Ocean Acidifica+on: past analogies, present concerns, future predic+ons. Sco8 Wieman
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1 Ocean Acidifica+on: past analogies, present concerns, future predic+ons Sco8 Wieman
2 Effects Planktonic calcifica+on Carbon and nutrient assimila+on Primary produc+on Acid-base balance Larval stages of higher trophic levels
3 Effects
4 Effects
5 Effects
6 Effects
![Principles of Ocean Acidifica+on pco 2(g) Atmosphere [850] Fossil fuel CO 2 emissions (8.5) Emissions from land use change (1.0) Net CO 2 dissolution (2.](/docs-images/94/121872540/images/7-0.jpg "3) CO 2(aq) + H 2 O H + + HCO 3 - Net CO 2 fixation (10) C org oxidation (9.9) 2H + + CO 3 2- Calcification (1.1) CaCO 3 dissolution (0.6) water column Terrestrial biosphere [2000] CO 2 uptake (2.")
![saturation-increases and their approximate fluxes (PgC yr -1 ) Volcanism C org oxidation (0.1) Ocean [38000] Low temperature basaltic alteration CaCO3 dissolution (0.](/docs-images/94/121872540/images/7-2.jpg "4) sea floor Deep sea CaCO 3 burial (0.1) Shallow water CaCO 3 burial (0.1) Shallow water C org burial (0.1) Surface sediments [0.003 x 10 6 ] Fossil fuels...... [0.005 x 10 6 ] Shales.")
7 Principles of Ocean Acidifica+on pco 2(g) Atmosphere [850] Fossil fuel CO 2 emissions (8.5) Emissions from land use change (1.0) Net CO 2 dissolution (2.3) CO 2(aq) + H 2 O H + + HCO 3 - Net CO 2 fixation (10) C org oxidation (9.9) 2H + + CO 3 2- Calcification (1.1) CaCO 3 dissolution (0.6) water column Terrestrial biosphere [2000] CO 2 uptake (2.0) Carbonate (0.1) Kerogen (0.1) weathering Silicate weathering (0.1) Metamorphism Volcanism (0.1) Processes leading to ocean acidification and/or reduction of CaCO 3 saturation and their approximate fluxes (PgC yr -1 ) Processes leading to ocean alkalinization and/or CaCO 3 saturation-increases and their approximate fluxes (PgC yr -1 ) Volcanism C org oxidation (0.1) Ocean [38000] Low temperature basaltic alteration CaCO3 dissolution (0.4) sea floor Deep sea CaCO 3 burial (0.1) Shallow water CaCO 3 burial (0.1) Shallow water C org burial (0.1) Surface sediments [0.003 x 10 6 ] Fossil fuels [0.005 x 10 6 ] Shales [12 x 10 6 ] Mantle [32 x 10 6 ] Carbonate rocks.... [65 x 10 6 ] Reservoir inventory values [PgC] Fig. 2. When CO dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic cesses leading to ocean alkalinization and/or CaCO saturation increases are Hönisch et al. 2012
8 Terminology Ω=sat. state = [Ca 2+ ]*[CO 2-3 ]*(1/K sp ) Precipita+on is propo+onal to (Ω-1) n for Ω>1 Dissolu+on is propo+onal to (Ω-1) n for Ω<1 Ω=1 is the satura+on horizon, Ω also defines the CCD Calcite: trigonal CaCO 3 Aragonite: orthorhombic CaCO 3
9 Broad Geologic Record Organicwalled dinocysts Cretaceous asteroid impact Deglaciation PETM Toarcian OAE End-Triassic mass extinction End-Permian mass extinction Calcareous nannofossils Planktic foraminifers Benthic foraminifers Shallow reef builders Time (My) Hönisch et al. 2012
10 Boron-11 and ph/pco2 Boron occurs as B(OH)4 and B(OH)3 Rela+ve concentra+ons ph dependent Only B(OH)4 incorporated into shells δ11b in forams records ocean acidity Also serves as a proxy for atmospheric pco2
11 Boron-11 and ph/pco δ 18 O ( V-PDB) δ 11 B ( ) partial pressure of CO 2 (ppm) Vostok gas age scale (years) Hemming and Hönisch, 2007
12 The PETM 56 Mya 3-4 decrease in δ 13 C Rapid decrease in CaCO 3 content in organisms Transient warming of 4-8ºC Release of ~5000 Pg of C Significant surface acidifica+on predicted Closest analogy to today (10x slower)
13 oceanography The PETM /2014PA Paleoceanography /2014PA Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) M. velascoensis 100 CIE Eocene Recovery Body Paleocene 0 50 Height above CIE onset (cm) B/Ca (µmol/mol) ph assuming initial = Time relative to CIE onset (ky) Figure 4. The δ 11 B values and two scenarios for ph (total scale) from M. velascoensis at all three sites plotted against time. Ag models for Sites 1263 and 1209 were produced by correlating the bulk/fine-fraction δ 13 C excursion to the δ 13 C excursion a Site 690 in the age model of [Röhl et al., 2007]; for Site 865 the benthic foraminiferal Penman δ 13 C record et [Zachos al., et2014 al., 2001] was correlated to that at Site 690, using the same age model. Error bars on δ 11 B are 2 SE of repeat analyses (n > 3) or 2 SE of repea ph assuming initial = 7.8
14 Present Pelejero et al., 2010
15 Change since Preindustrial Högh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010
16 Recent past and Present NOAA GFDL
17 Recent past and Present Feely et al. 2008
18 California Predic+ons Gruber et al. 2010
19 Future Predic+ons A Atmospheric B PCO 2 ( atm) Mean ocean surface ph SWS C D Mean ocean surface aragonite Mean ocean surface aragonite ,000 10, ,000 Time (years) Rising CO 2 CO 2 stabilization Time to a doubling of PCO 2 (years) Covarying factors SST warming Deoxygena+on Integrated signal of coupled warming and acidifica+on Mean surface ph SWS Ridgwell and Zeebe, 2005
20 Future Predic+ons
21 Acid Tolerance Marine Algae Average range Eelgrass Molluscs Arthropods ( )-8.5 Cephalopods Bony fishes ( )-8.7 Corals vary greatly, some thrive in low-ph evnrionments (Palau) and others fail quickly Locke, 2008
22 Economic Impact (USWC) Hauri, 2012
23 The current rate of CO 2 release stands out as capable of driving a combina+on and magnitude of ocean geochemical changes poten+ally unparalleled in at least the last 300 My of Earth history, raising the possibility that we are entering an unknown territory of marine ecosystem change Ridgwell and Zeebe, 2005
24 Mi+ga+on Decrease carbon dioxide emissions. Anything that decreases atmospheric pco 2
25 Mi+ga+on Add powdered limestone to upwelling regions Figure 8. Distribution of the rate of addition of limestone powder (gm m 2 a 1 ) that maximizes the total absorption of CO 2 in year 50, subject to a total application rate of 4 Gt a 1. Harvey, 2008
26 Varia+ons on a theme Add fine silicate powders along coastlines Add calcite to unsaturated benthic regions
27 Boaty McBoauace 2016!
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