Pumped Thermal Exergy Storage Past, Present and Future
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1 Pumped Thermal Exergy Storage Past, Present and Future Alexander White Josh McTigue, Pau Farres-Antunez, Haobai Xue Caroline Willich, Christos Markides (Imperial), Chris Dent (Durham) Department of Engineering UK Energy Storage Conference. 1 st December 2016
2 What is Pumped Thermal Exergy Storage? Heat pump Storage Heat engine Work Thermal exergy Thermal exergy Work +? The literature uses several names PHES: Pumped Heat Electricity Storage TEES: Thermo-Electrical Energy Storage CHEST: Compressed Heat Energy Storage SEPT: Stockage d Electricité par Pompage Thermique
3 Possible embodiments of PTES T h T h Q h Cold Storage Q h W p CHP Q 0 W p CHP Q 0 W p CHP T 0 Q c Hot Storage Q c T c T c Combined
4 Possible embodiments of PTES (red = Isentropic s PHES) Storage type: - hot / cold / combined - sensible heat / latent heat - packed bed / liquid tank / other (e.g., concrete) Thermodynamic cycle: - Rankine / Joule-Brayton / other (e.g., transcritical CO 2 ) Compression & expansion: - turbomachinery / reciprocating / other Heat exchange: - direct (packed bed) / intermediate HX
5 A (very) brief history of PTES 1852: Kelvin s Heat Multiplier 2007: (Oct): Isentropic s PHES patent
6 A (very) brief history of PTES 1924: Thermodynamic steambased storage device (Marguerre) 1978: First solely thermal energy storage system (Cahn) 1852: Kelvin s Heat Multiplier 1977: Forerunner of LAES (Smith) 2007: (Oct): Isentropic s PHES patent 2007: (Jan): PHES patent (Wolf) Last Thursday: Isentropic s SVS engine is turned over
7 Whole-system analysis (Strbac et al 2012) Annual saving, bn/y Bulk storage (2020) Distributed storage (2020) Storage cost, /kw.y Storage cost, /kw.y savings cost Installed capacity, GW Installed capacity, GW Annual saving, bn/y Savings from distributed storage are greater for a given storage cost Benefits are relatively insensitive to storage efficiency
8 Cost minimisation and endoreversible stuff (Thess, Guo et al) A crude model of costs: Total cost = Engine cost + Cost of heat exchange + Storage cost C = k e W e + k x A x + k s E s ρ e C A W = k e + k x t x + k d s e W e η e ρ e endoreversible analysis minimises this
9 Cost minimisation and endoreversible stuff (Thess, Guo et al) A crude model of costs: Figure courtesy of Markides Total cost = Engine cost + Cost of heat exchange + Storage cost C = k e W e + k x A x + k s E s ρ e C A W = k e + k x t x + k d s e W e η e ρ e endoreversible analysis minimises this
10 Endoreversible analysis: maximum power of CHE T 4 T h Q 1 = α h (T h T 1 ) Chambadal-Novikov efficiency: η e * = W p Q 1 = 1 T 0 T h T 1 Ẇ p RHP RHE Ẇ e Maximum normalised power: T 2 Q 2 = α 0 (T 2 T 0 ) ψ e = W e = ( T h / T 0 1) 2 (α h + α 0 )T 0 4 Occurs at T 1 / T 2 = T h / T 0 and α 0 = α h T 0 T 3
11 Endoreversible analysis: efficiency for hot storage T 4 Q 4 = k Q 1 T h Q 1 = α h (T h T 1 ) T 1 k = discharge time, t d charge time, t c Round-trip efficiency: Ẇ p Ẇ e RHP RHE χ = COP p η e = (k + 1)θ k (k + 1)θ + 1 T 2 Q 2 = α 0 (T 2 T 0 ) where: θ = T h / T 0 T 0 T 3
12 Endoreversible analysis: efficiency for hot storage T 4 Q 4 = k Q 1 Storage temperature, o C T h 0.6 Hot storage Q 1 = α h (T h T 1 ) 0.5 Ẇ p Ẇ e RHP RHE T 1 T 2 Round-trip efficiency, !! Q 2 = α 0 (T 2 T 0 ) 0.1 T T 3 Temperature ratio, T s / T 0
13 Endoreversible analysis: efficiency for cold storage T 4 T 0 Storage temperature, o C Q 1 = α 0 (T 0 T 1 ) 0.6 Cold storage Hot storage T W p RHP RHE. W e T 2 Q 2 = α c (T 2 T c ) Round-trip efficiency, T c 0.1 Q 3 = k Q T 3 Temperature ratio, T s / T 0
14 Endoreversible analysis: efficiency vs. power density Round-trip efficiency, Hot Cold Normalised power output, e
15 Endoreversible analysis: combined hot & cold storage 0.6 T c = -150 o C 500 Round-trip efficiency, Hot Cold Combined Normalised power output, e
16 Exergetic storage density (kwh / m 3 ) Exergetic density, kwh / m PTES cold liquid N 2 CAES PHS hot water PTES hot Storage temperature, o C
17 Isentropic s SVS (Scaled Validation Model of PHES) Hot and cold layered thermal stores for a 120 kw system HOT (500 o C) COLD ( 150 o C)
18 Efficiency-cost optimisation (packed-bed reservoirs) 100 Open symbols = layered stores 98 valves Efficiency (%) R1: Hot (Argon) R2: Cold (Argon) Normalised cost per unit returned energy Isentropic s layered store concept GA optimisation for different packed-bed thermal reservoirs (Josh McTigue, 2015)
19 Isentropic s SVS : The Engine Double-acting reversible reciprocating compressor / expander HOT side COLD side (below gallery)
20 PTES is sensitive to all loss parameters (low work ratio ) heat exchange effectiveness χ = fn( P i, T i, η j, ε k, f l ) polytropic efficiencies pressure loss factors 100 = Thermodynamic efficiency, = 0.95 = 0.90 Thermodynamic efficiency, = 0.99 = 0.95 = Pressure ratio, Pressure ratio, Liquid PTES 2-stage A-CAES
21 Compression & Expansion Losses: Valve Losses Early prototype piston / valve arrangement for a heat pump P-V diagram from an off-the-shelf compressor Isentropic s cunning valve design P-V diagram from Isentropic s device
22 Compression & Expansion Losses: Thermodynamic Losses 10 1 isothermal adiabatic Loss CFD Air r v =6.8 CFD Helium r =6.8 v CFD Helium r v =2.0 Exp. Helium r v = Pe slow fast
23 Load-Integrated Energy Storage (LIES) Electricity in Low-grade heating Refrigeration and / or cooling Electricity out
24 More LIES T-s Diagram T-s Diagram 600 Charge Discharge Charge Discharge Temperature, C Temperature, C q out < 50 o C q out < 50 o C q out > 75 o C Specific Entropy, KJ/kgK Specific Entropy, KJ/kgK Optimised for work output Lower discharge pressure
25 The UK s Energy Storage Inventory (data from DOE) 3.5 PHS Mechanical Batteries 3.0 Installed capacity, GW
26 SUMMARY q PTES has good potential for distributed storage q High power density and efficiency go together for (hot + cold) storage q Possible scope for load integration (cooling / heating) q Low temperature PTES is probably best used for low-grade heat q High compression and expansion efficiencies need to be demonstrated q To reap the benefits of a whole-system approach it s probably best to have a whole system
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