Lecture 12 Oxygen deficiency in the geological record
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1 Lecture 12 Oxygen deficiency in the geological record Biomarkers and paleoenvironments Plankton ecology Redox changes and water column stratification Sea-surface temperature Mechanisms for ocean deoxygenation Examples of oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) Cretaceous OAE-2 (Cenomanian-Turonian, ~93.5 Ma) Permian-Triassic mass extinction (~252 Ma) 1
2 Global marine primary production - sized Microphytoplankton >20 mm Diatoms & Dinoflagellates These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. Nanophytoplankton 2-20 mm Prymnesiophytes Please see the images on Picophytoplankton <2 mm Cyanobacteria 2 Uitz et al. (2010 Global Biogeochemical Cycles)
3 Evolution of modern marine phytoplankton These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. 3 Katz et al. (2005 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst)
4 Biomarkers & phytoplankton evolution This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Schwart & Empt ( Palaeo)
5 Biomarkers & phytoplankton evolution After Knoll 5et al. (2007)
6 After Knoll et al. (2007) Biomarkers for cyanobacteria
7 Proxies for water column stratification and oxygen deficiency 7
8 Tetrahymanol & Gammacerane Miocene Gessoso-solfifera Formation Tetrahymanol This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. H 3 CS 3-methylthiogammacerane H Gammacerane Sinninghe Damste et al. (1995 GCA)
9 Lycopane Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) OAE These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. Surface sediments Arabian Sea 9 Sinninghe Damste et al. (2003, EPSL)
10 Preservation of extended side-chain hopanes These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. Köster et al. (1997, GCA) 10
11 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) Lipids with linear concatenated cyclobutane moieties [3]-ladderane 2-alkyl glycerol monoether [5]-ladderane FAME These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. [3]-ladderane FAME Sinninghe Damste et al. (2005, FEBS) 11
12 Markers for nitrogen cycling archaea These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. OH bacteria N + O O P O O O Marine crenarchaea: nitrification Anammox bacteria: Anaerobic oxidation of ammonium 12
13 Photic zone euxinia Source: Roger Summons 13
14 14 Source: Roger Summons
15 The Black Sea water chemistry This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. 15 Wakeham et al. (2007, Organic Geochemistry)
16 The Black Sea - biomarkers These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. 16 Wakeham et al. (2007, Organic Geochemistry)
17 The Black Sea - biomarkers These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. 17 Wakeham et al. (2007, Organic Geochemistry)
18 The Black Sea - biomarkers This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. 18 Wakeham et al. (2007, Organic Geochemistry)
19 IPLs follow water column stratification: Black Sea These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. Oxic: phototrophs Suboxic: anoxygenic phototrophs Ammonium oxidizing crenarchaea Anoxic: sulfate-reducing bacteria, unknown anaerobic bacteria Schubotz et al., EM (2009)
20 BHPs in OMZs This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. 20 Saenz et al. (2011, Organic Geochemistry)
21 BHPs in OMZs This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. 21 Saenz et al. (2011, Organic Geochemistry)
22 Proxies for Sea Surface Temperature 22 Image courtesy of NOAA.
23 Temperature proxies: Long-chain Alkenones 23
24 Alkenones in marine surface sediments This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Müller et al. (1998) 24
25 Sea Surface Temperature: TEX 86 These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. V I II III IV V 25 Schouten et al. (2002, EPSL); Kim et al. (2008, GCA)
26 Oxygen deficiency in the past 26
27 After Takashima et al. (2006) OAEs, extinctions & black shales
28 After Takashima et al. (2006) 28
29 Ocean anoxia & black shale formation These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. Takashima et al. (2006, Oceanography) 29
30 Feedback mechanisms & deoxygenation This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Meyer & Kump (2008 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.) 30
31 Mechanisms for ocean anoxia: Volcanism CO 2 Black shales After Bralower (2008, Nature) Turgeon & Creaser (2008, Nature) Meyer & Kump (2008, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci)
32 Mechanisms for ocean anoxia: Orbital forcing These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. Zachos et al. (2001, Science) 32
33 Oxygen deficiency in the past Cretaceous OAEs 33
34 The Cretaceous World & black shales This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Takashima et al. (2006) 34
35 Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) Major perturbation in the global climate ocean system Chemical and/or biological changes in the world oceans Black carbon-rich shales from deep oceans to shealf seas Enhanced productivity Enhanced preservation of organic matter Reduced circulation After Takashima et al. (2006)
36 Small latitudinal temperature gradient Intense volcanism & high pco 2 Greenhouse climate & high sea surface temperatures Enhanced primary productivity This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Widespread anoxia and euxinia High burial of organic carbon Positive isotopic excursion Takashima et al. (2006) 36
37 Cenomanian-Turonian OAE-2 These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. Foster et al. (2007 Paleoceanography) 37
38 Large Igneous Provinces (IPLs) and OAEs These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. Turgeon and Creaser (2008 Nature) 38
39 Cretaceous Sea Surface Temperatures These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. 39 Sinninghe Damste et al. (2010)
40 Cyanobacteria & N 2 fixation These images have been removed due to copyright restrictions. Kuypers et al. (2004 Geology) 40
41 Cyanobacteria & N 2 fixation This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Kuypers et al. (2004 Geology) 41
42 Massive expansion of Marine Archaea This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Kuypers et al. (2001) 42
43 Oxygen deficiency in the past Permian-Triassic boundary 43
44 Permian-Triassic mass extinction (~252 Ma) This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Shen et al. (2011 Nature) 44
45 Photic zone euxinia at the P-T Lindsay Hays (2010 PhD Thesis) 45 Image courtesy of MIT Press.
46 Meishan, southern China This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. 46 Cao et al. (2009, EPSL)
47 Meishan, southern China This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. 47 Cao et al. (2009, EPSL)
48 Meishan, southern China This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. 48 Cao et al. (2009, EPSL)
49 Nitrogen fixation across the P-T This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. 49 Luo et al. (2011, Geology)
50 Western Australia This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Grice et al. (2005 Science) 50
51 Isotope anomaly This image has been removed due to copyright restrictions. Grice et al. (2005 Science) 51
52 Isotope anomaly Lindsay Hays (2010 PhD Thesis) 52 Image courtesy of MIT Press.
53 Isotope anomaly Lindsay Hays (2010 PhD Thesis) Image courtesy of MIT Press.
54 MIT OpenCourseWare Molecular Biogeochemistry Fall 2011 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: 54
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