 12.1 Discovery of the Neutron 12.2 Nuclear Properties 12.3 The Deuteron 12.4 Nuclear Forces 12.5 Nuclear Stability 12.6 Radioactive Decay 12.7 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
More informationO WILEY- MODERN NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. WALTER D. LOVELAND Oregon State University. DAVID J. MORRISSEY Michigan State University
MODERN NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY WALTER D. LOVELAND Oregon State University DAVID J. MORRISSEY Michigan State University GLENN T. SEABORG University of California, Berkeley O WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY &
More informationNuclear Binding Energy
Nuclear Energy Nuclei contain Z number of protons and (A - Z) number of neutrons, with A the number of nucleons (mass number) Isotopes have a common Z and different A The masses of the nucleons and the
More informationWe completed our discussion of nuclear modeling with a discussion of the liquid drop and shell models We began discussing radioactivity
Modern Physics (PHY 3305) Lecture Notes Modern Physics (PHY 3305) Lecture Notes Nuclear Physics: Fission and Fusion (11.7) SteveSekula, 19 April 010 (created 1 April 010) Review no tags We completed our
More informationβ and γ decays, Radiation Therapies and Diagnostic, Fusion and Fission Final Exam Surveys New material Example of β-decay Beta decay Y + e # Y'+e +
β and γ decays, Radiation Therapies and Diagnostic, Fusion and Fission Last Lecture: Radioactivity, Nuclear decay Radiation damage This lecture: nuclear physics in medicine and fusion and fission Final
More informationPreview. Subatomic Physics Section 1. Section 1 The Nucleus. Section 2 Nuclear Decay. Section 3 Nuclear Reactions. Section 4 Particle Physics
Subatomic Physics Section 1 Preview Section 1 The Nucleus Section 2 Nuclear Decay Section 3 Nuclear Reactions Section 4 Particle Physics Subatomic Physics Section 1 TEKS The student is expected to: 5A
More information