Week 8. Steady Flow Engineering Devices. GENESYS Laboratory

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1 Week 8. Steady Flow Engineering Devices

2 Objectives 1. Solve energy balance problems for common steady-flow devices such as nozzles, compressors, turbines, throttling valves, mixers, heaters, and heat exchangers 2. Apply the energy balance to general unsteady-flow processes with particular emphasis on the uniform-flow process as the model for commonly encountered charging and discharging processes

3 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices The components of a steam plant(turbines, compressors, heat exchanger, and pumps) can be conveniently analyzed as steady-flow devices.

4 Nozzles and Diffusers Nozzle: a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of pressure Diffuser : a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it down 2 2 V2 V1 Qɺ Wɺ = mɺ h2 h g( z2 z1) 2 Assumptions Qɺ 0 (the fluid has high velocity) Wɺ = 0 pe 0 h h = 1 2 V V Subsonic flows

5 Ex1) Deceleration of Air in a Diffuser

6 Ex2) Acceleration of Steam in a Nozzle

7 Turbines and Compressors Turbine: a device that drives the electric generator Compressor: a device that increases the pressure of a fluid 2 2 V2 V1 Qɺ Wɺ = mɺ h2 h g( z2 z1) 2 Assumptions Qɺ 0 (well insulated) pe 0 ke 0 ke h ( ) Wɺ = mɺ h h 1 2

8 Compressor During the same t

9 Ex3) Compressing Air by a Compressor

10 Ex4) Power Generation by a Steam Turbine

11 Throttling Valves Throttling valve: a device that cause large pressure drops in the fluid 2 2 V2 V1 Qɺ Wɺ = mɺ h2 h g( z2 z1) 2 Assumptions Qɺ 0 (well insulated) Wɺ 0 pe 0 ke 0 ke h h h 2 1 isenthalpic device or constant enthalpy device u + Pv = u + P v

12 Ex5) Expansion of Refrigerant-134a in a Refrigerator

13 Mixing Chambers Mixing chamber: a section where the mixing process takes place 2 2 V2 V1 Qɺ Wɺ = mɺ h2 h g( z2 z1) 2 Assumptions Qɺ 0 (well insulated) Wɺ = 0 pe 0 ke 0 ( h ) mɺ h = 1 2 0

14 Ex6) Mixing of Hot and Cold Waters in a Shower 60 C 150 kpa 10 C 45 C

15 Heat Exchangers Heat exchanger: a device where two moving fluid streams exchange heat without mixing 2 2 V2 V1 Qɺ Wɺ = mɺ h2 h g( z2 z1) 2 Assumptions Qɺ depending on the control volume Wɺ = 0 pe 0 ke 0 ( 1 h2 ) ( ) mɺ h = 0 mɺ h h = Qɺ 2 1

16 Ex7) Cooling of Refrigerant-134a by Water

17 Pipe and Duct Flow 2 2 V2 V1 Qɺ Wɺ = mɺ h2 h g( z2 z1) 2 Assumptions Qɺ depending on the control volume Wɺ depending on the control volume pe 0 ke 0 ( ) Qɺ Wɺ = mɺ h h cv cv 2 1 at incompressible substance ( ) ( ) ) ( ) h = h h = u u + v P P = c( T T + v P P

18 Ex8) Electric Heating of Air in a House

19 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes Unsteady-flow : processes involving changes within the control volume with time The shape and size of a control volume may change during an unsteady-flow process Uniform flow process: the fluid flow at any inlet or exit is uniform and steady, and thus the fluid properties do not change with time or position over the cross section of an inlet or exit. If they do, they are averaged and treated as constants for the entire process.

20 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes II Energy balance for a uniform-flow system Q + W + mθ Q + W + mθ = m e m e where, θ = h + ke + pe ( ) in in out out system in out e = u + ke + pe If KE 0, PE 0 out in net,in in out net,out out in ( ) Q W = mh mh + m u m u Q = Q = Q Q W = W = W W system Although both the steady-flow and uniform-flow processes are somewhat idealized, many actual processes can be approximated reasonably well by one of these with satisfactory results

21 Summary An universal form of Energy balance equation de ein dt mass balance system eout = = m m = ( m m ) 0 i e 2 1 CV for a general steady-flow system Q + W + mθ Q + W + mθ = in in out out in out for a general unsteady-flow system Q + W + mθ Q + W + mθ = m e m e where, θ = h + ke + pe 0 ( ) in in out out system in out e = u + ke + pe

22 Ex9) Charging of a Rigid Tank by Steam

23 Ex10) Cooking with a Pressure Cooker

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