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1 Fission and Fusion Book pg cgrahamphysics.com 2016
2 Review BE is the energy that holds a nucleus together. This is equal to the mass defect of the nucleus. Also called separation energy. The energy required to decompose an atom, or nucleus into its constituent particles, equal to the energy equivalent of the mass defect. Elements with a high binding energy per nucleon are very difficult to break up. Iron 56 is close to the peak of the curve and has one of the highest binding energies per nucleon of any isotope.
3 Nuclear fission Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller (daughter) nuclei. An example of fission is 235 U + 1 n ( 236 U*) 140 Xe + 94 Sr + 2( 1 n) In the animation, 235 U is hit by a neutron, and capturing it, becomes excited and unstable: It quickly splits into two smaller daughter nuclei, and two neutrons. cgrahamphysics.com Sr 140 Xe
4 Chain reaction Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion Note that the splitting was triggered by a single neutron that had just the right energy to excite the nucleus. 235 U + 1 n ( 236 U*) 140 Xe + 94 Sr + 2( 1 n) Note also that during the split, two more neutrons were released. If each of these neutrons splits subsequent nuclei, we have what is called a chain reaction Exponential Growth Primary Secondary Tertiary
5
6 Critical Mass The smallest possible amount of fissionable material that will sustain a chain reaction Too few neutrons released - reaction will slow down Too many neutrons released - reaction becomes uncontrolled - causes explosion - nuclear meltdown
7 Atomic bomb nuclear fision cgrahamphysics.com 2016
8 Fission Nucleon loses energy when split mass decreases high BE p.n. High nucleon number elements undergo fission Low nucleon number nuclides may undergo fusion they all try to reach the nuclide that is most stable: iron - 56
9 Stars start to shine - fission cgrahamphysics.com 2016
10 Fission Fission brought on by absorption of neutrons is called induced fission Fission that happens if a nucleus splits is called spontaneous fission Induced fission is called neutron activation
11 Neutron Activation Radioactive decay is spontaneously If atoms are bombarded with different particles, these change into new elements Neutrons are particularly effective in inducing artificial transmutation to produce radioactive isotopes
12 Neutrons are produced Beryllium is bombarded with α - particles α + Be C + n Identify the bombarding particle: N + 0n 1H + 6 C Li + 0n + 1 p 2 α + 2 α Tl p + 0n 82Pb + 0 n
13 Liquid drop model The balance of electrostatic forces b/w protons and the short range nuclear force hold the nucleus together Absorbing a slow neutron the unstable atom U-236 is formed and the balance b/w forces is disturbed The long range Coulomb force of repulsion dominates now over short ranged nuclear force of attraction
14 A possible fission reaction n + U Ba + Kr + 2 n n = 1.009u U = u Ba 144 = u Kr 90 = u Find the mass defect and energy equivalent m = x = = 0.192u E = x = ~ 179 MeV 0 1
15 Conservation laws govern fission Momentum is conserved (relativistically) Total charge is conserved (charge of products is charge of reactants) The number of nucleons remains constant Mass energy is conserved ( E = mc 2 ) The KE after a reaction is greater than the KE of the initial neutron the mass defect m has been changed into energy E. KE is due to energy of fired neutron
16 Fusion Two lighter nuclei fuse together Very high pressure and temperature are needed Nucleus must overcome Coulomb repulsion Nucleus must come under the influence of the strong nuclear force If two nuclei with low atomic numbers could join together they would have - higher BE p.n - overall mass decrease - lose energy
17 Example For this reaction find the mass defect and the energy released Mass of 2 H= u Mass of 3 H= u Mass of 4 He= u Mass of n = u m = = = u BE = x = 17.6MeV The energy released = KE of helium nucleus and neutron Advantage: no radioactive elements are produced Disadvantage: obtaining and maintaining high temperature and pressure to initiate fusion
18 Revisit BE curve - Nuclides with nucleon number ~ 60 are most stable - High nucleon number nuclides undergo fission - Low nucleon number nuclides undergo fusion
19 To reach most stable nuclide Fission: - loosing energy - increases BE of fission nuclei - becomes more stable Fusion - PE of new nucleus is less than that of individual atoms - increases BE of fused nucleus - becomes more stable
20 Example U n Sr Xe n Use the graph to compare the BE 238-U: 7.6 x 238 =1800MeV 90 Sr: 8.7 x 90 = 780MeV 146 Xe: 8.2 x 146 = 1200MeV = 1980MeV The BE of fission nuclei is greater than BE of U 238 losing energy increases BE nucleus more stable
21 Fusion in the Sun p : + p : 2 1 H 2 1 H + p : 3 2 He 3 2 He He 4 2 He +2 p : For a complete cycle the first two reactions must occur twice Result: - 1 helium nucleus - 2 positrones - 2 protons, which are available for future fusions - 2 neutrinos
22 Example H 2 4 e= u H 1 2 = u n 0 1 = u p 1 1 = u e 1 0 = u a) What is the mass of the H a) m He = = MeVc ;2 4 b) 2p + 2n 2He m = = = 27.3 MeVc ;2 BE = 27.3 MeV c) BE = E A = = 6.8MeV 2 2 e) 1 H + 1 H 4 2 He m = 2 x = u BE = x = 23.8 ~ 24MeV 4 2 e nucleus? b) What is the BE of the 4 2 He nucleus? c) What is the BE p.n. for a 4 2 He nucleus? 2 d) What is the BE p.n. for a 1 H nucleus? e) When two deuterium nuclei fuse to form a helium nucleus how much energy is released? d) 1p + 1n H m = = = u BE= x = 1.723MeV and BE p.n. = E = = 0.86MeV A 2 1 2
23 Example Determine the number x of neutrons produced and calculate the energy released in the following fission reaction: U + n Ba + 90 Kr + X n U = u 144 Ba = u 90 Kr = u 1 n = u Solution Mass left side: 236 Mass right side: = 234 Hence x = 2 0 m = = = u E = x = 179.6MeV ~ 180 MeV
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