Locally Applied Nerve Growth Factor Enhances Bone Consolidation in a Rabbit Model of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis
|
|
- Morgan Hudson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 2238 Locally Applied Nerve Growth Factor Enhances Bone Consolidation in a Rabbit Model of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis L e i W a n g, 1 S h u x i a Z h o u, 1 B a o l i n L i u, 1 D e l i n L e i, 1 Y i n g h u a Z h a o, 2 C h a o L u, 3 A i x i n g T a n 4 1 D e p t. o f O r a l a n d M a x i l l o f a c i a l S u r g e r y, F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y, C h a n g L e R o a d 1 4 5, X i a n, P. R. C h i n a 2 D e p t. o f P r o s t h e t i c D e n t i s t r y, F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y, C h a n g L e R o a d 1 4 5, X i a n, P. R. C h i n a 3 D e p t. o f O r a l A n a t o m y a n d P h y s i o l o g y, F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y, C h a n g L e R o a d 1 4 5, X i a n, P. R. C h i n a 4 D e p t. o f O r a l a n d M a x i l l o f a c i a l S u r g e r y, N o H o s p i t a l o f P L A, B a o j i, P. R. C h i n a R e c e i v e d 1 6 M a r c h ; a c c e p t e d 1 9 J u n e P u b l i s h e d o n l i n e S e p i n W i l e y I n t e r S c i e n c e ( w w w. i n t e r s c i e n c e w i l e y. c o m ) A B S T R A C T : D i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s i s w i d e l y u s e d i n t r e a t i n g d e f o r m i t i e s, d e f e c t s, a n d f r a c t u r e s o f b o t h l o n g b o n e a n d c r a n i o f a c i a l b o n e. D e m a n d s f o r a c c e l e r a t i o n o f b o n e c o n s o l i d a t i o n a r e i n c r e a s e d i n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. I t h a s b e e n s h o w n t h a t n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r ( N G F ) c a n e n h a n c e i n n e r v a t i o n a n d b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n i n a f r a c t u r e m o d e l a n d s t i m u l a t e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f o s t e o b l a s t i c c e l l s. I n t h i s s t u d y, w e t e s t e d t h e a b i l i t y o f l o c a l l y a p p l i e d N G F t o e n h a n c e b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n i n a r a b b i t m o d e l o f m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. T w e n t y r a b b i t s u n d e r w e n t b i l a t e r a l d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s w i t h a r a t e o f 0. 5 m m p e r 1 2 h. T w o t i m e s m g h N G Fβ i n b u f f e r w e r e i n j e c t e d i n t o c a l l u s a f t e r t h e e n d o f d i s t r a c t i o n. T h e c o n t r a l a t e r a l s i d e r e c e i v e d p l a c e b o i n j e c t i o n s. R a b b i t s w e r e e u t h a n i z e d a t c o n s o l i d a t i o n t i m e o f 1 4 a n d 2 8 d a y s. S p e c i m e n s w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o r a d i o g r a p h y, c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s m e a s u r e m e n t, m e c h a n i c a l t e s t i n g a n d b o n e h i s t o l o g i c a l a n d h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s. T h e m a x i m u m l o a d, b o n e v o l u m e / t o t a l v o l u m e, m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e o f t h e 1 s t t o 1 1 t h d a y, a n d m i n e r a l i z e d b o n e p e r c e n t a g e w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n t h e h N G Fβ s i d e a t 1 4 a n d 2 8 d a y s ( p < ). T h e d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t l o c a l l y a p p l i e d h N G Fβ c a n a c c e l e r a t e c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n a n d m a y b e a n o p t i o n t o s h o r t e n t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d i n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s O r t h o p a e d i c R e s e a r c h S o c i e t y. P u b l i s h e d b y W i l e y P e r i o d i c a l s, I n c. J O r t h o p R e s 2 4 : , K e y w o r d s : n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r ; d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s ; b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n ; r a b b i t INTRO DUCT ION D i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s ( D O ) h a s b e c o m e a w i d e l y a c c e p t e d m e t h o d i n o r t h o p e d i c s u r g e r y a n d h a s b e e n a p p l i e d t o r e s o l v e c l i n i c a l p r o b l e m s s u c h a s d e f o r m i t i e s, d e f e c t s a n d f r a c t u r e n o n - u n i o n s o f l o n g b o n e. 1, 2 D O h a s b e e n e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y a p p l i e d t o c r a n i o f a c i a l d e f o r m i t i e s i n c l u d i n g h e m i f a c i a l m i c r o s o m i a, 3 r e t r o g n a t h i a, 4 a n d p e d i a t r i c c r a n i o - f a c i a l s y n d r o m e s, s u c h a s s l e e p a p n o e a. 5 H o w e v e r, t h e l o n g p e r i o d o f b o n e c o n s o l i d a t i o n t i m e c a n c o n t r i b u t e t o c o m p l i c a t i o n s, s u c h a s b o n e i n f e c t i o n, p a i n a n d f r a c t u r e o f d i s t r a c t i o n d e v i c e. C o n s e q u e n t l y, t h e n e e d e x i s t s f o r a c c e l e r a t i o n o f b o n e c o n s o l i d a t i o n d u r i n g D O. T h i s w o r k w a s p r e s e n t e d i n p a r t a t t h e 8 8 t h A n n u a l M e e t i n g o f A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f O r a l a n d M a x i l l o f a c i a l S u r g e o n s, U S A, 4 O c t C o r r e s p o n d i n g t o : S h u x i a Z h o u ( T e l e p h o n e : ; F a x : ; E - m a i l : z h o u s h u x i a 2 y a h o o. c o m. c n ) O r t h o p a e d i c R e s e a r c h S o c i e t y. P u b l i s h e d b y W i l e y P e r i o d i c a l s, I n c. S e n s o r y a n d s y m p a t h e t i c n e r v e s p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n n o r m a l s k e l e t a l m e t a b o l i s m a n d f r a c t u r e r e p a i r. 6, 7 I n s y m p a t h e c t o m i z e d a n i m a l m o d e l s, b o n e r e s o r p t i o n i s i n c r e a s e d a n d b o n e d e p o s i t i o n a n d m i n e r a l i z a t i o n a r e d e c r e a s e d. 8, 9 A d d i t i o n a l l y, s y m p a t h e c t o m y c a n a l s o r e s u l t i n o s t e o p o r o s i s i n m a n d i b u l a r b o n e. 1 0 N e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r ( N G F ) i s a n i m p o r t a n t n e u r o t r o p h i n i n v o l v e d i n d e v e l o p m e n t, m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e g e n - e r a t i o n o f s e n s o r y a n d s y m p a t h e t i c n e r v e s. 1 1, 1 2 I n v i t r o s t u d i e s h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t N G F c a n s t i m u l a t e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a n d i n h i b i t a p o p t o s i s o f a n o s t e o b l a s t i c c e l l l i n e. 1 3, 1 4 T h e r e f o r e, N G F m a y p l a y a c r u c i a l r o l e i n b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n. I n a r a b b i t i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e d e f e c t m o d e l, a n i n c i d e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n r e v e a l e d t h a t a d m i n i s - t r a t i o n o f N G F s t i m u l a t e d b o n e f o r m a t i o n a r o u n d t h e i n d u c e d r e g e n e r a t i n g a x o n s. 1 5 I n a r a t f r a c t u r e m o d e l, l o c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f N G F i n c r e a s e d t h e q u a l i t y a n d r a t e o f f r a c t u r e r e p a i r. 1 6 A d d i t i o n a l l y, N G Fβ e n h a n c e d n e w b o n e i n g r o w t h t o a c o l l a g e n / h y d r o x y a p a t i t e c o m p o s i t e. 1 7 I n l i g h t o f t h e s e f i n d i n g s, l o c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f N G F i s l i k e l y t o b e u s e f u l f o r b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n i n D O.
2 2239 WANG ET AL. E x p r e s s i o n o f g r o w t h f a c t o r s i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d w i t h s t r a i n i n D O. F o r e x a m p l e, s t r o n g e x p r e s s i o n o f a n g i o g e n i c f a c t o r s s u c h a s V E G F a n d b F G F, B M P s a n d t h e i r r e c e p t o r s w a s f o u n d d u r i n g t h e p h a s e o f a c t i v e d i s t r a c t i o n, a n d t h e n m u c h w e a k e r e x p r e s s i o n w a s o b s e r v e d w h e n d i s t r a c t i o n w a s d i s c o n t i n u e d E x p r e s s i o n o f N G F i n d i s t r a c t e d i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e w a s s t i m u l a t e d b y s t r a i n a n d d e c r e a s e d i n c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d. 2 1, 2 2 I n a f r a c t u r e h e a l i n g m o d e l, e x p r e s s i o n l e v e l o f N G F m R N A w a s i n c r e a s e d r i g h t a f t e r f r a c t u r e, p e a k e d a t 2 d a y s a f t e r f r a c t u r e a n d b e g a n t o d e c r e a s e t h e r e a f t e r. 2 3 T h e e x p r e s s i o n o f N G F i n d i s t r a c t e d b o n e t i s s u e h a s n o t b e e n s e t t l e d y e t, b u t i t i s v e r y l i k e l y t o m i m i c t h e e x p r e s s i o n p r o f i l e o f B M P s. E x o g e n o u s N G F m a y t h e r e f o r e p l a y a r o l e i n a c c e l e r a t i o n o f c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d. T o o u r k n o w l e d g e, n o o n e h a s i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t s o f N G F o n b o n e f o r m a t i o n d u r i n g d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. T h e r e f o r e, t h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a b i l i t y o f l o c a l l y a p p l i e d N G F t o e n h a n c e b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n d u r i n g m a n d i b u l a r D O i n a r a b b i t m o d e l. MAT ER I ALS AND M ETHOD S E x p e r i m e n t a l A n i m a l M o d e l T w e n t y s k e l e t a l l y m a t u r e ( k g ), m a l e, N e w Z e a l a n d W h i t e r a b b i t s w e r e s t u d i e d. T h e a n i m a l s w e r e h o u s e d a n d c a r e d f o r i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e g u i d e l i n e s e s t a b l i s h e d b y A n i m a l C e n t e r f o r M e d i c a l E x p e r i m e n t a t F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y. R a b b i t s w e r e a n e s t h e t i z e d w i t h a n i n t r a m u s c u l a r i n j e c t i o n o f 5 0 m g / k g k e t a m i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e a n d a n i n t r a v e n o u s l y i n j e c t i o n o f 4 0 m g / k g P h e n o b a r b i t a l s o d i u m. 1 % l i d o c a i n e w i t h 1 : 2 0 0, e p i n e p h r i n e w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d s u b c u t a n e o u s l y i n t h e s u b m e n t a l t r i a n g l e. T h e i n c i s i o n w a s m a d e i n t h e m i d l i n e, a n d p e r i o s t e a l f l a p s w e r e r e f l e c t e d l a t e r a l l y t o v i s u a l i z e m e n t a l n e r v e a n t e r i o r t o t h e f i r s t p r e m o l a r t e e t h. A v e r t i c a l o s t e o t o m y w a s p e r f o r m e d b i l a t e r a l l y b e t w e e n t h e p r e m o l a r t e e t h a n d m e n t a l f o r a m e n u s i n g a f i s s u r e b u r. A c u s t o m - m a d e d i s t r a c t i o n d e v i c e ( Z h o n g b a n g T i t a n i u m B i o m a t e r i a l s C o r p o r a t i o n, X i a n, P. R. C h i n a ) w a s f i x e d w i t h t h e d i s t r a c t i o n r o d e m e r g e d i n t o t h e l a b i a l v e s t i b u l e ( F i g. 1 ). T h e t i t a n i u m d e v i c e t r a v e l e d 0. 4 m m p e r c o m p l e t e r o t a t i o n. F o u r m i c r o p l a t e s w e r e s e c u r e d t o t h e m a n d i b l e w i t h s e l f - t a p p i n g t a p e r e d s c r e w s ( 1. 5 m m i n d i a m e t e r a n d 7 m m i n l e n g t h ). A l l 1 0 s c r e w s w e r e p l a c e d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e l a t e r a l a s p e c t o f t h e m a n d i b l e, p a r a l l e l t o e a c h o t h e r a n d a c r o s s b o t h c o r t i c e s. T h e c l a p - s h a p e d m i c r o p l a t e s p r o v i d e d a d d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t f o r r e t e n t i o n o f t h e d e v i c e. T h e o s t e o t o m y w a s c o m p l e t e d w i t h a f i n e c h i s e l. G r e a t c a r e w a s t a k e n t o a v o i d i n j u r y t o t h e i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e, a n d l i n g u a l p e r i o s t e u m w a s l e f t i n t a c t. T h e w o u n d w a s t h e n c l o s e d i n l a y e r s. T h e u p p e r i n c i s o r t e e t h w e r e b u r r e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f o f t h e i r p r o j e c t i n g d i s t a n c e, i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e i m p a c t o n t h e l o w e r g i n g i v a l d u e t o i n d u c e d m a l o c c l u s i o n. P o s t o p e r a t i v e l y, t h e r a b b i t s c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n, d i e t a r y h a b i t s a n d w e i g h t w e r e m o n i t o r e d. A f t e r F i g 1. S c h e m a t i c d r a w i n g o f t h e a n i m a l m o d e l.
3 EXOGENOUS NGF IN DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS 2240 a l a t e n c y p e r i o d o f 3. 5 d a y s, g r a d u a l d i s t r a c t i o n w a s p e r f o r m e d a t a r a t e o f 0. 5 m m p e r 1 2 h o u r s f o r 1 0 d a y s. N G F A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d F l u o r o c h r o m e L a b e l l i n g O n t h e 1 s t a n d 3 r d d a y s a f t e r t h e e n d o f d i s t r a c t i o n, t w o t i m e s 4 0µ g h N G Fβ ( L a b o r a t o r y o f b i o c h e m i s t r y, F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y, X i a n, P. R. C h i n a ) i n m l i s o t o n i c s a l i n e w e r e i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e p a l p a b l e c a l l u s a t t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e p e r c u t a n e o u s l y. T h e c o n t r a l a t e r a l s i d e s e r v e d a s c o n t r o l a n d r e c e i v e d o f p l a c e b o ( i s o t o n i c s a l i n e ) s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n a n i d e n t i c a l m a n n e r. A s e q u e n t i a l i n t r a v i t a l f l u o r o c h r o m e l a b e l l i n g w a s p e r f o r m e d i n a l l t h e a n i m a l s b y i n t r a m u s c u l a r i n j e c t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g s c h e m e : i n t h e 1 4 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t, 3 0 m g / k g t e t r a c y c l i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e o n t h e 1 s t a n d 1 1 t h d a y s a f t e r t h e e n d o f d i s t r a c t i o n ; i n t h e 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t, 3 0 m g / k g t e t r a c y c l i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e o n t h e 1 s t a n d 2 2 n d d a y s a n d 9 0 m g / k g c a l c e i n g r e e n o n t h e 1 1 t h d a y a f t e r t h e e n d o f d i s t r a c t i o n. S p e c i m e n P r o c e s s i n g a n d M e c h a n i c a l T e s t i n g T h e r a b b i t s w e r e s a c r i f i c e d a t c o n s o l i d a t i o n t i m e o f e i t h e r 1 4 ( n = 8 ) o r 2 8 ( n = 8 ) d a y s. U n d e r g e n e r a l a n e s t h e s i a, b o t h c a r o t i d a r t e r i e s w e r e p e r f u s e d w i t h n o r m a l s a l i n e t o r e m o v e b l o o d, f o l l o w e d b y 2. 0 % p a r a f o r m a l d e h y d e a n d 2. 5 % g l u t a r a l d e h y d e i n 0. 1 M / L P B S ( P H 7. 4 ) f o r t h e i n t e r n a l f i x a t i o n o f t h e t i s s u e. 2 4 T h e e n t i r e m a n d i b l e w a s h a r v e s t e d a n d t h e s o f t t i s s u e w a s e x c i s e d. T h e a m o u n t o f d i s t a n c e s a c h i e v e d w a s m e a s u r e d u s i n g a s l i d i n g c a l i p e r ( m e a n o f s u p e r i o r a n d i n f e r i o r b o u n d e r ). T o t a l r e g e n e r a t e c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s m e a s u r e m e n t w a s p e r f o r m e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e e x t e r n a l l a b i a l - l i n g u a l a n d s u p e r i o r - i n f e r i o r d i m e n s i o n s a t t h e m i d d l e o f t h e d i s t r a c t i o n c a l l u s u s i n g a s l i d i n g c a l i p e r. L a t e r a l X - r a y s w e r e p e r f o r m e d a n d t h e r a d i o g r a p h s o f r e g e n e r a t e d c a l l u s w e r e g r a d e d b y c o m p a r i n g t h e m w i t h a l u m i n u m p l a t e s w i t h a g r a d i e n t o f t h i c k n e s s ( 2 0 s t e p s, 0. 5 m m / s t e p ). B o t h t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s w e r e e v a l u a t e d f o r t w i c e w i t h a 3 - d a y i n t e r v a l b y a s i n g l e, e x p e r i e n c e d e x a m i n e r w h o w a s b l i n d e d t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s i d e s. A d i f f e r e n c e o f m o r e t h a n o r e q u a l t o 0. 5 m m o f a l u m i n u m t h i c k n e s s w a s c o n s i d e r e d a s a d i f f e r e n c e i n r a d i o d e n s i t y. H e m i m a n d i b l e s w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o a t h r e e - p o i n t b e n d i n g t e s t u s i n g a n A G S k N G m a t e r i a l s t e s t i n g m a c h i n e ( S h i m a d z u C o r p o r a t i o n, K y o t o, J a p a n ) a t a d i s p l a c e m e n t r a t e o f 0. 5 m m / s. T h e m a x i m u m l o a d w a s o b t a i n e d f o r a l l s p e c i m e n s. T h e d i s t r a c t e d r e g i o n, i n c l u d i n g 1-3 m m o f n e i g h b o r i n g n o r m a l b o n e, w a s c u t f r o m e a c h h e m i m a n d i b l e, a n d i m m e r s e d i n t h e f i x a t i o n s o l u t i o n d e s c r i b e d a b o v e f o r a d d i t i o n a l 2 4 h o u r s a t 4 º C. H i s t o l o g y a n d H i s t o m o r p h o m e t r y A f t e r p o s t f i x, t h e s p e c i m e n w a s c u t i n t o t w o p a r t s i n t h e a x i a l p l a n e. T h e u p p e r h a l f w a s d e h y d r a t e d a n d e m b e d d e d i n m e t h y l - m e t h a c r y l a t e µ m t h i c k s e c t i o n s w e r e c u t f o r f l u o r e s c e n c e m e a s u r e m e n t s u s i n g a D M I R B f l u o r e s c e n c e m i c r o t o m e ( L e i c a, G e r m a n y ), a n d t h e m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e s o f t h e 1 s t t h a n d 1 2 t h n d d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e l a b e l e d z o n e s. U n d e c a l c i f i e d s e c t i o n s w e r e a l s o s t a i n e d w i t h v o n K o s s a f o r e v a l u a t i o n o f m i n e r a l i z e d b o n e p e r c e n t a g e. T h e l o w e r h a l f o f t h e s p e c i m e n w a s d e c a l c i f i e d i n b u f f e r e d % E D T A ( P H 7. 3 ) f o r d a y s, d e h y d r a t e d a n d p a r a f f i n e m b e d d e d. E a c h b l o c k w a s c u t i n 5 -µ m t h i c k i n t h e a x i a l p l a n e a n d s t a i n e d w i t h h e m a t o x y l i n a n d e o s i n. B o n e h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s w a s p e r f o r m e d o n f o u r s e c t i o n s f o r e a c h s a m p l e u s i n g a N I H I m a g e A n a l y s i s S y s t e m. E i g h t i m a g e s w e r e r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d f r o m e a c h s e c t i o n a n d m e a s u r e d f o r t w i c e w i t h a 3 - d a y i n t e r v a l b y a s i n g l e, u n b i a s e d e x a m i n e r w h o w a s b l i n d e d t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s i d e s. L a r g e b a s o p h i l i c c y t o p l a s m a n d e c c e n t r i c a l l y p l a c e d n u c l e u s w e r e r e c o g n i z e d a s o s t e o b l a s t i c m o r p h o l o g y. T h e r e l a t e d b o n e h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c p a r a m e t e r s i n c l u d e d b o n e v o l u m e / t o t a l v o l u m e ( B V / T V, %, r a t i o o f m i n e r a l i z e d a n d u n - m i n e r a l i z e d b o n e v o l u m e t o t h e t o t a l t i s s u e v o l u m e o f d i s t r a c t e d r e g i o n ), n u m b e r o f o s t e o b l a s t s ( / m m 2, n u m b e r o f a c t i v e o s t e o b l a s t s p e r a r e a, e x c l u d i n g l i n i n g c e l l s ) a n d m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e (µ m / d a y, d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n l a b e l s p e r l a b e l l i n g p e r i o d ). S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s T h e r e s u l t s w e r e p r e s e n t e d a s m e a n a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e m e a n. A p a i r e d t t e s t w a s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s i n c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s, m a x i m u m l o a d a n d b o n e h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c p a r a m e t e r s. p < w a s c o n s i d e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n c e. RESU LT S F o u r o f t h e 2 0 r a b b i t s h a d t o b e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e s t u d y. O n e a n i m a l d i e d d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n b e c a u s e o f a n e s t h e s i a p r o b l e m. T w o a n i m a l s d e v e l o p e d i n f e c t i o n o f t h e w o u n d s a n d o n e r e s p i r a t o r y i n f e c t i o n. T h e r e m a i n i n g 1 6 r a b b i t s s h o w e d g o o d t o l e r a n c e t o t h e w h o l e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e a n d w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o s e p a r a t e g r o u p s w i t h c o n s o l i d a t i o n t i m e o f 1 4 ( n = 8 ) a n d 2 8 ( n = 8 ) d a y s r e s p e c t i v e l y. A l l s p e c i m e n s o f t h e 1 6 r a b b i t s u n d e r w e n t r a d i o g r a p h i c e v a l u a t i o n, c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s m e a s u r e m e n t, m e c h a n i c a l t e s t i n g a n d d e c a l c i f i e d a n d u n d e c a l c i f i e d h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s. N o d i f f e r e n c e o n t h e a m o u n t o f d i s t a n c e s a c h i e v e d o r r e g e n e r a t e c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s w a s o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s ( T a b 1 ). R a d i o g r a p h i c E v a l u a t i o n a n d M e c h a n i c a l T e s t i n g
4 2241 WANG ET AL. I n t h e 1 4 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t, X - r a y s s h o w e d t h a t t h e r a d i o d e n s i t y a t t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e w a s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e c o n t r o l s i d e i n m o s t c a s e s ( 6 / 8, F i g. 2 ), a n d t h e m a x i m u m l o a d i n t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e c o n t r o l s i d e ( p < , F i g. 3 ). S i m i l a r l y, h N G Fβ i n c r e a s e d t h e m a x i m u m l o a d b y 2 3 % i n t h e 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t ( p < , F i g. 3 ). Ta b l e 1. C a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s a n d h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s a 1 4 d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n 2 8 d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n C o n t r o l T r e a t m e n t C o n t r o l T r e a t m e n t D i s t a n c e a c h i e v e d ( m m ) ± ± ± ± L a b i a l - l i n g u a l d i m e n s i o n ( m m ) ± ± ± ± S u p e r i o r - i n f e r i o r d i m e n s i o n ( m m ) ± ± ± ± B o n e v o l u m e / t o t a l v o l u m e ( % ) ± ± * ± ± * N u m b e r o f o s t e o b l a s t s ( / m m 2 ) ± ± ± ± M i n e r a l i z e d b o n e p e r c e n t a g e ( % ) ± ± 8. 6 * ± ± * a M e a n a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e m e a n. * p < c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n t r o l s i d e a f t e r t h e s a m e d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n. B o n e H i s t o l o g y a n d H i s t o m o r p h o m e t r y I n t h e 1 4 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t, t h e d i s t r a c t i o n g a p s o f b o t h t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s w e r e c o m p l e t e l y u n i t e d m a i n l y w i t h w o v e n b o n e a n d t h e r e w a s i n i t i a l r e p l a c e m e n t o f w o v e n b o n e b y l a m e l l a r b o n e. T h e b o n y t r a b e c u l a e r i m m e d b y o s t e o b l a s t s s h o w e d o r i e n t a t i o n a l o n g t h e a x i s o f m e c h a n i c a l f o r c e. I n c o m p a r i s o n, t h e b o n y t r a b e c u l a e w e r e t h i c k e r i n t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e ( F i g. 4 ). I n t h e 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t, t h e b o n y t r a b e c u l a e b e c a m e t h i c k e r i n b o t h s i d e s, a l s o r i m m e d b y o s t e o b l a s t s. T h e s t r u c t u r e o f b o n y t r a b e c u l a e w a s a m i x t u r e o f w o v e n a n d l a m e l l a r i n t h e c o n t r o l s i d e a n d m o s t l y l a m e l l a r b o n e i n t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e. h N G Fβ i n c r e a s e d B V / T V b y 5 1 % ( p < ) a n d 2 6 % ( p < ) i n t h e 1 4 a n d 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( T a b 1 ). S i m i l a r l y, h N G Fβ i n c r e a s e d m i n e r a l i z e d b o n e p e r c e n t a g e b y 3 7 % ( p < ) a n d 1 9 % ( p < ) i n t h e t w o c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( T a b 1 ). T h e n u m b e r o f o s t e o b l a s t s / m m 2 w a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s ( T a b 1 ). I n b o t h 1 4 a n d 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s, t h e m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e o f t h e 1 s t t h d a y a f t e r d i s t r a c t i o n w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n t r o l s i d e ( p < ), b u t t h e r a t e o f t h e 1 2 t h n d d a y a f t e r d i s t r a c t i o n w a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s i n t h e 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t ( T a b 2 ). F i g 2. R e p r e s e n t a t i v e r a d i o g r a p h s h o w i n g t h e e f f e c t o f h N G Fβ o n b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n ( 1 4 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t ).
5 EXOGENOUS NGF IN DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS Fig 3. T he e ffe ct of hn GF β on t he maxi mum l oad i n a t hre e -poi nt be ndi ng te s t. * p< compare d wi t h t he cont rol si de aft e r t he same da ys of consol i dat i on. DISC USSION Ma ny attempts ha ve been ma de to shorten the bone consolidation period during DO, inclu ding low-inten sity pu lsed ultra sou nd,25 r ecombina nt growth hormone,26 inter mittent parathyroid hormone,27 ca lcitonin a nd a lendronate,28 calciu m sulpha te,29 a nd gr owth fa ctor s lik e B MPs a nd IG F.30,31 In the present stu dy, loca lly a pplied hngfβ accelerated callu s ma tu ra tion of a di st ra ct i on ga p i n a ra bbi t ma ndi bul ar di st ra ct i on model. D i str a cti on model s i n t he ma ndi bl e ha ve been following the way of successful distraction models in long bone for many years. Bu t there are some differences bet ween the mandible and a long bone such as tibia in rabbits. T he mandible is 2242 mainly composed of cancellous bone with much t hi nner cor t ex t ha n i n t i bia. T her efor e, t he ca ll u s formed in the mandible distraction is more uni for m i n ca ncel l ou s bone a nd cor t ex t ha n i n a long bone distraction and easier for histological evalua tion. B esides, the mor e a bu nda nt blood su pply in the ma ndible mak es a shorter la tency period possible. In this distraction model, we applied a distra ctor su ita ble for simu lta neou s bila tera l distra ction of the body of ra bbit mandibles without the need for two separate devices. Anoth er a dva nta ge of this model is the esta blishm ent of an intraindividua l pla cebo control. T he clap-shaped distraction device in this model ma y a lso be a da pted to a fu tur e model of simulta neou s distra ction in par a llel long bones, su ch a s ra diu s/u lna a nd tibia /fibu la. T he possible adva nta ges include pr oviding a precise simulta neou s distra ction of both long bones a nd the smaller size which causes less inconveniences. W hen star ting to u se this model in ou r pr eviou s stu dies, de spite injection of a ntibiotics, we observed many local infections in rabbits of which su bcu ta neou s a bsce ss i s a maj or t ype (u npu bl i shed da ta ). T he high inf ection r ate in the se stu dies could be ma inly a ttr ibu ted to a less m eticulou s sur ger y techniqu e a nd conta mina tion of the mi dl i ne i nci si on dur i ng ea t i ng or dr i nki ng. T he incidence of local infection in the present study ha s been r edu ced to % (2 /19 ) by impr oving the surgical techniques and applying an antimicrobia l ointment to the wou nd. The rabbit models of leg or mandible lengthening a r e well- esta blished a nd ha ve been u sed extensiv ely to perform ca llu s stimu la tion stu dies Pr eviou s r epor ts u sing these mo dels ha ve sho wn tha t the optima l ra te of lengthening is about 1.0 mm da ily; fa ster ra tes ( >1.3 mm/da y) ca n r esu lt in a poor qu a lity of bone for ma tion.32,33 Fig 4. T h e e f f e ct o f h N GF β o n t h e h i st o l o g y o f t he di s t r act ed cal l u s i n t he 1 4 d a ys co n s o l i d at i o n e x pe r i m e nt. ( A) t re at me nt s i de, ( B) cont rol s i de ( He mat ox yl i n and e os i n st a i ni ng, ba r le ngt h 0. 5 mm). DO I /j or JO URNAL OF O RT HO PAEDIC RESEARCH 2006
6 2243 WANG ET AL. Ta b l e 2 M i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e a n a l y s i s a a 1 4 d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n D a y d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n D a y D a y C o n t r o l ± ± ± T r e a t m e n t ± * ± * ± a M e a n a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e m e a n. (µ m / d a y ) * p < c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n t r o l s i d e a f t e r t h e s a m e d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n. A l t h o u g h f a s t r a t e s ( 1. 5 o r 2 m m / d a y ) w e r e d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o s e n t o e s t a b l i s h m o d e l s o f p o o r b o n e f o r m a t i o n i n m a n y p r e v i o u s c a l l u s s t i m u l a t i o n s t u d i e s, 2 4, 3 0, 3 4 a s l o w r a t e o f 0. 5 m m p e r 1 2 h o u r s w a s c h o s e n i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y t o m i m i c n o r m a l c l i n i c a l s i t u a t i o n s o f d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. W e b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s s l o w r a t e w i t h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e N G F a l o n g w i t h t h e l a t e n c y p e r i o d c a n b e o f m o r e i m p o r t a n t c l i n i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e. B a s e d o n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a q u i c k e r h e a l i n g p r o c e s s i n r a b b i t s t h a n i n h u m a n s, d i f f e r e n t l a t e n c y p e r i o d s s u c h a s 5 d a y s 3 5 a n d 3 d a y s 3 6 w e r e r e c o m m e n d e d i n p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o n r a b b i t m o d e l s o f m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. I f t h e l a t e n c y p e r i o d i s t o o s h o r t, r e l e a s e d s o f t t i s s u e a n d p e r i o s t e u m c a n n o t g a i n t h e i r r e c o v e r y a n d t h e r e a r e n o t e n o u g h o s t e o g e n i t o r c e l l s r e a d y f o r t h e s t r a i n. B u t i f t h e l a t e n c y p e r i o d i s t o o l o n g, p r e m a t u r e c o n s o l i d a t i o n m a y o c c u r a n d d i s t r a c t i o n i s c o n s e q u e n t l y d i f f i c u l t. 3 5 I n t h e p r e s e n t m o d e l, w e o b s e r v e d t h a t a n a v e r a g e o f 2. 5 d a y s w a s n e e d e d f o r r a b b i t s t o a d a p t t o t h e d i s t r a c t i o n d e v i c e a n d r e g a i n f u l l m a s t i c a t o r y. T h u s, w e a s s u m e d t h a t s o f t t i s s u e a n d p e r i o s t e u m c o u l d g a i n t h e i r r e c o v e r y a f t e r 3. 5 d a y s a n d a 3. 5 d a y l a t e n c y p e r i o d w a s s u i t a b l e. I n D O, i t h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t s t r a i n i s t h e k e y s t i m u l a t o r o f t h e o s t e o g e n i c c e l l s, i n w h i c h e x p r e s s i o n o f g r o w t h f a c t o r s a n d s i g n a l i n g f a c t o r s i s i n c r e a s e d a s l o n g a s t h e d i s t r a c t i o n i s m a i n t a i n e d a n d q u i c k l y d o w n r e g u l a t e d a s s o o n a s t h e d i s t r a c t i o n c o m p l e t e s. 3 7 T h e r e f o r e, t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d a r e v e r y l i k e l y t o b e a k e y p e r i o d n e e d i n g e x o g e n o u s g r o w t h f a c t o r s. B a s e d o n t h e f i n d i n g s o f B M P s e x p r e s s i o n p r o f i l e, s i n g l e o r r e p e a t e d i n j e c t i o n s o f B M P s a p p l i e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d r e s u l t e d i n e n h a n c e d b o n e c o n s o l i d a t i o n i n a n i m a l m o d e l s o f D O. 1 8, 2 0, 3 0 B e c a u s e t h e e x p r e s s i o n p a t t e r n o f N G F i s v e r y l i k e l y t o m i m i c t h e e x p r e s s i o n p r o f i l e o f B M P s d u r i n g d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s, N G F i n j e c t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d ( a b o u t 2 w e e k s a f t e r o s t e o t o m y ) i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y. I n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e e r r o r o f i n j e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e, w e c h o s e r e p e a t e d i n j e c t i o n s i n s t e a d o f a s i n g l e i n j e c t i o n. B e s i d e s, a n i n t e r v a l p e r i o d o f 2 d a y s w a s a l s o d e s i g n e d t o a l l o w t h e r a b b i t s t o r e c o v e r f r o m i n j u r y o f p u n c t u r e. A c c e l e r a t e d c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n o f t h e d i s t r a c t i o n g a p d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d i s v e r y l i k e l y t o b e a n i m p o r t a n t p e r i o d n e e d i n g e x o g e n o u s N G F. I n t h i s s t u d y, m e c h a n i c a l t e s t i n g s h o w e d t h a t t h e m a x i m u m l o a d o n t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o n t h e c o n t r o l s i d e i n b o t h 1 4 a n d 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s. B e c a u s e n o d i f f e r e n c e o n t h e c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s w a s o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s, t h e m a j o r r e a s o n f o r t h e i n c r e a s e d m a x i m u m l o a d s h o u l d b e t h e i m p r o v e d a r r a n g e m e n t a n d d i m e n s i o n o f e a c h t r a b e c u l a a n d b e t t e r b o n e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n. F u r t h e r, b o n e h i s t o l o g i c a l a n d h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t h N G Fβ i m p r o v e d t h e d e n s i t y a n d q u a l i t y o f r e g e n e r a t e t r a b e c u l a e. I n t e r e s t i n g l y, n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s d e t e c t e d o n t h e n u m b e r o f o s t e o b l a s t s b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s. T h i s c a n b e p a r t l y e x p l a i n e d b y t h e p r e v i o u s f i n d i n g s t h a t N G F c a n e n h a n c e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h e e x i s t e n t p o p u l a t i o n o f o s t e o b l a s t s w i t h o u t e n h a n c i n g t h e i r p r o l i f e r a t i o n. 1 4 B e s i d e s, w e d e t e c t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e s b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s. S u c h a d i f f e r e n c e r e f l e c t s t h e e f f e c t o f h N G Fβ o n i n d i v i d u a l o s t e o b l a s t s. O u r s t u d y h a s l i m i t a t i o n s, a n d a v a r i e t y o f p r o b l e m s a w a i t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s. F i r s t, w e c h o s e t h e d o s e o f 4 0 µ g h N G Fβ o n l y o n d a t a o f a p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y, n o t o n t h a t o f r e l e a s e k i n e t i c s o r c l e a r a n c e r a t e. S e c o n d, w e d i d n o t f o l l o w t h e w h o l e h e a l i n g p r o c e s s u n t i l t h e e n d o f o p t i m a l c o n s o l i d a t i o n ; a n d d i d n o t t e s t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t d i s t r a c t i o n s p e e d s, d i s t a n c e s a n d d o s e s o f h N G Fβ o n c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n. T h i r d, t h e u s e o f c a r r i e r m a t e r i a l s i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o p r o t e c t t h e l o c a l l y a p p l i e d s o l u b l e p r o t e i n f a c t o r s f r o m i n a c t i v a t i o n. 3 8 A l t h o u g h t h e d i s t r a c t i o n t i s s u e t h a t f o r m e d a f t e r 1 0 d a y s o f d i s t r a c t i o n m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a m a t r i x f o r t h e i n j e c t e d h N G Fβ a n d a c l e a r e f f e c t o n c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n w a s o b s e r v e d, t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n n e e d t o b e i m p r o v e d, f o r e x a m p l e b y a p p l y i n g i n j e c t a b l e o r d e g r a d a b l e c a r r i e r m a t e r i a l s. F o u r t h, t h e p o t e n t i a l a b i l i t y o f p r o m o t i n g t h e r e c o v e r y o f i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e i n j u r y, o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f N G F, h a s n o t b e e n e v a l u a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y. M o r e o v e r, m a n y i s s u e s s u c h a s p r o p e r d o s e a n d a d e q u a t e f r e q u e n c y o f i n j e c t i o n s r e m a i n u n a n s w e r e d f o r f u t u r e c l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f h N G Fβ. N o n e t h e l e s s, w e h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t l o c a l l y a p p l i e d h N G Fβ c a n a c c e l e r a t e c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n i n a r a b b i t m o d e l o f m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. I t m a y t h e r e f o r e p l a y a r o l e i n s h o r t e n i n g t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d a n d l o w e r i n g
7 EXOGENOUS NGF IN DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS 2244 t h e n u m b e r o f c o m p l i c a t i o n s i n m a n d i b u l a r o r l o n g b o n e D O c l i n i c a l l y. ACKN OW LEDGM ENT S W e a r e g r a t e f u l t o D r. R u i L i u a n d D r. C h e n g L i n f o r e x c e l l e n t t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e, D r. R u i f e n g L i u a n d D r. L e i T i a n f o r h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s. T h i s s t u d y w a s f i n a n c i a l l y s u p p o r t e d b y a g r a n t f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l N a t u r a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n o f C h i n a ( N o ), a k e y p r o j e c t s u p p o r t e d b y t h e A r m y S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n a n d a d o c t o r a l f u n d f r o m t h e F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y. REF ERENC E S 1. I l i z a r o v G A. C l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e t e n s i o n - s t r e s s e f f e c t f o r l i m b l e n g t h e n i n g. C l i n O r t h o p ; : T s u c h i y a H, U e h a r a K, A b d e l - W a n i s M E, e t a l. D e f o r m i t y c o r r e c t i o n f o l l o w e d b y l e n g t h e n i n g w i t h t h e I l i z a r o v m e t h o d. C l i n O r t h o p ; : M c C a r t h y J G, S c h r e i b e r J, K a r p N, e t a l. L e n g t h e n i n g t h e h u m a n m a n d i b l e b y g r a d u a l d i s t r a c t i o n. P l a s t R e c o n s t r S u r g ; 8 9 : K l e i n C, H o w a l d t H P. L e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e h y p o p l a s t i c m a n d i b l e b y g r a d u a l d i s t r a c t i o n i n c h i l d h o o d - a p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t. J C r a n i o m a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 2 3 ( 2 ) : S m i t h K S. P a e d i a t r i c s l e e p a p n o e a a n d t r e a t m e n t w i t h d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. A n n R A u s t r a l a s C o l l D e n t S u r g ; 1 5 : H i l l E L, E l d e R. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f C G R P -, V I P -, D b e t a H -, S P - a n d N P Y - i m m u n o r e a c t i v e n e r v e s i n t h e p e r i o s t e u m o f t h e r a t. C e l l T i s s u e R e s ; : H u k k a n e n M., K o n t i n n e n Y T, S a n t a v i r t a S, e t a l. R a p i d p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f c a l c i t o n i n g e n e - r e l a t e d p e p t i d e - i m m u n o r e a c t i v e n e r v e s d u r i n g h e a l i n g o f r a t t i b i a l f r a c t u r e s u g g e s t s n e u r a l i n v o l v e m e n t i n b o n e g r o w t h a n d r e m o d e l i n g. N e u r o s c i e n c e ; 5 4 : H i l l E L, T u r n e r R., E l d e, R. E f f e c t s o f n e o n a t a l s y m p a t h e c t o m y a n d c a p s a i c i n t r e a t m e n t o n b o n e r e m o d e l i n g i n r a t s. N e u r o s c i e n c e ; 4 4 : S a n d h u H S, H e r s k o v i t s M S, S i n g h I J. E f f e c t o f s u r g i c a l s y m p a t h e c t o m y o n b o n e r e m o d e l i n g a t r a t i n c i s o r a n d m o l a r r o o t s o c k e t s. A n a t R e c ; : R e s e n d e L A, D a l P a i V, A l v e s A. E x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y o f p r o g r e s s i v e f a c i a l h e m i a t r o p h y : E f f e c t s o f s u r g i c a l s y m p a t h e c t o m y i n a n i m a l s. R e v N e u r o l P a r i s ; : L e v i - M o n t a l c i n i R. T h e n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r 3 5 y e a r s l a t e r. S c i e n c e ; : W a n g L, S u n M Y, J i a n g Y G, e t a l. N e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r a n d t y r o s i n e k i n a s e A i n h u m a n s a l i v a r y a d e n o i d c y s t i c c a r c i n o m a : e x p r e s s i o n p a t t e r n s a n d e f f e c t s o n i n v i t r o i n v a s i v e b e h a v i o r. J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 6 4 : M o g i M, K o n d o A, K i n p a r a K, e t a l. A n t i - a p o p t o t i c a c t i o n o f n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r i n m o u s e o s t e o b l a s t i c c e l l l i n e. L i f e S c i ; 6 7 : Y a d a M., Y a m a g u c h i K., T s u j i T. N G F s t i m u l a t e s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f o s t e o b l a s t i c M C 3 T 3 - E 1 c e l l s. B i o c h e m B i o p h y s R e s C o m m u n ; : E p p l e y B L, S n y d e r s R V, W i n k e l m a n n T M, e t a l E f f i c a c y o f n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r i n r e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e m a n d i b u l a r n e r v e : a p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t. J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 4 9 : G r i l l s B L, S c h u i j e r s J A, W a r d A R. T o p i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r i m p r o v e s f r a c t u r e h e a l i n g i n r a t s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 1 5 : L e t i c - G a v r i l o v i c A, P i a t t e l l i A, A b e K, e t a l. N e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r b e t a ( N G F b e t a ) d e l i v e r y v i a a c o l l a g e n / h y d r o x y a p a t i t e ( C o l / H A p ) c o m p o s i t e a n d i t s e f f e c t s o n n e w b o n e i n g r o w t h. J M a t e r S c i M a t e r M e d ; 1 4 : H a m d y R, A m a k o M, B e c k m a n L S, e t a l. E f f e c t s o f o s t e o g e n i c p r o t e i n - 1 o n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s i n r a b b i t s. B o n e ; 3 3 : P a c i c c a D M, P a t e l N, L e e C, e t a l. E x p r e s s i o n o f a n g i o g e n i c f a c t o r s d u r i n g d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. B o n e ; 3 3 : R a u c h F, L a u z i e r D, C r o t e a u S, e t a l. T e m p o r a l a n d s p a t i a l e x p r e s s i o n o f b o n e m o r p h o g e n e t i c p r o t e i n - 2, - 4, a n d - 7 d u r i n g d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s i n r a b b i t s. B o n e ; 2 7 : F a r h a d i e h R, N i c k l i n S, Y u Y, e t a l. T h e r o l e o f n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r a n d b r a i n - d e r i v e d n e u r o t r o p h i c f a c t o r i n i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e r e g e n e r a t i o n i n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. J C r a n i o f a c S u r g ; 1 4 : T a n g Z, H u J, L i J, a n d Z o u S. E f f e c t o f n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r a n d S c h w a n n c e l l s o n a x o n r e g e n e r a t i o n o f d i s t r a c t e d i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e f o l l o w i n g m a n d i b u l a r l e n g t h e n i n g. C h i n J T r a u m a t o l ; 7 : A s a u m i K, N a k a n i s h i T, A s a h a r a H, e t a l. E x p r e s s i o n o f n e u r o t r o p h i n s a n d t h e i r r e c e p t o r s ( T R K ) d u r i n g f r a c t u r e h e a l i n g. B o n e ; 2 6 : T e r h e y d e n H, W a n g H, W a r n k e P H, e t a l. A c c e l e r a t i o n o f c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n u s i n g r h O P - 1 i n m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s i n a r a t m o d e l. I n t J M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 3 2 : C h a n C W, Q i n L, L e e K M, e t a l. L o w i n t e n s i t y p u l s e d u l t r a s o u n d a c c e l e r a t e d b o n e r e m o d e l i n g d u r i n g c o n s o l i d a t i o n s t a g e o f d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 2 4 : R a s c h k e M J, B a i l H., W i n d h a g e n H J, e t a l. R e c o m b i n a n t g r o w t h h o r m o n e a c c e l e r a t e s b o n e r e g e n e r a t e c o n s o l i d a t i o n i n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. B o n e ; 4 : S e e b a c h C, S k r i p i t z R, A n d r e a s s e n T T, e t a l. I n t e r m i t t e n t p a r a t h y r o i d h o r m o n e ( ) e n h a n c e s m e c h a n i c a l s t r e n g t h a n d d e n s i t y o f n e w b o n e a f t e r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s i n r a t s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 2 2 : S e n C, G u n e s T, E r d e m M, e t a l. E f f e c t s o f c a l c i t o n i n a n d a l e n d r o n a t e o n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. I n t O r t h o p ; 8 ( 3 0 ) : C h o B C, C h u n g H Y, L e e D G, e t a l. T h e e f f e c t o f c h i t o s a n b e a d e n c a p s u l a t i n g c a l c i u m s u l f a t e a s a n i n j e c t a b l e b o n e s u b s t i t u t e o n c o n s o l i d a t i o n i n t h e m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s o f a d o g m o d e l. J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 6 3 : L i G, B o u x s e i n M L, L u p p e n C, e t a l. B o n e c o n s o l i d a t i o n i s e n h a n c e d b y r h B M P - 2 i n a r a b b i t m o d e l o f d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 2 0 : S t e w a r t K J, W e y a n d B, v a n ' t H o f R J, e t a l. A q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h e e f f e c t o f i n s u l i n - l i k e g r o w t h f a c t o r - 1 i n f u s i o n d u r i n g m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s i n r a b b i t s. B r J P l a s t S u r g
8 2245 WANG ET AL ; 5 2 : A l - R u h a i m i K A. C o m p a r i s o n o f d i f f e r e n t d i s t r a c t i o n r a t e s i n t h e m a n d i b l e : A n e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n. I n t J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 3 0 : L i G, S i m p s o n A H, K e n w r i g h t J, e t a l. E f f e c t o f l e n g t h e n i n g r a t e o n a n g i o g e n e s i s d u r i n g d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 1 7 : S a k u r a k i c h i K, T s u c h i y a H, U e h a r a K, e t a l. E f f e c t s o f t i m i n g o f l o w - i n t e n s i t y p u l s e d u l t r a s o u n d o n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 2 2 : A i d a T, Y o s h i o k a I, T o m i n a g a K, e t a l. E f f e c t s o f l a t e n c y p e r i o d i n a r a b b i t m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. I n t J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 3 2 : l - S e b a e i M, G a g a r i E a n d P a p a g e o r g e M. M a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s : a r a b b i t m o d e l u s i n g a n o v e l e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n. J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 6 3 : C i l l o J E J r, G a s s n e r R, K o e p s e l R R, e t a l. G r o w t h f a c t o r a n d c y t o k i n e g e n e e x p r e s s i o n i n m e c h a n i c a l l y s t r a i n e d h u m a n o s t e o b l a s t - l i k e c e l l s : i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. O r a l S u r g O r a l M e d O r a l P a t h o l O r a l R a d i o l E n d o d ; 9 0 : U l u d a g H, G a o T, P o r t e r T J, e t a l. D e l i v e r y s y s t e m s f o r B M P s : f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o p r o t e i n r e t e n t i o n a t a n a p p l i c a t i o n s i t e. J B o n e J o i n t S u r g A m ; A S u p p l 1 ( P t 2 ) : S
A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W
A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W Volume 52 Fall 2000 Number 1 B E F O R E D I S A B I L I T Y C I V I L R I G HT S : C I V I L W A R P E N S I O N S A N D TH E P O L I T I C S O F D I S A B I L I T Y I N
More informationP a g e 5 1 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9
P a g e 5 1 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9 J A R T a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e i n t e n t o f N e l s o n s r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p l a n i s t o e n h a n c e c o n n e
More informationOH BOY! Story. N a r r a t iv e a n d o bj e c t s th ea t e r Fo r a l l a g e s, fr o m th e a ge of 9
OH BOY! O h Boy!, was or igin a lly cr eat ed in F r en ch an d was a m a jor s u cc ess on t h e Fr en ch st a ge f or young au di enc es. It h a s b een s een by ap pr ox i ma t ely 175,000 sp ect at
More informationT h e C S E T I P r o j e c t
T h e P r o j e c t T H E P R O J E C T T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S A r t i c l e P a g e C o m p r e h e n s i v e A s s es s m e n t o f t h e U F O / E T I P h e n o m e n o n M a y 1 9 9 1 1 E T
More informationH STO RY OF TH E SA NT
O RY OF E N G L R R VER ritten for the entennial of th e Foundin g of t lair oun t y on ay 8 82 Y EEL N E JEN K RP O N! R ENJ F ] jun E 3 1 92! Ph in t ed b y h e t l a i r R ep u b l i c a n O 4 1922
More informationUse precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.WHST D
Lesson eight What are characteristics of chemical reactions? Science Constructing Explanations, Engaging in Argument and Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS Reading
More information176 5 t h Fl oo r. 337 P o ly me r Ma te ri al s
A g la di ou s F. L. 462 E l ec tr on ic D ev el op me nt A i ng er A.W.S. 371 C. A. M. A l ex an de r 236 A d mi ni st ra ti on R. H. (M rs ) A n dr ew s P. V. 326 O p ti ca l Tr an sm is si on A p ps
More informationP a g e 3 6 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9
P a g e 3 6 of R e p o r t P B 4 / 0 9 p r o t e c t h um a n h e a l t h a n d p r o p e r t y fr om t h e d a n g e rs i n h e r e n t i n m i n i n g o p e r a t i o n s s u c h a s a q u a r r y. J
More informationSoftware Process Models there are many process model s in th e li t e ra t u re, s om e a r e prescriptions and some are descriptions you need to mode
Unit 2 : Software Process O b j ec t i ve This unit introduces software systems engineering through a discussion of software processes and their principal characteristics. In order to achieve the desireable
More informationSPECIFICATION SHEET : WHSG4-UNV-T8-HB
SPECIFICATION SHEET : WHSG4UNVT8HB ELECTRICAL DATA (120V APPLICATION) INPUT VO LT : 120V ± 10%, 50/60H z LAM P W ATTS/T YPE F17T8 F25T8 F30T8 F 32T8 F32T 8( 25W ) F32T8(28W ) F32T8(30W ) FB31T 8 FB32T8
More informationInstruction Sheet COOL SERIES DUCT COOL LISTED H NK O. PR D C FE - Re ove r fro e c sed rea. I Page 1 Rev A
Instruction Sheet COOL SERIES DUCT COOL C UL R US LISTED H NK O you or urc s g t e D C t oroug y e ore s g / as e OL P ea e rea g product PR D C FE RES - Re ove r fro e c sed rea t m a o se e x o duct
More informationF48T10VHO, F60T10VHO, F72T10VHO, F96T12HO (1 LAMP ONLY) ELECTRICAL DATA (120V APPLICATION)
LOW TEMPERATURE ELECTRONIC F72T8HO (1 ONLY) (1 ONLY) ELECTRICAL DATA (120V APPLICATION) /(N) /(L) INPUT VOLT: 120V ± 10%, 50/60Hz WATTS/TYPE F48T8HO F60T8HO F72T8HO F48T12HO F60T12HO F72T12HO F96T12HO
More informationI M P O R T A N T S A F E T Y I N S T R U C T I O N S W h e n u s i n g t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e, b a s i c p r e c a u t i o n s s h o
I M P O R T A N T S A F E T Y I N S T R U C T I O N S W h e n u s i n g t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e, b a s i c p r e c a u t i o n s s h o u l d a l w a y s b e t a k e n, i n c l u d f o l
More informationAgenda Rationale for ETG S eek ing I d eas ETG fram ew ork and res u lts 2
Internal Innovation @ C is c o 2 0 0 6 C i s c o S y s t e m s, I n c. A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d. C i s c o C o n f i d e n t i a l 1 Agenda Rationale for ETG S eek ing I d eas ETG fram ew ork
More informationI cu n y li in Wal wi m hu n Mik an t o da t Bri an Si n. We al ha a c o k do na Di g.
Aug 25, 2018 De r Fam e, Wel to 7t - ra at Dun Lak! My na is Mr. Van Wag an I te 7t g a la ge ar, an so s u s. Whi t i wi be m 13t ye of te n, it is m 1s ye D S an Cal i Com t Sc o s. I am so ha y an ex
More informationDangote Flour Mills Plc
SUMMARY OF OFFER Opening Date 6 th September 27 Closing Date 27 th September 27 Shares on Offer 1.25bn Ord. Shares of 5k each Offer Price Offer Size Market Cap (Post Offer) Minimum Offer N15. per share
More informationTable of C on t en t s Global Campus 21 in N umbe r s R e g ional Capac it y D e v e lopme nt in E-L e ar ning Structure a n d C o m p o n en ts R ea
G Blended L ea r ni ng P r o g r a m R eg i o na l C a p a c i t y D ev elo p m ent i n E -L ea r ni ng H R K C r o s s o r d e r u c a t i o n a n d v e l o p m e n t C o p e r a t i o n 3 0 6 0 7 0 5
More informationI N A C O M P L E X W O R L D
IS L A M I C E C O N O M I C S I N A C O M P L E X W O R L D E x p l o r a t i o n s i n A g-b eanste d S i m u l a t i o n S a m i A l-s u w a i l e m 1 4 2 9 H 2 0 0 8 I s l a m i c D e v e l o p m e
More informationUse precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.WHST D
Lesson seven What is a chemical reaction? Science Constructing Explanations, Engaging in Argument and Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS Reading Informational Text,
More informationSenility Degree. Our machine derives APG waveform after 2 nd differential of arterial pulse wave in order to measure
Senility Degree Our machine derives APG waveform after 2 nd differential of arterial pulse wave in order to measure 1. Cardiac Eccentric Constriction Power 2. Arterial Elasticity 3. Remaining blood volume
More informationHuman Anatomy - Brain
Lesson Overview The brain is, by far, the most complex and least understood part of the human body! In this activity, students will dissect a virtual brain. They will explore the human brain, its parts,
More informationTHIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IAW E
THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW E0 2958 BL K THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW E0 2958 THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW E0 2958 B L K THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW E0 2958 THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW EO 2958 THS PAGE DECLASSFED AW EO 2958 THS
More informationAsh Wednesday. First Introit thing. * Dómi- nos. di- di- nos, tú- ré- spi- Ps. ne. Dó- mi- Sál- vum. intra-vé-runt. Gló- ri-
sh Wdsdy 7 gn mult- tú- st Frst Intrt thng X-áud m. ns ní- m-sr-cór- Ps. -qu Ptr - m- Sál- vum m * usqu 1 d fc á-rum sp- m-sr-t- ó- num Gló- r- Fí- l- Sp-rí- : quó-n- m ntr-vé-runt á- n-mm c * m- quó-n-
More informationRanking accounting, banking and finance journals: A note
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Ranking accounting, banking and finance ournals: A note George Halkos and Nickolaos Tzeremes University of Thessaly, Department of Economics January 2012 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/36166/
More informationProvider Satisfaction
Prider Satisfaction Prider Satisfaction [1] NOTE: if you nd to navigate away from this page, please click the "Save Draft" page at the bottom (visible to ONLY logged in users). Otherwise, your rpons will
More informationCOMPILATION OF AUTOMATA FROM MORPHOLOGICAL TWO-LEVEL RULES
Kimmo Koskenniemi Re se ar ch Unit for Co mp ut at io na l Li ng ui st ic s University of Helsinki, Hallituskatu 11 SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland COMPILATION OF AUTOMATA FROM MORPHOLOGICAL TWO-LEVEL RULES
More informationGen ova/ Pavi a/ Ro ma Ti m i ng Count er st at Sep t. 2004
Ti m i ng Count er st at us @ Sep t. 2004 1 Ti m i n g Cou n t er act i vi t i es Ti m i n g r esol u t i on : 100 p s FWHM h ave b een ach i eved. PM s ch ar act er ised i n t h e COBRA m ag n et f or
More informationExecutive Committee and Officers ( )
Gifted and Talented International V o l u m e 2 4, N u m b e r 2, D e c e m b e r, 2 0 0 9. G i f t e d a n d T a l e n t e d I n t e r n a t i o n a2 l 4 ( 2), D e c e m b e r, 2 0 0 9. 1 T h e W o r
More informationLesson Ten. What role does energy play in chemical reactions? Grade 8. Science. 90 minutes ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS
Lesson Ten What role does energy play in chemical reactions? Science Asking Questions, Developing Models, Investigating, Analyzing Data and Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information ENGLISH
More informationBuilding Harmony and Success
Belmont High School Quantum Building Harmony and Success October 2016 We acknowledge the traditional custodians of this land and pay our respects to elders past and present Phone: (02) 49450600 Fax: (02)
More informationPayroll Direct Deposit
Payroll Dirct Dposit Dirct Dposit for mploy paychcks allows cntrs to avoi printing an physically istributing papr chcks to mploys. Dirct posits ar ma through a systm known as Automat Claring Hous (ACH),
More informationLe classeur à tampons
Le classeur à tampons P a s à pa s Le matériel 1 gr a n d cla s s e u r 3 pa pi e r s co o r d o n n é s. P o u r le m o d è l e pr é s e n t é P a p i e r ble u D ai s y D s, pa pi e r bor d e a u x,
More informationRAHAMA I NTEGRATED FARMS LI MI TED RC
RAHAMA I NTEGRATED FARMS LI MI TED RC 1 0 6 2 6 3 1 CORPORATE PROFI LE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- Registered Name
More informationTHIS PAGE DECLASSIFIED IAW EO IRIS u blic Record. Key I fo mation. Ma n: AIR MATERIEL COMM ND. Adm ni trative Mar ings.
T H S PA G E D E CLA SSFED AW E O 2958 RS u blc Recod Key fo maon Ma n AR MATEREL COMM ND D cumen Type Call N u b e 03 V 7 Rcvd Rel 98 / 0 ndexe D 38 Eneed Dae RS l umbe 0 0 4 2 3 5 6 C D QC d Dac A cesson
More informationM Line Card Redundancy with Y-Cab l es Seamless Line Card Failover Solu t ion f or Line Card H ardw or Sof t w are Failu res are Leverages hardware Y-
Line Card Redundancy with Y-Cab l es Technical Overview 1 M Line Card Redundancy with Y-Cab l es Seamless Line Card Failover Solu t ion f or Line Card H ardw or Sof t w are Failu res are Leverages hardware
More informationBellman-F o r d s A lg o r i t h m The id ea: There is a shortest p ath f rom s to any other verte that d oes not contain a non-negative cy cle ( can
W Bellman Ford Algorithm This is an algorithm that solves the single source shortest p ath p rob lem ( sssp ( f ind s the d istances and shortest p aths f rom a source to all other nod es f or the case
More informationPC Based Thermal + Magnetic Trip Characterisitcs Test System for MCB
PC Based Thermal + Magnetic Trip Characterisitcs Test System for MCB PC BASED THERMAL + MAGNETIC TRIP CHARACTERISTIC S TEST SYSTEM FOR MCB The system essentially comprises of a single power source able
More informationINTERIM MANAGEMENT REPORT FIRST HALF OF 2018
INTERIM MANAGEMENT REPORT FIRST HALF OF 2018 F r e e t r a n s l a t ion f r o m t h e o r ig ina l in S p a n is h. I n t h e e v e n t o f d i s c r e p a n c y, t h e Sp a n i s h - la n g u a g e v
More informationWhat are S M U s? SMU = Software Maintenance Upgrade Software patch del iv ery u nit wh ich once ins tal l ed and activ ated prov ides a point-fix for
SMU 101 2 0 0 7 C i s c o S y s t e m s, I n c. A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d. 1 What are S M U s? SMU = Software Maintenance Upgrade Software patch del iv ery u nit wh ich once ins tal l ed and activ
More information(IGBP) km 2,? PRO GR ESS IN GEO GRA PH Y. V o l. 20, N o. 4 D ec., 2001 : (2001) m m 3,
20 4 2001 12 PRO GR ESS IN GEO GRA PH Y V o l. 20, N o. 4 D ec., 2001 : 100726301 (2001) 0420355209, (, 100101) :, 501 mm 502 mm, 765 10 8 m 3 638 10 8 m 3, 127 10 8 m 3,,, ;, : ; ; : P42616; P343 : A
More informationAPPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE
APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SNA KES A ND LA DDERS A DD O N FO R USE WITH THE C HESS, C HEC KERS & BO RDERS LARG E AND NUMBER SET Pro duc t Numb e r: 17-2W-062 SIZE: a ppro xima te ly 19 fe e t e a
More informationThe Periodic Table. Periodic Properties. Can you explain this graph? Valence Electrons. Valence Electrons. Paramagnetism
Periodic Properties Atomic & Ionic Radius Energy Electron Affinity We want to understand the variations in these properties in terms of electron configurations. The Periodic Table Elements in a column
More information2 tel
Us. Timeless, sophisticated wall decor that is classic yet modern. Our style has no limitations; from traditional to contemporar y, with global design inspiration. The attention to detail and hand- craf
More informationBeechwood Music Department Staff
Beechwood Music Department Staff MRS SARAH KERSHAW - HEAD OF MUSIC S a ra h K e rs h a w t r a i n e d a t t h e R oy a l We ls h C o l le g e of M u s i c a n d D ra m a w h e re s h e ob t a i n e d
More informationc. What is the average rate of change of f on the interval [, ]? Answer: d. What is a local minimum value of f? Answer: 5 e. On what interval(s) is f
Essential Skills Chapter f ( x + h) f ( x ). Simplifying the difference quotient Section. h f ( x + h) f ( x ) Example: For f ( x) = 4x 4 x, find and simplify completely. h Answer: 4 8x 4 h. Finding the
More informationFr anchi s ee appl i cat i on for m
Other Fr anchi s ee appl i cat i on for m Kindly fill in all the applicable information in the spaces provided and submit to us before the stipulated deadline. The information you provide will be held
More informationFOR SALE T H S T E., P R I N C E AL BER T SK
FOR SALE 1 50 1 1 5 T H S T E., P R I N C E AL BER T SK CHECK OUT THIS PROPERTY ON YOUTUBE: LIVINGSKY CONDOS TOUR W W W. LIV IN G S K YC O N D O S. C A Th e re is ou tstan d in g val ue in these 52 re
More informationd 1941. ncies ation thereors as ence, is, which r he the of are anvass ve ining, ies a study ely, fully ta special e rested gencies that are affiliated mably, these agenand at least somewhat l, they are
More informationAPPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE
APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USA MA P WITH C A PITA LS & O C EA NS (LA RG E) Pro duc t Numbe r: 16-13W-051 SIZE: a ppro xima te ly 24 fe e t wide x 15 fe e t lo ng (ma inla nd o nly) ESTIMA TED PA
More information- I'll ) [!!!:!J. '$ c. w_1: ..s::: ..s::: .- c. Ell! > :J... o... Q. 1;; E. c u I==:J I==:J. 0= c. Oc:::::J .:
29 ) \ c. J n (J Oc:::::J I==:J U@ s: @) @ U@ l2:@ = @ @ @ ) = @ (S@ [!!!:!J @ ) I==:J @ C..s:::.. - I'll..lI:: - I/) cu I'll..s:::.- u 2 c.. - o... c u OJ OJ Ell! = c.: > :J... C CJ.!::! w_: o... Q. ;;
More informationCanadian Graduate and Professional Student Survey (CGPSS) 2016
Ac a d e m i c S t u d e n t l i f e O v e r a l l Canadian Graduate and Professional Student Survey (CGPSS) Summary of Results Prepared by the Office of Institutional Analysis The CGPSS was administered
More information/ T he F r oniu s S e r v i c e Partn e r P r o g r a mme.
/ B a tte r y C h a r g ing S y ste m s / W e l d ing T e c h nolog y / S ola r E l e c tronic s / T he F r oniu s S e r v i c e Partn e r P r o g r a mme. / Y o u insta ll pe r fec t p h o t o v olt a
More informationLast 4 Digits of USC ID:
Chemistry 05 B Practice Exam Dr. Jessica Parr First Letter of last Name PLEASE PRINT YOUR NAME IN BLOCK LETTERS Name: Last 4 Digits of USC ID: Lab TA s Name: Question Points Score Grader 8 2 4 3 9 4 0
More informationResults as of 30 September 2018
rt Results as of 30 September 2018 F r e e t r a n s l a t ion f r o m t h e o r ig ina l in S p a n is h. I n t h e e v e n t o f d i s c r e p a n c y, t h e Sp a n i s h - la n g u a g e v e r s ion
More informationMANY ELECTRON ATOMS Chapter 15
MANY ELECTRON ATOMS Chapter 15 Electron-Electron Repulsions (15.5-15.9) The hydrogen atom Schrödinger equation is exactly solvable yielding the wavefunctions and orbitals of chemistry. Howev er, the Schrödinger
More informationNe a l Mc lo ug hlin - Alb e rta Ag / Fo r Mike Fla nnig a n Uo fa Elle n Ma c d o na ld Uo fa
Using histo ric la nd sc a p e ve g e ta tio n struc ture fo r e c o lo g ic a l re sto ra tio n: e ffe c ts o n b urn p ro b a b ility in the Bo b Cre e k Wild la nd, Alb e rta, Ca na d a. Chris Sto c
More informationElement Cube Project (x2)
Element Cube Project (x2) Background: As a class, we will construct a three dimensional periodic table by each student selecting two elements in which you will need to create an element cube. Helpful Links
More informationWelcome to the Public Meeting Red Bluff Road from Kirby Boulevard to State Highway 146 Harris County, Texas CSJ No.: December 15, 2016
Welcome to the Public Meeting Red Bluff Road from Kirby Boulevard to State Highway 146 Harris County, Texas CSJ No.: 0912-72-340 December 15, 2016 No formal presentation will be made. Seabrook Intermediate
More informationMade the FIRST periodic table
Made the FIRST periodic table 1869 Mendeleev organized the periodic table based on the similar properties and relativities of certain elements Later, Henri Moseley organized the elements by increasing
More informationF l a s h-b a s e d S S D s i n E n t e r p r i s e F l a s h-b a s e d S S D s ( S o-s ltiad t e D r i v e s ) a r e b e c o m i n g a n a t t r a c
L i f e t i m e M a n a g e m e n t o f F l a-b s ah s e d S S D s U s i n g R e c o v e r-a y w a r e D y n a m i c T h r o t t l i n g S u n g j i n L e, e T a e j i n K i m, K y u n g h o, Kainmd J
More informationof HIGHE R E DUCAT I ON
AT LANTA IN TH E NAT IONAL LA N DSCAPE of HIGHE R E DUCAT I ON MSA Study1 N o AT LA N TA I N T H E NAT I ONA L LA N D S C A PE of HIG H E R EDUCAT I ON C O N T E N T S In t r o du c t i o n 1 To t he Re
More information02/05/09 Last 4 Digits of USC ID: Dr. Jessica Parr
Chemistry 05 B First Letter of PLEASE PRINT YOUR NAME IN BLOCK LETTERS Exam last Name Name: 02/05/09 Last 4 Digits of USC ID: Dr. Jessica Parr Lab TA s Name: Question Points Score Grader 2 2 9 3 9 4 2
More information8. Relax and do well.
CHEM 1515 Exam II John II. Gelder October 14, 1993 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 8 different pages. The last two pages include a periodic table, a
More informationAtoms and the Periodic Table
Atoms and the Periodic Table Parts of the Atom Proton Found in the nucleus Number of protons defines the element Charge +1, mass 1 Parts of the Atom Neutron Found in the nucleus Stabilizes the nucleus
More informationGeometric Predicates P r og r a m s need t o t es t r ela t ive p os it ions of p oint s b a s ed on t heir coor d ina t es. S im p le exa m p les ( i
Automatic Generation of SS tag ed Geometric PP red icates Aleksandar Nanevski, G u y B lello c h and R o b ert H arp er PSCICO project h ttp: / / w w w. cs. cm u. ed u / ~ ps ci co Geometric Predicates
More informationAh, gentle Jesu. su! Ah, gen. Ah, gen. su! that. Who. doth. call? that. that. Who. doth. that. call? I a sin - ner that oft doth fall. Mer. oft.
Verses, if not burden, John Lydgte (d.1451) tle su 6 tle tle s ner tht t doth Who Who fll. is is tht tht tht tht Sherynghm Fyrfx Book (c.1500) BM Add MS 5465 doth doth Mer s ner tht t doth fll. 11 Lord
More informationPART 1 Introduction to Theory of Solids
Elsevier UK Job code: MIOC Ch01-I044647 9-3-2007 3:03p.m. Page:1 Trim:165 240MM TS: Integra, India PART 1 Introduction to Theory of Solids Elsevier UK Job code: MIOC Ch01-I044647 9-3-2007 3:03p.m. Page:2
More informationMe n d e l s P e a s Exer c i se 1 - Par t 1
!! Me n d e l s P e a s Exer c i se 1 - Par t 1 TR UE - BR E E D I N G O R G A N I S M S Go a l In this exercise you will use StarGenetics, a genetics experiment simulator, to understand the concept of
More informationChemistry 2 Exam Roane State Academic Festival. Name (print neatly) School
Name (print neatly) School There are fifteen question on this exam. Each question is weighted equally. n the answer sheet, write your name in the space provided and your answers in the blanks provided.
More informationChemistry 185 Exam #2 - A November 5, Lab Day and Time: Instructions. 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start.
Name: Lab Day and Time: Instructions 1. Do not open the exam until you are told to start. 2. This exam is closed note and closed book. You are not allowed to use any outside material while taking this
More informationAPPLICATION INSTRUC TIONS FOR THE
APPLICATION INSTRUC TIONS FOR THE DAISY HOPSCOTCH Pro duc t Numb e r: 12-2W-03 SIZE: a p p ro xima te ly 14 fe e t hig h x 4 fe e t wid e. ESTIMATED PAINT TIME: a p p ro xima te ly 1 2 p e o p le fo r
More informationA o odatio List Asoke campus
A o odatio List Asoke campus Thi gs ou should k o. The fi st pa e t ust e do e o ou a i al da. Stude ts ha e to p epa e o e i Thai Baht to pa fo the pa e t.. The fi st pa e t i ludes the deposit o ths,
More informationForm and content. Iowa Research Online. University of Iowa. Ann A Rahim Khan University of Iowa. Theses and Dissertations
University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations 1979 Form and content Ann A Rahim Khan University of Iowa Posted with permission of the author. This thesis is available at Iowa Research
More information9/20/2017. Elements are Pure Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical change (contain Only One Type of Atom)
CAPTER 6: TE PERIODIC TABLE Elements are Pure Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical change (contain Only One Type of Atom) The Periodic Table (Mendeleev) In 1872, Dmitri
More informationAPPLICATION INSTRUC TIONS FOR THE
APPLICATION INSTRUC TIONS FOR THE CHESS/ CHECKERBOARD Using the Che ss, Che c ke rs a nd Bo rd e rs: (SMALL), Pro duc t Numb e r: 11-1W-009 SIZE: a p p ro xima te ly 10 fe e t e a c h sid e ESTIMATED PAINT
More informationOPTIMIZEFILTRATION. S o lv e n t R e s e r v o i r. I n - l i n e F i l t r a t i o n. I n - L i n e F i l t r a t i o n P r o c e s s
OPTIMIZEFILTRATION HPLC FFiltration i l t r Fi l t r a t i o n i s a n e c e s s a r y c o m p o n e n t i n a n y H P LC s y s t e m. K e e p i n g p a r t i c u l a t e s o u t o f t h e f l o w p a
More informationAnimals and Behaviors. Templeton Biology
Animals and Behaviors Templeton Biology Nueral- Nami Expl ai n t he behavi or s you see i n t he vi deo. Woul d t hi s be a gr oup or i ndi vi dual f eedi ng behavi or why? Video of Prairie Dog Communication
More informationINSTRUCTIONS: Exam III. November 10, 1999 Lab Section
CHEM 1215 Exam III John III. Gelder November 10, 1999 Name TA's Name Lab Section INSTRUCTIONS: 1. This examination consists of a total of 7 different pages. The last page includes a periodic table and
More informationProgression in calculations Years 3 and 4
Progression in calculations Years 3 and 4 Introduction At the centre of the mastery approach to the teaching of mathematics is the belief that all pupils have the potential to succeed. They should have
More informationUSER MANUAL V1.3 CHRYSLER VEHICLES VEHICLE FLASHER
USER MANUAL V1.3 O B D - I I S TA L K CHRYSLER VEHICLES VEHICLE FLASHER WARRANT Y: This war r ant y pr ot ects the pr oduct(s) s pecified t o be fr ee fr om defects in mat erial and wor kmanship for 1(one)
More informationSpin Cut-off Parameter of Nuclear Level Density and Effective Moment of Inertia
Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 43 (005) pp. 709 718 c International Academic Publishers Vol. 43, No. 4, April 15, 005 Spin Cut-off Parameter of Nuclear Level Density and Effective Moment of Inertia
More informationWe help hotels and restaurants SAYHELLO.
_updated 16 july 2018 Your logo is the face of your business visual identity and the capstone to its graphic language. It s one of the first ways you greet your guests and continue to engage with them throughout
More informationRadioactive Decay and Half Life Simulation 2/17 Integrated Science 2 Redwood High School Name: Period:
Radioactive Decay and Half Life Simulation 2/17 Integrated Science 2 Redwood High School Name: Period: Background I t was not until the end of the 1800 s that scientists found a method for determining
More informationSpeed of light c = m/s. x n e a x d x = 1. 2 n+1 a n π a. He Li Ne Na Ar K Ni 58.
Physical Chemistry II Test Name: KEY CHEM 464 Spring 18 Chapters 7-11 Average = 1. / 16 6 questions worth a total of 16 points Planck's constant h = 6.63 1-34 J s Speed of light c = 3. 1 8 m/s ħ = h π
More informationgraphicdesign SPECIAL INFORMATION & DISPENSER ORDER FORM Version1.0,Updated20October2016 Date SP-4066 Encore DEF Graphics Form Manual
graphicdesign SPECIAL INFORMATION & DISPENSER ORDER FORM Version1.0,Updated20October2016 Date 2016 Gilbarco Veeder-Root Version 1.0 20 October 2016 Initial Release SP-4066 Encore DEF Graphics Form Manual
More informationPERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
Useful Constants and equations: K = o C + 273 Avogadro's number = 6.022 x 10 23 d = density = mass/volume R H = 2.178 x 10-18 J c = E = h = hc/ h = 6.626 x 10-34 J s c = 2.998 x 10 8 m/s E n = -R H Z 2
More informationsemantic criteria - so me pron ou ns cannot be as si gn ed referents
O ste n D ahl Un iv o f StOGKholin THE limterpretatlon OF BOUND PRONOUNS This p a p e r is a r e p o r t o n w o r k in p r o g r e s s w i t h the a i m of simulating o n a c o m p u t e r s o m e a s
More informationSTANDARDIZATION OF BLENDED NECTAR USING BANANA PSEUDOSTEM SAP AND MANGO PULP SANTOSH VIJAYBHAI PATEL
STANDARDIZATION OF BLENDED NECTAR USING BANANA PSEUDOSTEM SAP AND MANGO PULP BY SANTOSH VIJAYBHAI PATEL B.Sc. (Hons.) Horticulture DEPARTMENT OF POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY ASPEE COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE AND
More informationCHEM 10113, Quiz 5 October 26, 2011
CHEM 10113, Quiz 5 October 26, 2011 Name (please print) All equations must be balanced and show phases for full credit. Significant figures count, show charges as appropriate, and please box your answers!
More informationCh. 9 NOTES ~ Chemical Bonding NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics.
Ch. 9 NOTES ~ Chemical Bonding NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics. I. Review: Comparison of ionic and molecular compounds Molecular compounds Ionic
More informationo Alphabet Recitation
Letter-Sound Inventory (Record Sheet #1) 5-11 o Alphabet Recitation o Alphabet Recitation a b c d e f 9 h a b c d e f 9 h j k m n 0 p q k m n 0 p q r s t u v w x y z r s t u v w x y z 0 Upper Case Letter
More informationAPPENDIX A: LIGHTING PRECEDENTS. EDMONTON ICE DISTRICT TOWER E Major Digital Sign and Feature Lighting Report September 21,
APPENDIX A: LIGHTING PRECEDENTS EDMONTON ICE DISTRICT TOWER E Major Digital Sign and Feature Lighting Report September 21, 2017 20 KING ROAD TOWER Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2011 Lighting on constantly, all
More informationCATAVASII LA NAȘTEREA DOMNULUI DUMNEZEU ȘI MÂNTUITORULUI NOSTRU, IISUS HRISTOS. CÂNTAREA I-A. Ήχος Πα. to os se e e na aș te e e slă ă ă vi i i i i
CATAVASII LA NAȘTEREA DOMNULUI DUMNEZEU ȘI MÂNTUITORULUI NOSTRU, IISUS HRISTOS. CÂNTAREA I-A Ήχος α H ris to os s n ș t slă ă ă vi i i i i ți'l Hris to o os di in c ru u uri, în tâm pi i n ți i'l Hris
More informationHONDA 4 cylinder Goldwing. Instruction manual with visual guide for the Gen 5 Goldwing GL1000 & GL1100
HONDA 4 cylinder Goldwing Instruction manual with visual guide for the Gen 5 Goldwing GL1000 & GL1100 Please ead this i po ta t i fo atio BEFORE i stallatio : This ig itio kit epla es all o igi al Ho da
More informationS ca le M o d e l o f th e S o la r Sy ste m
N a m e ' D a t e ' S ca le M o d e l o f th e S o la r Sy ste m 6.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n T h e S olar System is large, at least w hen com pared to distances we are fam iliar w ith on a day-to-day basis.
More informationSolutions and Ions. Pure Substances
Class #4 Solutions and Ions CHEM 107 L.S. Brown Texas A&M University Pure Substances Pure substance: described completely by a single chemical formula Fixed composition 1 Mixtures Combination of 2 or more
More informationWELCOME. O ne Vi si on Photography i s a award wi nni ng wed d i ng photographer & wed d i ng vi d eography i n S outh Wal e s
WELCOME HELLO O ne Vi si on Photography i s a award wi nni ng wed d i ng photographer & wed d i ng vi d eography i n S outh Wal e s I t і ѕ а k nоwn f ac t thаt i mages speak а thousand word аnd thаt і
More informationTh n nt T p n n th V ll f x Th r h l l r r h nd xpl r t n rr d nt ff t b Pr f r ll N v n d r n th r 8 l t p t, n z n l n n th n rth t rn p rt n f th v
Th n nt T p n n th V ll f x Th r h l l r r h nd xpl r t n rr d nt ff t b Pr f r ll N v n d r n th r 8 l t p t, n z n l n n th n rth t rn p rt n f th v ll f x, h v nd d pr v n t fr tf l t th f nt r n r
More informationThe Ability C ongress held at the Shoreham Hotel Decem ber 29 to 31, was a reco rd breaker for winter C ongresses.
The Ability C ongress held at the Shoreham Hotel Decem ber 29 to 31, was a reco rd breaker for winter C ongresses. Attended by m ore than 3 00 people, all seem ed delighted, with the lectu res and sem
More informationB ooks Expans ion on S ciencedirect: 2007:
B ooks Expans ion on S ciencedirect: 2007: 1 INFORUM, 22-24 May, Prague Piotr Golkiewicz Account Manager Elsevier B.V. Email: p.golkiewicz@elsevier.com Mobile: +48 695 30 60 17 2 Pres entation Overview
More information