Locally Applied Nerve Growth Factor Enhances Bone Consolidation in a Rabbit Model of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis

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1 2238 Locally Applied Nerve Growth Factor Enhances Bone Consolidation in a Rabbit Model of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis L e i W a n g, 1 S h u x i a Z h o u, 1 B a o l i n L i u, 1 D e l i n L e i, 1 Y i n g h u a Z h a o, 2 C h a o L u, 3 A i x i n g T a n 4 1 D e p t. o f O r a l a n d M a x i l l o f a c i a l S u r g e r y, F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y, C h a n g L e R o a d 1 4 5, X i a n, P. R. C h i n a 2 D e p t. o f P r o s t h e t i c D e n t i s t r y, F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y, C h a n g L e R o a d 1 4 5, X i a n, P. R. C h i n a 3 D e p t. o f O r a l A n a t o m y a n d P h y s i o l o g y, F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y, C h a n g L e R o a d 1 4 5, X i a n, P. R. C h i n a 4 D e p t. o f O r a l a n d M a x i l l o f a c i a l S u r g e r y, N o H o s p i t a l o f P L A, B a o j i, P. R. C h i n a R e c e i v e d 1 6 M a r c h ; a c c e p t e d 1 9 J u n e P u b l i s h e d o n l i n e S e p i n W i l e y I n t e r S c i e n c e ( w w w. i n t e r s c i e n c e w i l e y. c o m ) A B S T R A C T : D i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s i s w i d e l y u s e d i n t r e a t i n g d e f o r m i t i e s, d e f e c t s, a n d f r a c t u r e s o f b o t h l o n g b o n e a n d c r a n i o f a c i a l b o n e. D e m a n d s f o r a c c e l e r a t i o n o f b o n e c o n s o l i d a t i o n a r e i n c r e a s e d i n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. I t h a s b e e n s h o w n t h a t n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r ( N G F ) c a n e n h a n c e i n n e r v a t i o n a n d b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n i n a f r a c t u r e m o d e l a n d s t i m u l a t e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f o s t e o b l a s t i c c e l l s. I n t h i s s t u d y, w e t e s t e d t h e a b i l i t y o f l o c a l l y a p p l i e d N G F t o e n h a n c e b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n i n a r a b b i t m o d e l o f m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. T w e n t y r a b b i t s u n d e r w e n t b i l a t e r a l d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s w i t h a r a t e o f 0. 5 m m p e r 1 2 h. T w o t i m e s m g h N G Fβ i n b u f f e r w e r e i n j e c t e d i n t o c a l l u s a f t e r t h e e n d o f d i s t r a c t i o n. T h e c o n t r a l a t e r a l s i d e r e c e i v e d p l a c e b o i n j e c t i o n s. R a b b i t s w e r e e u t h a n i z e d a t c o n s o l i d a t i o n t i m e o f 1 4 a n d 2 8 d a y s. S p e c i m e n s w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o r a d i o g r a p h y, c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s m e a s u r e m e n t, m e c h a n i c a l t e s t i n g a n d b o n e h i s t o l o g i c a l a n d h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s. T h e m a x i m u m l o a d, b o n e v o l u m e / t o t a l v o l u m e, m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e o f t h e 1 s t t o 1 1 t h d a y, a n d m i n e r a l i z e d b o n e p e r c e n t a g e w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n t h e h N G Fβ s i d e a t 1 4 a n d 2 8 d a y s ( p < ). T h e d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t l o c a l l y a p p l i e d h N G Fβ c a n a c c e l e r a t e c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n a n d m a y b e a n o p t i o n t o s h o r t e n t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d i n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s O r t h o p a e d i c R e s e a r c h S o c i e t y. P u b l i s h e d b y W i l e y P e r i o d i c a l s, I n c. J O r t h o p R e s 2 4 : , K e y w o r d s : n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r ; d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s ; b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n ; r a b b i t INTRO DUCT ION D i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s ( D O ) h a s b e c o m e a w i d e l y a c c e p t e d m e t h o d i n o r t h o p e d i c s u r g e r y a n d h a s b e e n a p p l i e d t o r e s o l v e c l i n i c a l p r o b l e m s s u c h a s d e f o r m i t i e s, d e f e c t s a n d f r a c t u r e n o n - u n i o n s o f l o n g b o n e. 1, 2 D O h a s b e e n e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y a p p l i e d t o c r a n i o f a c i a l d e f o r m i t i e s i n c l u d i n g h e m i f a c i a l m i c r o s o m i a, 3 r e t r o g n a t h i a, 4 a n d p e d i a t r i c c r a n i o - f a c i a l s y n d r o m e s, s u c h a s s l e e p a p n o e a. 5 H o w e v e r, t h e l o n g p e r i o d o f b o n e c o n s o l i d a t i o n t i m e c a n c o n t r i b u t e t o c o m p l i c a t i o n s, s u c h a s b o n e i n f e c t i o n, p a i n a n d f r a c t u r e o f d i s t r a c t i o n d e v i c e. C o n s e q u e n t l y, t h e n e e d e x i s t s f o r a c c e l e r a t i o n o f b o n e c o n s o l i d a t i o n d u r i n g D O. T h i s w o r k w a s p r e s e n t e d i n p a r t a t t h e 8 8 t h A n n u a l M e e t i n g o f A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f O r a l a n d M a x i l l o f a c i a l S u r g e o n s, U S A, 4 O c t C o r r e s p o n d i n g t o : S h u x i a Z h o u ( T e l e p h o n e : ; F a x : ; E - m a i l : z h o u s h u x i a 2 y a h o o. c o m. c n ) O r t h o p a e d i c R e s e a r c h S o c i e t y. P u b l i s h e d b y W i l e y P e r i o d i c a l s, I n c. S e n s o r y a n d s y m p a t h e t i c n e r v e s p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n n o r m a l s k e l e t a l m e t a b o l i s m a n d f r a c t u r e r e p a i r. 6, 7 I n s y m p a t h e c t o m i z e d a n i m a l m o d e l s, b o n e r e s o r p t i o n i s i n c r e a s e d a n d b o n e d e p o s i t i o n a n d m i n e r a l i z a t i o n a r e d e c r e a s e d. 8, 9 A d d i t i o n a l l y, s y m p a t h e c t o m y c a n a l s o r e s u l t i n o s t e o p o r o s i s i n m a n d i b u l a r b o n e. 1 0 N e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r ( N G F ) i s a n i m p o r t a n t n e u r o t r o p h i n i n v o l v e d i n d e v e l o p m e n t, m a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e g e n - e r a t i o n o f s e n s o r y a n d s y m p a t h e t i c n e r v e s. 1 1, 1 2 I n v i t r o s t u d i e s h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t N G F c a n s t i m u l a t e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n a n d i n h i b i t a p o p t o s i s o f a n o s t e o b l a s t i c c e l l l i n e. 1 3, 1 4 T h e r e f o r e, N G F m a y p l a y a c r u c i a l r o l e i n b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n. I n a r a b b i t i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e d e f e c t m o d e l, a n i n c i d e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n r e v e a l e d t h a t a d m i n i s - t r a t i o n o f N G F s t i m u l a t e d b o n e f o r m a t i o n a r o u n d t h e i n d u c e d r e g e n e r a t i n g a x o n s. 1 5 I n a r a t f r a c t u r e m o d e l, l o c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f N G F i n c r e a s e d t h e q u a l i t y a n d r a t e o f f r a c t u r e r e p a i r. 1 6 A d d i t i o n a l l y, N G Fβ e n h a n c e d n e w b o n e i n g r o w t h t o a c o l l a g e n / h y d r o x y a p a t i t e c o m p o s i t e. 1 7 I n l i g h t o f t h e s e f i n d i n g s, l o c a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f N G F i s l i k e l y t o b e u s e f u l f o r b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n i n D O.

2 2239 WANG ET AL. E x p r e s s i o n o f g r o w t h f a c t o r s i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d w i t h s t r a i n i n D O. F o r e x a m p l e, s t r o n g e x p r e s s i o n o f a n g i o g e n i c f a c t o r s s u c h a s V E G F a n d b F G F, B M P s a n d t h e i r r e c e p t o r s w a s f o u n d d u r i n g t h e p h a s e o f a c t i v e d i s t r a c t i o n, a n d t h e n m u c h w e a k e r e x p r e s s i o n w a s o b s e r v e d w h e n d i s t r a c t i o n w a s d i s c o n t i n u e d E x p r e s s i o n o f N G F i n d i s t r a c t e d i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e w a s s t i m u l a t e d b y s t r a i n a n d d e c r e a s e d i n c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d. 2 1, 2 2 I n a f r a c t u r e h e a l i n g m o d e l, e x p r e s s i o n l e v e l o f N G F m R N A w a s i n c r e a s e d r i g h t a f t e r f r a c t u r e, p e a k e d a t 2 d a y s a f t e r f r a c t u r e a n d b e g a n t o d e c r e a s e t h e r e a f t e r. 2 3 T h e e x p r e s s i o n o f N G F i n d i s t r a c t e d b o n e t i s s u e h a s n o t b e e n s e t t l e d y e t, b u t i t i s v e r y l i k e l y t o m i m i c t h e e x p r e s s i o n p r o f i l e o f B M P s. E x o g e n o u s N G F m a y t h e r e f o r e p l a y a r o l e i n a c c e l e r a t i o n o f c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d. T o o u r k n o w l e d g e, n o o n e h a s i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t s o f N G F o n b o n e f o r m a t i o n d u r i n g d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. T h e r e f o r e, t h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a b i l i t y o f l o c a l l y a p p l i e d N G F t o e n h a n c e b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n d u r i n g m a n d i b u l a r D O i n a r a b b i t m o d e l. MAT ER I ALS AND M ETHOD S E x p e r i m e n t a l A n i m a l M o d e l T w e n t y s k e l e t a l l y m a t u r e ( k g ), m a l e, N e w Z e a l a n d W h i t e r a b b i t s w e r e s t u d i e d. T h e a n i m a l s w e r e h o u s e d a n d c a r e d f o r i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e g u i d e l i n e s e s t a b l i s h e d b y A n i m a l C e n t e r f o r M e d i c a l E x p e r i m e n t a t F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y. R a b b i t s w e r e a n e s t h e t i z e d w i t h a n i n t r a m u s c u l a r i n j e c t i o n o f 5 0 m g / k g k e t a m i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e a n d a n i n t r a v e n o u s l y i n j e c t i o n o f 4 0 m g / k g P h e n o b a r b i t a l s o d i u m. 1 % l i d o c a i n e w i t h 1 : 2 0 0, e p i n e p h r i n e w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d s u b c u t a n e o u s l y i n t h e s u b m e n t a l t r i a n g l e. T h e i n c i s i o n w a s m a d e i n t h e m i d l i n e, a n d p e r i o s t e a l f l a p s w e r e r e f l e c t e d l a t e r a l l y t o v i s u a l i z e m e n t a l n e r v e a n t e r i o r t o t h e f i r s t p r e m o l a r t e e t h. A v e r t i c a l o s t e o t o m y w a s p e r f o r m e d b i l a t e r a l l y b e t w e e n t h e p r e m o l a r t e e t h a n d m e n t a l f o r a m e n u s i n g a f i s s u r e b u r. A c u s t o m - m a d e d i s t r a c t i o n d e v i c e ( Z h o n g b a n g T i t a n i u m B i o m a t e r i a l s C o r p o r a t i o n, X i a n, P. R. C h i n a ) w a s f i x e d w i t h t h e d i s t r a c t i o n r o d e m e r g e d i n t o t h e l a b i a l v e s t i b u l e ( F i g. 1 ). T h e t i t a n i u m d e v i c e t r a v e l e d 0. 4 m m p e r c o m p l e t e r o t a t i o n. F o u r m i c r o p l a t e s w e r e s e c u r e d t o t h e m a n d i b l e w i t h s e l f - t a p p i n g t a p e r e d s c r e w s ( 1. 5 m m i n d i a m e t e r a n d 7 m m i n l e n g t h ). A l l 1 0 s c r e w s w e r e p l a c e d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e l a t e r a l a s p e c t o f t h e m a n d i b l e, p a r a l l e l t o e a c h o t h e r a n d a c r o s s b o t h c o r t i c e s. T h e c l a p - s h a p e d m i c r o p l a t e s p r o v i d e d a d d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t f o r r e t e n t i o n o f t h e d e v i c e. T h e o s t e o t o m y w a s c o m p l e t e d w i t h a f i n e c h i s e l. G r e a t c a r e w a s t a k e n t o a v o i d i n j u r y t o t h e i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e, a n d l i n g u a l p e r i o s t e u m w a s l e f t i n t a c t. T h e w o u n d w a s t h e n c l o s e d i n l a y e r s. T h e u p p e r i n c i s o r t e e t h w e r e b u r r e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f o f t h e i r p r o j e c t i n g d i s t a n c e, i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e i m p a c t o n t h e l o w e r g i n g i v a l d u e t o i n d u c e d m a l o c c l u s i o n. P o s t o p e r a t i v e l y, t h e r a b b i t s c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n, d i e t a r y h a b i t s a n d w e i g h t w e r e m o n i t o r e d. A f t e r F i g 1. S c h e m a t i c d r a w i n g o f t h e a n i m a l m o d e l.

3 EXOGENOUS NGF IN DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS 2240 a l a t e n c y p e r i o d o f 3. 5 d a y s, g r a d u a l d i s t r a c t i o n w a s p e r f o r m e d a t a r a t e o f 0. 5 m m p e r 1 2 h o u r s f o r 1 0 d a y s. N G F A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d F l u o r o c h r o m e L a b e l l i n g O n t h e 1 s t a n d 3 r d d a y s a f t e r t h e e n d o f d i s t r a c t i o n, t w o t i m e s 4 0µ g h N G Fβ ( L a b o r a t o r y o f b i o c h e m i s t r y, F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y, X i a n, P. R. C h i n a ) i n m l i s o t o n i c s a l i n e w e r e i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e p a l p a b l e c a l l u s a t t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e p e r c u t a n e o u s l y. T h e c o n t r a l a t e r a l s i d e s e r v e d a s c o n t r o l a n d r e c e i v e d o f p l a c e b o ( i s o t o n i c s a l i n e ) s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n a n i d e n t i c a l m a n n e r. A s e q u e n t i a l i n t r a v i t a l f l u o r o c h r o m e l a b e l l i n g w a s p e r f o r m e d i n a l l t h e a n i m a l s b y i n t r a m u s c u l a r i n j e c t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g s c h e m e : i n t h e 1 4 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t, 3 0 m g / k g t e t r a c y c l i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e o n t h e 1 s t a n d 1 1 t h d a y s a f t e r t h e e n d o f d i s t r a c t i o n ; i n t h e 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t, 3 0 m g / k g t e t r a c y c l i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e o n t h e 1 s t a n d 2 2 n d d a y s a n d 9 0 m g / k g c a l c e i n g r e e n o n t h e 1 1 t h d a y a f t e r t h e e n d o f d i s t r a c t i o n. S p e c i m e n P r o c e s s i n g a n d M e c h a n i c a l T e s t i n g T h e r a b b i t s w e r e s a c r i f i c e d a t c o n s o l i d a t i o n t i m e o f e i t h e r 1 4 ( n = 8 ) o r 2 8 ( n = 8 ) d a y s. U n d e r g e n e r a l a n e s t h e s i a, b o t h c a r o t i d a r t e r i e s w e r e p e r f u s e d w i t h n o r m a l s a l i n e t o r e m o v e b l o o d, f o l l o w e d b y 2. 0 % p a r a f o r m a l d e h y d e a n d 2. 5 % g l u t a r a l d e h y d e i n 0. 1 M / L P B S ( P H 7. 4 ) f o r t h e i n t e r n a l f i x a t i o n o f t h e t i s s u e. 2 4 T h e e n t i r e m a n d i b l e w a s h a r v e s t e d a n d t h e s o f t t i s s u e w a s e x c i s e d. T h e a m o u n t o f d i s t a n c e s a c h i e v e d w a s m e a s u r e d u s i n g a s l i d i n g c a l i p e r ( m e a n o f s u p e r i o r a n d i n f e r i o r b o u n d e r ). T o t a l r e g e n e r a t e c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s m e a s u r e m e n t w a s p e r f o r m e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e e x t e r n a l l a b i a l - l i n g u a l a n d s u p e r i o r - i n f e r i o r d i m e n s i o n s a t t h e m i d d l e o f t h e d i s t r a c t i o n c a l l u s u s i n g a s l i d i n g c a l i p e r. L a t e r a l X - r a y s w e r e p e r f o r m e d a n d t h e r a d i o g r a p h s o f r e g e n e r a t e d c a l l u s w e r e g r a d e d b y c o m p a r i n g t h e m w i t h a l u m i n u m p l a t e s w i t h a g r a d i e n t o f t h i c k n e s s ( 2 0 s t e p s, 0. 5 m m / s t e p ). B o t h t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s w e r e e v a l u a t e d f o r t w i c e w i t h a 3 - d a y i n t e r v a l b y a s i n g l e, e x p e r i e n c e d e x a m i n e r w h o w a s b l i n d e d t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s i d e s. A d i f f e r e n c e o f m o r e t h a n o r e q u a l t o 0. 5 m m o f a l u m i n u m t h i c k n e s s w a s c o n s i d e r e d a s a d i f f e r e n c e i n r a d i o d e n s i t y. H e m i m a n d i b l e s w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o a t h r e e - p o i n t b e n d i n g t e s t u s i n g a n A G S k N G m a t e r i a l s t e s t i n g m a c h i n e ( S h i m a d z u C o r p o r a t i o n, K y o t o, J a p a n ) a t a d i s p l a c e m e n t r a t e o f 0. 5 m m / s. T h e m a x i m u m l o a d w a s o b t a i n e d f o r a l l s p e c i m e n s. T h e d i s t r a c t e d r e g i o n, i n c l u d i n g 1-3 m m o f n e i g h b o r i n g n o r m a l b o n e, w a s c u t f r o m e a c h h e m i m a n d i b l e, a n d i m m e r s e d i n t h e f i x a t i o n s o l u t i o n d e s c r i b e d a b o v e f o r a d d i t i o n a l 2 4 h o u r s a t 4 º C. H i s t o l o g y a n d H i s t o m o r p h o m e t r y A f t e r p o s t f i x, t h e s p e c i m e n w a s c u t i n t o t w o p a r t s i n t h e a x i a l p l a n e. T h e u p p e r h a l f w a s d e h y d r a t e d a n d e m b e d d e d i n m e t h y l - m e t h a c r y l a t e µ m t h i c k s e c t i o n s w e r e c u t f o r f l u o r e s c e n c e m e a s u r e m e n t s u s i n g a D M I R B f l u o r e s c e n c e m i c r o t o m e ( L e i c a, G e r m a n y ), a n d t h e m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e s o f t h e 1 s t t h a n d 1 2 t h n d d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e l a b e l e d z o n e s. U n d e c a l c i f i e d s e c t i o n s w e r e a l s o s t a i n e d w i t h v o n K o s s a f o r e v a l u a t i o n o f m i n e r a l i z e d b o n e p e r c e n t a g e. T h e l o w e r h a l f o f t h e s p e c i m e n w a s d e c a l c i f i e d i n b u f f e r e d % E D T A ( P H 7. 3 ) f o r d a y s, d e h y d r a t e d a n d p a r a f f i n e m b e d d e d. E a c h b l o c k w a s c u t i n 5 -µ m t h i c k i n t h e a x i a l p l a n e a n d s t a i n e d w i t h h e m a t o x y l i n a n d e o s i n. B o n e h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s w a s p e r f o r m e d o n f o u r s e c t i o n s f o r e a c h s a m p l e u s i n g a N I H I m a g e A n a l y s i s S y s t e m. E i g h t i m a g e s w e r e r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d f r o m e a c h s e c t i o n a n d m e a s u r e d f o r t w i c e w i t h a 3 - d a y i n t e r v a l b y a s i n g l e, u n b i a s e d e x a m i n e r w h o w a s b l i n d e d t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s i d e s. L a r g e b a s o p h i l i c c y t o p l a s m a n d e c c e n t r i c a l l y p l a c e d n u c l e u s w e r e r e c o g n i z e d a s o s t e o b l a s t i c m o r p h o l o g y. T h e r e l a t e d b o n e h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c p a r a m e t e r s i n c l u d e d b o n e v o l u m e / t o t a l v o l u m e ( B V / T V, %, r a t i o o f m i n e r a l i z e d a n d u n - m i n e r a l i z e d b o n e v o l u m e t o t h e t o t a l t i s s u e v o l u m e o f d i s t r a c t e d r e g i o n ), n u m b e r o f o s t e o b l a s t s ( / m m 2, n u m b e r o f a c t i v e o s t e o b l a s t s p e r a r e a, e x c l u d i n g l i n i n g c e l l s ) a n d m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e (µ m / d a y, d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n l a b e l s p e r l a b e l l i n g p e r i o d ). S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s T h e r e s u l t s w e r e p r e s e n t e d a s m e a n a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e m e a n. A p a i r e d t t e s t w a s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s i n c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s, m a x i m u m l o a d a n d b o n e h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c p a r a m e t e r s. p < w a s c o n s i d e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n c e. RESU LT S F o u r o f t h e 2 0 r a b b i t s h a d t o b e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e s t u d y. O n e a n i m a l d i e d d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n b e c a u s e o f a n e s t h e s i a p r o b l e m. T w o a n i m a l s d e v e l o p e d i n f e c t i o n o f t h e w o u n d s a n d o n e r e s p i r a t o r y i n f e c t i o n. T h e r e m a i n i n g 1 6 r a b b i t s s h o w e d g o o d t o l e r a n c e t o t h e w h o l e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e a n d w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o s e p a r a t e g r o u p s w i t h c o n s o l i d a t i o n t i m e o f 1 4 ( n = 8 ) a n d 2 8 ( n = 8 ) d a y s r e s p e c t i v e l y. A l l s p e c i m e n s o f t h e 1 6 r a b b i t s u n d e r w e n t r a d i o g r a p h i c e v a l u a t i o n, c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s m e a s u r e m e n t, m e c h a n i c a l t e s t i n g a n d d e c a l c i f i e d a n d u n d e c a l c i f i e d h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s. N o d i f f e r e n c e o n t h e a m o u n t o f d i s t a n c e s a c h i e v e d o r r e g e n e r a t e c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s w a s o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s ( T a b 1 ). R a d i o g r a p h i c E v a l u a t i o n a n d M e c h a n i c a l T e s t i n g

4 2241 WANG ET AL. I n t h e 1 4 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t, X - r a y s s h o w e d t h a t t h e r a d i o d e n s i t y a t t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e w a s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e c o n t r o l s i d e i n m o s t c a s e s ( 6 / 8, F i g. 2 ), a n d t h e m a x i m u m l o a d i n t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e c o n t r o l s i d e ( p < , F i g. 3 ). S i m i l a r l y, h N G Fβ i n c r e a s e d t h e m a x i m u m l o a d b y 2 3 % i n t h e 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t ( p < , F i g. 3 ). Ta b l e 1. C a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s a n d h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s a 1 4 d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n 2 8 d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n C o n t r o l T r e a t m e n t C o n t r o l T r e a t m e n t D i s t a n c e a c h i e v e d ( m m ) ± ± ± ± L a b i a l - l i n g u a l d i m e n s i o n ( m m ) ± ± ± ± S u p e r i o r - i n f e r i o r d i m e n s i o n ( m m ) ± ± ± ± B o n e v o l u m e / t o t a l v o l u m e ( % ) ± ± * ± ± * N u m b e r o f o s t e o b l a s t s ( / m m 2 ) ± ± ± ± M i n e r a l i z e d b o n e p e r c e n t a g e ( % ) ± ± 8. 6 * ± ± * a M e a n a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e m e a n. * p < c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n t r o l s i d e a f t e r t h e s a m e d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n. B o n e H i s t o l o g y a n d H i s t o m o r p h o m e t r y I n t h e 1 4 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t, t h e d i s t r a c t i o n g a p s o f b o t h t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s w e r e c o m p l e t e l y u n i t e d m a i n l y w i t h w o v e n b o n e a n d t h e r e w a s i n i t i a l r e p l a c e m e n t o f w o v e n b o n e b y l a m e l l a r b o n e. T h e b o n y t r a b e c u l a e r i m m e d b y o s t e o b l a s t s s h o w e d o r i e n t a t i o n a l o n g t h e a x i s o f m e c h a n i c a l f o r c e. I n c o m p a r i s o n, t h e b o n y t r a b e c u l a e w e r e t h i c k e r i n t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e ( F i g. 4 ). I n t h e 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t, t h e b o n y t r a b e c u l a e b e c a m e t h i c k e r i n b o t h s i d e s, a l s o r i m m e d b y o s t e o b l a s t s. T h e s t r u c t u r e o f b o n y t r a b e c u l a e w a s a m i x t u r e o f w o v e n a n d l a m e l l a r i n t h e c o n t r o l s i d e a n d m o s t l y l a m e l l a r b o n e i n t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e. h N G Fβ i n c r e a s e d B V / T V b y 5 1 % ( p < ) a n d 2 6 % ( p < ) i n t h e 1 4 a n d 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( T a b 1 ). S i m i l a r l y, h N G Fβ i n c r e a s e d m i n e r a l i z e d b o n e p e r c e n t a g e b y 3 7 % ( p < ) a n d 1 9 % ( p < ) i n t h e t w o c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s r e s p e c t i v e l y ( T a b 1 ). T h e n u m b e r o f o s t e o b l a s t s / m m 2 w a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s ( T a b 1 ). I n b o t h 1 4 a n d 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s, t h e m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e o f t h e 1 s t t h d a y a f t e r d i s t r a c t i o n w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n t r o l s i d e ( p < ), b u t t h e r a t e o f t h e 1 2 t h n d d a y a f t e r d i s t r a c t i o n w a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s i n t h e 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t ( T a b 2 ). F i g 2. R e p r e s e n t a t i v e r a d i o g r a p h s h o w i n g t h e e f f e c t o f h N G Fβ o n b o n e r e g e n e r a t i o n ( 1 4 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t ).

5 EXOGENOUS NGF IN DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS Fig 3. T he e ffe ct of hn GF β on t he maxi mum l oad i n a t hre e -poi nt be ndi ng te s t. * p< compare d wi t h t he cont rol si de aft e r t he same da ys of consol i dat i on. DISC USSION Ma ny attempts ha ve been ma de to shorten the bone consolidation period during DO, inclu ding low-inten sity pu lsed ultra sou nd,25 r ecombina nt growth hormone,26 inter mittent parathyroid hormone,27 ca lcitonin a nd a lendronate,28 calciu m sulpha te,29 a nd gr owth fa ctor s lik e B MPs a nd IG F.30,31 In the present stu dy, loca lly a pplied hngfβ accelerated callu s ma tu ra tion of a di st ra ct i on ga p i n a ra bbi t ma ndi bul ar di st ra ct i on model. D i str a cti on model s i n t he ma ndi bl e ha ve been following the way of successful distraction models in long bone for many years. Bu t there are some differences bet ween the mandible and a long bone such as tibia in rabbits. T he mandible is 2242 mainly composed of cancellous bone with much t hi nner cor t ex t ha n i n t i bia. T her efor e, t he ca ll u s formed in the mandible distraction is more uni for m i n ca ncel l ou s bone a nd cor t ex t ha n i n a long bone distraction and easier for histological evalua tion. B esides, the mor e a bu nda nt blood su pply in the ma ndible mak es a shorter la tency period possible. In this distraction model, we applied a distra ctor su ita ble for simu lta neou s bila tera l distra ction of the body of ra bbit mandibles without the need for two separate devices. Anoth er a dva nta ge of this model is the esta blishm ent of an intraindividua l pla cebo control. T he clap-shaped distraction device in this model ma y a lso be a da pted to a fu tur e model of simulta neou s distra ction in par a llel long bones, su ch a s ra diu s/u lna a nd tibia /fibu la. T he possible adva nta ges include pr oviding a precise simulta neou s distra ction of both long bones a nd the smaller size which causes less inconveniences. W hen star ting to u se this model in ou r pr eviou s stu dies, de spite injection of a ntibiotics, we observed many local infections in rabbits of which su bcu ta neou s a bsce ss i s a maj or t ype (u npu bl i shed da ta ). T he high inf ection r ate in the se stu dies could be ma inly a ttr ibu ted to a less m eticulou s sur ger y techniqu e a nd conta mina tion of the mi dl i ne i nci si on dur i ng ea t i ng or dr i nki ng. T he incidence of local infection in the present study ha s been r edu ced to % (2 /19 ) by impr oving the surgical techniques and applying an antimicrobia l ointment to the wou nd. The rabbit models of leg or mandible lengthening a r e well- esta blished a nd ha ve been u sed extensiv ely to perform ca llu s stimu la tion stu dies Pr eviou s r epor ts u sing these mo dels ha ve sho wn tha t the optima l ra te of lengthening is about 1.0 mm da ily; fa ster ra tes ( >1.3 mm/da y) ca n r esu lt in a poor qu a lity of bone for ma tion.32,33 Fig 4. T h e e f f e ct o f h N GF β o n t h e h i st o l o g y o f t he di s t r act ed cal l u s i n t he 1 4 d a ys co n s o l i d at i o n e x pe r i m e nt. ( A) t re at me nt s i de, ( B) cont rol s i de ( He mat ox yl i n and e os i n st a i ni ng, ba r le ngt h 0. 5 mm). DO I /j or JO URNAL OF O RT HO PAEDIC RESEARCH 2006

6 2243 WANG ET AL. Ta b l e 2 M i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e a n a l y s i s a a 1 4 d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n D a y d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n D a y D a y C o n t r o l ± ± ± T r e a t m e n t ± * ± * ± a M e a n a n d s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e m e a n. (µ m / d a y ) * p < c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c o n t r o l s i d e a f t e r t h e s a m e d a y s o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n. A l t h o u g h f a s t r a t e s ( 1. 5 o r 2 m m / d a y ) w e r e d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o s e n t o e s t a b l i s h m o d e l s o f p o o r b o n e f o r m a t i o n i n m a n y p r e v i o u s c a l l u s s t i m u l a t i o n s t u d i e s, 2 4, 3 0, 3 4 a s l o w r a t e o f 0. 5 m m p e r 1 2 h o u r s w a s c h o s e n i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y t o m i m i c n o r m a l c l i n i c a l s i t u a t i o n s o f d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. W e b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s s l o w r a t e w i t h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e N G F a l o n g w i t h t h e l a t e n c y p e r i o d c a n b e o f m o r e i m p o r t a n t c l i n i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e. B a s e d o n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a q u i c k e r h e a l i n g p r o c e s s i n r a b b i t s t h a n i n h u m a n s, d i f f e r e n t l a t e n c y p e r i o d s s u c h a s 5 d a y s 3 5 a n d 3 d a y s 3 6 w e r e r e c o m m e n d e d i n p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o n r a b b i t m o d e l s o f m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. I f t h e l a t e n c y p e r i o d i s t o o s h o r t, r e l e a s e d s o f t t i s s u e a n d p e r i o s t e u m c a n n o t g a i n t h e i r r e c o v e r y a n d t h e r e a r e n o t e n o u g h o s t e o g e n i t o r c e l l s r e a d y f o r t h e s t r a i n. B u t i f t h e l a t e n c y p e r i o d i s t o o l o n g, p r e m a t u r e c o n s o l i d a t i o n m a y o c c u r a n d d i s t r a c t i o n i s c o n s e q u e n t l y d i f f i c u l t. 3 5 I n t h e p r e s e n t m o d e l, w e o b s e r v e d t h a t a n a v e r a g e o f 2. 5 d a y s w a s n e e d e d f o r r a b b i t s t o a d a p t t o t h e d i s t r a c t i o n d e v i c e a n d r e g a i n f u l l m a s t i c a t o r y. T h u s, w e a s s u m e d t h a t s o f t t i s s u e a n d p e r i o s t e u m c o u l d g a i n t h e i r r e c o v e r y a f t e r 3. 5 d a y s a n d a 3. 5 d a y l a t e n c y p e r i o d w a s s u i t a b l e. I n D O, i t h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t s t r a i n i s t h e k e y s t i m u l a t o r o f t h e o s t e o g e n i c c e l l s, i n w h i c h e x p r e s s i o n o f g r o w t h f a c t o r s a n d s i g n a l i n g f a c t o r s i s i n c r e a s e d a s l o n g a s t h e d i s t r a c t i o n i s m a i n t a i n e d a n d q u i c k l y d o w n r e g u l a t e d a s s o o n a s t h e d i s t r a c t i o n c o m p l e t e s. 3 7 T h e r e f o r e, t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d a r e v e r y l i k e l y t o b e a k e y p e r i o d n e e d i n g e x o g e n o u s g r o w t h f a c t o r s. B a s e d o n t h e f i n d i n g s o f B M P s e x p r e s s i o n p r o f i l e, s i n g l e o r r e p e a t e d i n j e c t i o n s o f B M P s a p p l i e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d r e s u l t e d i n e n h a n c e d b o n e c o n s o l i d a t i o n i n a n i m a l m o d e l s o f D O. 1 8, 2 0, 3 0 B e c a u s e t h e e x p r e s s i o n p a t t e r n o f N G F i s v e r y l i k e l y t o m i m i c t h e e x p r e s s i o n p r o f i l e o f B M P s d u r i n g d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s, N G F i n j e c t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d ( a b o u t 2 w e e k s a f t e r o s t e o t o m y ) i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y. I n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e e r r o r o f i n j e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e, w e c h o s e r e p e a t e d i n j e c t i o n s i n s t e a d o f a s i n g l e i n j e c t i o n. B e s i d e s, a n i n t e r v a l p e r i o d o f 2 d a y s w a s a l s o d e s i g n e d t o a l l o w t h e r a b b i t s t o r e c o v e r f r o m i n j u r y o f p u n c t u r e. A c c e l e r a t e d c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n o f t h e d i s t r a c t i o n g a p d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d i s v e r y l i k e l y t o b e a n i m p o r t a n t p e r i o d n e e d i n g e x o g e n o u s N G F. I n t h i s s t u d y, m e c h a n i c a l t e s t i n g s h o w e d t h a t t h e m a x i m u m l o a d o n t h e t r e a t m e n t s i d e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o n t h e c o n t r o l s i d e i n b o t h 1 4 a n d 2 8 d a y s c o n s o l i d a t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s. B e c a u s e n o d i f f e r e n c e o n t h e c a l l u s d i m e n s i o n s w a s o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s, t h e m a j o r r e a s o n f o r t h e i n c r e a s e d m a x i m u m l o a d s h o u l d b e t h e i m p r o v e d a r r a n g e m e n t a n d d i m e n s i o n o f e a c h t r a b e c u l a a n d b e t t e r b o n e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n. F u r t h e r, b o n e h i s t o l o g i c a l a n d h i s t o m o r p h o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t h N G Fβ i m p r o v e d t h e d e n s i t y a n d q u a l i t y o f r e g e n e r a t e t r a b e c u l a e. I n t e r e s t i n g l y, n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s d e t e c t e d o n t h e n u m b e r o f o s t e o b l a s t s b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s. T h i s c a n b e p a r t l y e x p l a i n e d b y t h e p r e v i o u s f i n d i n g s t h a t N G F c a n e n h a n c e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h e e x i s t e n t p o p u l a t i o n o f o s t e o b l a s t s w i t h o u t e n h a n c i n g t h e i r p r o l i f e r a t i o n. 1 4 B e s i d e s, w e d e t e c t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n m i n e r a l a p p o s i t i o n r a t e s b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l s i d e s. S u c h a d i f f e r e n c e r e f l e c t s t h e e f f e c t o f h N G Fβ o n i n d i v i d u a l o s t e o b l a s t s. O u r s t u d y h a s l i m i t a t i o n s, a n d a v a r i e t y o f p r o b l e m s a w a i t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s. F i r s t, w e c h o s e t h e d o s e o f 4 0 µ g h N G Fβ o n l y o n d a t a o f a p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y, n o t o n t h a t o f r e l e a s e k i n e t i c s o r c l e a r a n c e r a t e. S e c o n d, w e d i d n o t f o l l o w t h e w h o l e h e a l i n g p r o c e s s u n t i l t h e e n d o f o p t i m a l c o n s o l i d a t i o n ; a n d d i d n o t t e s t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t d i s t r a c t i o n s p e e d s, d i s t a n c e s a n d d o s e s o f h N G Fβ o n c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n. T h i r d, t h e u s e o f c a r r i e r m a t e r i a l s i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o p r o t e c t t h e l o c a l l y a p p l i e d s o l u b l e p r o t e i n f a c t o r s f r o m i n a c t i v a t i o n. 3 8 A l t h o u g h t h e d i s t r a c t i o n t i s s u e t h a t f o r m e d a f t e r 1 0 d a y s o f d i s t r a c t i o n m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a m a t r i x f o r t h e i n j e c t e d h N G Fβ a n d a c l e a r e f f e c t o n c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n w a s o b s e r v e d, t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n n e e d t o b e i m p r o v e d, f o r e x a m p l e b y a p p l y i n g i n j e c t a b l e o r d e g r a d a b l e c a r r i e r m a t e r i a l s. F o u r t h, t h e p o t e n t i a l a b i l i t y o f p r o m o t i n g t h e r e c o v e r y o f i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e i n j u r y, o n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f N G F, h a s n o t b e e n e v a l u a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y. M o r e o v e r, m a n y i s s u e s s u c h a s p r o p e r d o s e a n d a d e q u a t e f r e q u e n c y o f i n j e c t i o n s r e m a i n u n a n s w e r e d f o r f u t u r e c l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f h N G Fβ. N o n e t h e l e s s, w e h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t l o c a l l y a p p l i e d h N G Fβ c a n a c c e l e r a t e c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n i n a r a b b i t m o d e l o f m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. I t m a y t h e r e f o r e p l a y a r o l e i n s h o r t e n i n g t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d a n d l o w e r i n g

7 EXOGENOUS NGF IN DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS 2244 t h e n u m b e r o f c o m p l i c a t i o n s i n m a n d i b u l a r o r l o n g b o n e D O c l i n i c a l l y. ACKN OW LEDGM ENT S W e a r e g r a t e f u l t o D r. R u i L i u a n d D r. C h e n g L i n f o r e x c e l l e n t t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e, D r. R u i f e n g L i u a n d D r. L e i T i a n f o r h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s. T h i s s t u d y w a s f i n a n c i a l l y s u p p o r t e d b y a g r a n t f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l N a t u r a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n o f C h i n a ( N o ), a k e y p r o j e c t s u p p o r t e d b y t h e A r m y S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n a n d a d o c t o r a l f u n d f r o m t h e F o u r t h M i l i t a r y M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t y. REF ERENC E S 1. I l i z a r o v G A. C l i n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e t e n s i o n - s t r e s s e f f e c t f o r l i m b l e n g t h e n i n g. C l i n O r t h o p ; : T s u c h i y a H, U e h a r a K, A b d e l - W a n i s M E, e t a l. D e f o r m i t y c o r r e c t i o n f o l l o w e d b y l e n g t h e n i n g w i t h t h e I l i z a r o v m e t h o d. C l i n O r t h o p ; : M c C a r t h y J G, S c h r e i b e r J, K a r p N, e t a l. L e n g t h e n i n g t h e h u m a n m a n d i b l e b y g r a d u a l d i s t r a c t i o n. P l a s t R e c o n s t r S u r g ; 8 9 : K l e i n C, H o w a l d t H P. L e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e h y p o p l a s t i c m a n d i b l e b y g r a d u a l d i s t r a c t i o n i n c h i l d h o o d - a p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t. J C r a n i o m a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 2 3 ( 2 ) : S m i t h K S. P a e d i a t r i c s l e e p a p n o e a a n d t r e a t m e n t w i t h d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. A n n R A u s t r a l a s C o l l D e n t S u r g ; 1 5 : H i l l E L, E l d e R. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f C G R P -, V I P -, D b e t a H -, S P - a n d N P Y - i m m u n o r e a c t i v e n e r v e s i n t h e p e r i o s t e u m o f t h e r a t. C e l l T i s s u e R e s ; : H u k k a n e n M., K o n t i n n e n Y T, S a n t a v i r t a S, e t a l. R a p i d p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f c a l c i t o n i n g e n e - r e l a t e d p e p t i d e - i m m u n o r e a c t i v e n e r v e s d u r i n g h e a l i n g o f r a t t i b i a l f r a c t u r e s u g g e s t s n e u r a l i n v o l v e m e n t i n b o n e g r o w t h a n d r e m o d e l i n g. N e u r o s c i e n c e ; 5 4 : H i l l E L, T u r n e r R., E l d e, R. E f f e c t s o f n e o n a t a l s y m p a t h e c t o m y a n d c a p s a i c i n t r e a t m e n t o n b o n e r e m o d e l i n g i n r a t s. N e u r o s c i e n c e ; 4 4 : S a n d h u H S, H e r s k o v i t s M S, S i n g h I J. 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A n t i - a p o p t o t i c a c t i o n o f n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r i n m o u s e o s t e o b l a s t i c c e l l l i n e. L i f e S c i ; 6 7 : Y a d a M., Y a m a g u c h i K., T s u j i T. N G F s t i m u l a t e s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f o s t e o b l a s t i c M C 3 T 3 - E 1 c e l l s. B i o c h e m B i o p h y s R e s C o m m u n ; : E p p l e y B L, S n y d e r s R V, W i n k e l m a n n T M, e t a l E f f i c a c y o f n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r i n r e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e m a n d i b u l a r n e r v e : a p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t. J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 4 9 : G r i l l s B L, S c h u i j e r s J A, W a r d A R. T o p i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r i m p r o v e s f r a c t u r e h e a l i n g i n r a t s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 1 5 : L e t i c - G a v r i l o v i c A, P i a t t e l l i A, A b e K, e t a l. 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T h e r o l e o f n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r a n d b r a i n - d e r i v e d n e u r o t r o p h i c f a c t o r i n i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e r e g e n e r a t i o n i n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. J C r a n i o f a c S u r g ; 1 4 : T a n g Z, H u J, L i J, a n d Z o u S. E f f e c t o f n e r v e g r o w t h f a c t o r a n d S c h w a n n c e l l s o n a x o n r e g e n e r a t i o n o f d i s t r a c t e d i n f e r i o r a l v e o l a r n e r v e f o l l o w i n g m a n d i b u l a r l e n g t h e n i n g. C h i n J T r a u m a t o l ; 7 : A s a u m i K, N a k a n i s h i T, A s a h a r a H, e t a l. E x p r e s s i o n o f n e u r o t r o p h i n s a n d t h e i r r e c e p t o r s ( T R K ) d u r i n g f r a c t u r e h e a l i n g. B o n e ; 2 6 : T e r h e y d e n H, W a n g H, W a r n k e P H, e t a l. A c c e l e r a t i o n o f c a l l u s m a t u r a t i o n u s i n g r h O P - 1 i n m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s i n a r a t m o d e l. I n t J M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 3 2 : C h a n C W, Q i n L, L e e K M, e t a l. L o w i n t e n s i t y p u l s e d u l t r a s o u n d a c c e l e r a t e d b o n e r e m o d e l i n g d u r i n g c o n s o l i d a t i o n s t a g e o f d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 2 4 : R a s c h k e M J, B a i l H., W i n d h a g e n H J, e t a l. R e c o m b i n a n t g r o w t h h o r m o n e a c c e l e r a t e s b o n e r e g e n e r a t e c o n s o l i d a t i o n i n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. B o n e ; 4 : S e e b a c h C, S k r i p i t z R, A n d r e a s s e n T T, e t a l. I n t e r m i t t e n t p a r a t h y r o i d h o r m o n e ( ) e n h a n c e s m e c h a n i c a l s t r e n g t h a n d d e n s i t y o f n e w b o n e a f t e r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s i n r a t s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 2 2 : S e n C, G u n e s T, E r d e m M, e t a l. E f f e c t s o f c a l c i t o n i n a n d a l e n d r o n a t e o n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. I n t O r t h o p ; 8 ( 3 0 ) : C h o B C, C h u n g H Y, L e e D G, e t a l. T h e e f f e c t o f c h i t o s a n b e a d e n c a p s u l a t i n g c a l c i u m s u l f a t e a s a n i n j e c t a b l e b o n e s u b s t i t u t e o n c o n s o l i d a t i o n i n t h e m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s o f a d o g m o d e l. J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 6 3 : L i G, B o u x s e i n M L, L u p p e n C, e t a l. B o n e c o n s o l i d a t i o n i s e n h a n c e d b y r h B M P - 2 i n a r a b b i t m o d e l o f d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 2 0 : S t e w a r t K J, W e y a n d B, v a n ' t H o f R J, e t a l. A q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h e e f f e c t o f i n s u l i n - l i k e g r o w t h f a c t o r - 1 i n f u s i o n d u r i n g m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s i n r a b b i t s. B r J P l a s t S u r g

8 2245 WANG ET AL ; 5 2 : A l - R u h a i m i K A. C o m p a r i s o n o f d i f f e r e n t d i s t r a c t i o n r a t e s i n t h e m a n d i b l e : A n e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n. I n t J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 3 0 : L i G, S i m p s o n A H, K e n w r i g h t J, e t a l. E f f e c t o f l e n g t h e n i n g r a t e o n a n g i o g e n e s i s d u r i n g d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 1 7 : S a k u r a k i c h i K, T s u c h i y a H, U e h a r a K, e t a l. E f f e c t s o f t i m i n g o f l o w - i n t e n s i t y p u l s e d u l t r a s o u n d o n d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. J O r t h o p R e s ; 2 2 : A i d a T, Y o s h i o k a I, T o m i n a g a K, e t a l. E f f e c t s o f l a t e n c y p e r i o d i n a r a b b i t m a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. I n t J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 3 2 : l - S e b a e i M, G a g a r i E a n d P a p a g e o r g e M. M a n d i b u l a r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s : a r a b b i t m o d e l u s i n g a n o v e l e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n. J O r a l M a x i l l o f a c S u r g ; 6 3 : C i l l o J E J r, G a s s n e r R, K o e p s e l R R, e t a l. G r o w t h f a c t o r a n d c y t o k i n e g e n e e x p r e s s i o n i n m e c h a n i c a l l y s t r a i n e d h u m a n o s t e o b l a s t - l i k e c e l l s : i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r d i s t r a c t i o n o s t e o g e n e s i s. O r a l S u r g O r a l M e d O r a l P a t h o l O r a l R a d i o l E n d o d ; 9 0 : U l u d a g H, G a o T, P o r t e r T J, e t a l. D e l i v e r y s y s t e m s f o r B M P s : f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o p r o t e i n r e t e n t i o n a t a n a p p l i c a t i o n s i t e. J B o n e J o i n t S u r g A m ; A S u p p l 1 ( P t 2 ) : S

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