8. Carbon Cycle. Carbon ( 炭素 ) Family. Earth Watch: Antarctic lake hides bizarre ecosystem 無機탄소, 有機탄소

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1 arbon ( 炭素 ) Family 8. arbon ycle 지구시스템의이해읽기 : 탄소이야기 3 Earth Watch: Antarctic lake hides bizarre ecosystem Extremely alkaline waters with high dissolved 4 bacterial stromatolites 無機탄소, 有機탄소 Inorganic carbon: pure compounds and oxidized diamond; graphite, carbon dioxide( 2 ), lime stone (a 3 ), dolomite (amg( 3 ) 2 ) rganic carbon: compounds that are associated with living organisms, reduced. methane ( 4 ) and many many others 2 4 1

2 2 in natural water Reservoir: 5 Major Pools carbonic acid bicarbonate ion carbonate ion 5 1. LITSPERE Sedimentary rock Fossil fuels 2. cean Dissolved inorganic carbons, a 3 3. SIL rganic detritus 4. ATMSPERE, 2, 4 5. BISPERE All living & dead organisms 50,000, ,000,000 Gt (only 4,700 Gt as fossil fuels) 39,000 Gt mostly as bicarbonate 16,000 Gt 766 Gt in Gt in Gt 7 Global arbon ycle Reservoir: 5 Major Pools cf. 탄소이야기 1. LITSPERE Sedimentary rock Fossil fuels 2. cean Dissolved inorganic carbons, a 3 3. SIL rganic detritus 4. ATMSPERE Longterm arbon ycle Shortterm arbon ycle 6, 2, 4 5. BISPERE All living & dead organisms 8 2

3 Detailed Reservoirs in Earth s Surface PreIndustrial Atmospheric 2 Biomass < Atm 2 Atm 2 ~ cean 2 Atm 2 << cean 3 Relatively constant: ~ 280 ppm Impressively large 9 11 Atmospheric 2 Atmospheric 2 Differs by latitude, but it increases wherever you are

4 Atmospheric Residence Time The ShortTerm Terrestrial rganic arbon ycle Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Residence time of Atm. 2 =? n land, production of organic carbon by photosynthesis is largely balanced by respiration and decay. Respiration: Both plants and animal oxidize reduced carbon to produce energy for metabolism Decay: Decompose dead organic matter by aerobic (or anaerobic) microorganisms The rganic arbon ycle MDIS Vegetation Index Spring 2000 (solar energy) Photosynthesis: Respiration: (release energy) Primary productivity amount of organic matter produced by photosynthesis in a unit time over a unit area

5 The ShortTerm Terrestrial rganic arbon ycle Photosynthesis Plants Autotrophs Atm. 2 Respiration onsumers eterotrophs The ShortTerm Terrestrial rganic arbon ycle Photosynthesis Atm Gt Plants onsumers 600 Gt 5 Gt death 30 decay 30 Soils 1,600 Gt Respiration death The ShortTerm Terrestrial rganic arbon ycle Photosynthesis Atm Gt Respiration Plants onsumers 600 Gt 5 Gt Numbers in Gt yr 1 The ShortTerm Terrestrial rganic arbon ycle Note: Terrestrial Net Primary Productivity = 1/2 Gross Primary Productivity Methanogenesis: (release energy)

6 The LongTerm Terrestrial rganic arbon ycle The LongTerm Terrestrial rganic arbon ycle A small flux of organic carbon (0.05 Gt/yr) is buried in sedimentary rocks, mostly on continental shelves. ver time, this small flux has accumulated to create a UGE reservoir, ~10 7 Gt. oncentrations of this buried organic carbon include coal, oil and gas, but most carbon is not concentrated. rganic carbon in sedimentary rocks is ultimately returned as 2 resulting from oxidation by exposure to 2. This process is called weathering. 21 Atm Gt Photosynthesis Respiration Plants onsumers 600 Gt 5 death decay 30 death 0 30 Soils and Sediments 1,600 Gt 0.05 burial Sedimentary Rocks 10,000,000 Gt weathering Sedimentary Sink The LongTerm Terrestrial rganic arbon ycle

7 The ShortTerm Marine rganic ycle No trees, but small phytoplankton do photosynthesis! Energy Flow ow about Mass Transfer?

8 29 31 Global Primary Productivity Seen From Space 30 omposite image of chlorophyll 32 8

9 urrent Day Primary Productivity Export Production (aka. Biological Pump) Marine Primary Production Biological arbon Pump 2 N 2 Biomass is 3 GPP= 50 Export Production =10 NPP = 40 fixation of, N by phytoplankton physical mixing of D aggregate formation grazing break up egestion respiration excretion Lateral advection Base of euphotic zone decomposition passive sinking of P, PI consumption, repackaging active vertical migration respiration NASA (bacteria) (zooplankton) excretion 34 Seabed 36 (from TET Report, 2000) 9

10 rganoalogens NMs DMS N 2 Fe, Mn, Zn, DN, N 3, N 3, (u) 2 2 org 4 Efficiently Recycled! nly 1 out of 100 leaving the surface ocean (100 m depth) as particle reaches the bottom. Eventually only 0.1 can escapes the oxidation and buried as organic carbon The ShortTerm Marine rganic ycle Biological Pump and Redfield Ratio The Biological Pump The Biological Pump Nutrients Stoichiometry known as Redfield Ratio utliers are limited or in excess

11 Today s cean is Nlimited! Anthropocene Since: Then: Sinking flux of particulate organic N and particulate P > N:P ratio of dissolved pool of inorganic nutrients Burning of fossil Deforestation Rising flux of inorganic nutrients is enriched in P relative to N This causes inorganic fixed N to limit primary production in the world oceans Today s cean: Ironically Ironlimited 탐구하기 ritical Thinking Problem #3 of hapter

12 Inorganic arbon ycle Inorganic arbon ycle 1. Atmosphereocean exchange 2. 2 chemistry in seawater 3. hemical weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks 4. Formation of shells & precipitation 5. arbonate metamorphism carbonic acid bicarbonate ion carbonate ion Detailed Reservoirs in Earth s Surface 1. cean Atmospheric 2 Exchange 2 (g) 2 (aq) 해양의탄소에대해뭔가더살펴보아야할것이있다!

13 2. 2 chemistry in seawater In the ocean, 2 2(aq) carbon dioxide carbonic acid bicarbonate ion 3 = carbonate ion amounts (740) (1,300) (37,000) (Gt ) 量의관점에서보면바닷물에녹은 2 가다른이온으로바뀌기때문에그렇지않은경우보다바닷물에훨씬많이녹아들어갈수있다. 하지만이것은빨리 ( 쉽게 ) 녹는다는말은아니다. 2 한분자가녹아들때마다염기성이온인 2 3 한분자가소비된다. 따라서바닷물은산성화된다. 표층 2 3 의양은많지않다. 따라서 2 의용해는차츰둔화될것이다 in seawater 3, 3 2, and a 3 in 2 Seawater is slightly alkaline (p ~ 8) 2(aq) (aq) a a 3 (solid) 50 13

14 Addition of a a 3 (solid) a a 3 (solid) a a 3 (solid) a a 3 (solid) 14

15 a a 3 (solid) a a 3 (solid) a a 3 (solid) a a 3 (solid) 15

16 hemical weathering consumes Volcanoes counterbalance weathering, however, such balance takes very long time. a a 3 (solid) Loss of 3 2 can increase energy requirements to produce a 3 shells, and can lead to a 3 dissolution 63 a 3 a a a 2+ (dissolved) 3 3 Weathering a primary sink of 2 from the atmosphere! Note: carbonate weather produces no net sequestering of 2! Note: 2 molecules of 2 are consumed, and only 1 is released back to atmosphere. Net sink of 2 from atmosphere

17 Silicate Weathering Long Time Scale Weathering Feedback Loop Weathering Feedback Loop Silicate weathering Rates Atm. 2 Surface Temperature This is a negative feedback loop, or a stable system. This loop is a key control on climate over long time scales (i.e., millions of years). 4. Shell formation & carbonate precipitation (release 2 ) Shell formation is the reverse reaction of carbonate weathering process. a 2 2 a 3 Sink to bottom 3 Above 4 km depth, seawater is saturated with a 3. owever, below 4 km seawater is corrosive to a 3. a 3 dissolves with T ( ), P ( ), 2 ( ) released

18 5. arbonate Metamorphism a 3 + Si 2 asi (released by volcano ~0.1 Gt /yr) rganic + Inorganic arbon ycle The Inorganic arbon ycle Atm. 2 Airsea exchange Marine sediments Fast Med. Slow Sedimentary rocks 70 18

19 어느탄소원자이야기 프리모레비 Primo Levi 1919년튜린의유태인집안에서태어난프리모레비는유태인들에게대학에서의학위수여를금지하는파시스트인종법이선포되기직전에화학전공의학위를받았다. 1943년그는북부이탈리아의빨치산에참여했으며, 후에체포되어아우슈비츠에수감된다. 화학자라는그의전문성덕분에가스실에끌려가는것을피할수있었던그는, 그곳의공장에서일하다 1945년석방되었다. 그의회고록 주기율표 The Periodic Table 는 1869년멘델레예프가고안한원자질량에따라원소들을배열하는표의이름에서제목을따온것이다. 이책에서레비는그의인생역정하나하나를어떤하나의원자와관련지어서술하고있다. 그러나이책의마지막장에서그는한탄소원자의생에대한상상력을발휘하고있는데이것이아우슈비츠에서떠오른그의첫번째문학적몽상이었다고한다. 우리의주인공은수억년의세월을칼슘원자한개와산소원자세개와결합한채석회암속에누워있다. 그전에이미긴세월의삶을가지고있긴하지만그얘기는여기서하지말기로하자. 그에게시간이란존재하지않는것과도같다. 다행히그석회암이지구의표면에서너무깊지않은곳에놓여있어서계절에따른온도의변화로시간의느릿한흐름을느낄뿐이다. 이주단조롭긴하지만뜨거움과차가움, 그리고이에따른팽창과수축만이정확한주기로무심히반복되고있다. 마치이잠재적인생명체가지옥에갇혀있는것처럼말이다. 지금까지의그의삶에는서술을위한과거형보다묘사를위한현재형의표현이더걸맞다. 온도의변화에따른미약한변화만있을뿐영원한현재속에갇혀있는것과같으니말이다. 이얘기는그냥이렇게끝나버릴수도있었다. 하지만운좋게도사람의손길이닿을수있는, 그래서사람의곡괭이질을받을수있는석회암의표면모서리에이원자가자리하고있었다 ( 곡괭이와그에상응하는현대식기구들에게이영광을돌리자. 이기구들은언제나원소와사람사이를연결해주는중요한매개체였으니 ). 어느날 별특별한의미없이 1840년이라고해두자 드디어우리의탄소가들어있는석회암덩어리는곡괭이질로떨어져나와석회가마로던져져변화를겪기시작했다. 석회가마 1

20 속에서실컷구워져서칼슘과분리된것이다. 땅에고정된채로남아있던칼슘은이제새로운운명을맞이하게되는데, 칼슘의얘기는이정도로만해두자. 세개의산소친구들중에서두개와단단히결합하게된탄소는이제굴뚝을통해빠져나와공기속으로의여정을시작했다. 한때는움직이지도못하는운명이었는데이제부터는공기의소용돌이속에휩쓸리는딱한운명이된것이다. 바람에실려지표면까지곤두박질쳤다가다시수십킬로미터의높이로솟구쳐올라갔다. 송골매의거친허파속으로빨려들어갔다가그피에흡수되지못하고다시뱉어지기도했다. 세번이나바닷물속에녹기도했고, 한번은폭포의급류에쓸려들어갔다가빠져나왔다. 8 년간을바람에쓸려어떤때는높은곳을어떤때는낮은곳을어떤때는바다위나구름속을전전해야만했다. 이렇게숲과사막, 그리고끝없이펼쳐져있는얼음위를방황하다가우리의탄소는우연히유기생명체에붙들려유기체로서의삶을시작하게된다. 사실탄소는단일원소다. 그렇지만별힘들이지않고끼리끼리연결해서길고안정된고리를만들수있다. 이고리는지구상의생명체에게는반드시필요한것인데, 따라서탄소는생명체에게가장중요한원소인셈이다. 그렇지만탄소가생명체로들어와자리를잡기는그리쉽지가않다. 그러려면아주복잡한과정을반드시거쳐야하는데, 그상세한과정은최근들어조금씩밝혀지기시작했을뿐아직도완벽하게밝혀져있지않다. 모든녹색의나뭇잎에서주당수십억톤의규모로일어나는탄소동화작용이매일매일의일상적인현상이기에가능한가히기적적인일이다. 1848년, 두개의산소친구들과짝을이룬기체상태의우리주인공은바람에실려포도나무들이줄지어있는포도농장에다다랐다. 포도나무잎을스치면서운좋게잎속으로들어갔고, 햇빛에의해그속에자리를잡게되었다. 지금이부분의얘기가별로명확하지않은것은나의무식함때문이기도하지만, 이결정적인순간에대해서, 즉이산화탄소와햇빛, 그리고푸른잎들이만들어내는화학반응에대한명확한설명이아직없기때문이기도하다. 이과정이느리고답답하게발전해가는유기화학의영역속에있는한, 그명확한설명을빠른시일안에접하게될것같지는않다. 하지만이미 2, 30 억년전에우리의자매인식물들은실험이나토론을거치지않고도그들이살아가는환경과같은온도에서정교하고치밀하며매우빨리진행되는이화학반응을만들어낸것이다. 어떤현상의이해가그에대한이미지를만들어가는것이라면, 100만분의 1 밀리미터의규모에서 100만분의 1 초의속도로일어나는, 더구나본질적으로그주역을 2

21 볼수도없는상황에서일어나는이현상의이미지를우리는결코만들수없을것이다. 어떠한표현도부정확할수밖에없고더나아질수있는상황도아니니까, 일단이정도로하고다음의얘기를계속하도록하자. 우리의탄소원자는다른수많은질소나산소분자들과부딪히면서잎속으로밀려들어갔다. 거기서탄소를활성화시킬커다랗고복잡한분자를만나는순간, 하늘로부터번쩍비쳐오는햇살의단호한계시를받는다. 바로그순간마치거미가벌레를잡아채듯순식간에탄소는산소와분리되면서수소와인과결합하며고리속에자리를잡았다. 길던짧던이고리가바로생명체의고리다. 이모든반응은빠르고조용하게, 그리고대기압과상온에서특별한비용을들이지않고일어난다. 우리도이렇게할수있다면, 아마도우리는신과같은존재가되어지구상의기아문제를해결할수있을것이다. 그러나그정도가아니다. 우리를놀라게하는사실이더있다. 우리가지금까지얘기해온기체형태의탄소인이산화탄소는생명체를구성하는기본물질이고생명체의성장에필요한물질의영원한저장소여서생명체의궁극적인운명이여기에달려있지만, 이기체가우리의대기를구성하는주된물질은아니다. 오히려아르곤argon 1/30에불과할정도로대기중에겨우명색을유지하고남아있는불순물에가까워서그존재를알아내기조차힘들다. 공기중이산화탄소의농도는 0.03% 인데, 이는만약이탈리아인구 ( 약 5,000만명 ) 전체를공기라고하면메시나지방의밀라초주민수인 15,000명정도만이모든생명체를만드는중요한역할을하고있는셈이다 ( 우리나라인구로환산하면 12,000명정도의종로구효자동주민만이생명체를만드는역할을하는셈이다 역자주 ). 인간의스케일에서보면이건놀라운곡예나마술사의속임수이며어쩌면이해할수없는전지전능한신의오만으로비쳐질수도있다. 대기중의이불순물로부터모든동물과식물, 그리고우리인간, 별별의견을가진그 40억의사람들과수백만년에걸친인류의역사, 전쟁과치욕, 숭고함과자부심이만들어졌다니. 어떤면에서건지질학적스케일에서보면, 지구상의인간존재란사실미미할따름이다. 약 2억5천만톤에달하는인류전체를지표면에하나의층으로골고루펼친다면, 그층은눈에보이지도않을정도로얇은데두께가겨우 1만6천분의 1 밀리미터정도에불과하다. 이제우리의원자가생명체속으로들어와집을짓듯어떤구조물을건설하게되었다. 원자는이제 5개의동일한원자와관계를맺고결합하고있다. 이원자들은아주동일해서사실은구별할수가없지만, 이얘기를위해서는그것들을구별할수있다고해두자. 탄소는거의완벽한육각형의멋진반지모양을하고있는데, 물속에녹아서 3

22 물분자와매우복잡하게반응하며균형을유지하고있다. 물, 사실은포도나무의수액속에녹아있다는것, 이렇게수용되어있다는것은어떤물질이변하고자할때반드시겪어야하는과정이기도하지만, 녹아있는물질들만의특권이변화이기도하다. 그것이왜육각형이나오각형을만드는지, 그리고왜물에녹는지등등에대해알고싶다고? 걱정마시라. 이런문제들은우리의화학이모든사람에게쉽고설득력있게설명할수있는몇안되는문제들중에하나니까. 말하자면탄소는포도당 (glucose) 분자의한부분을형성하고있는것이다. 아직물고기나살코기, 닭고기가된것은아니고, 단지이들로변해가는중간매개체분자로서동물과상면할준비를하고있는것이다. 이렇게단백질구성원의한부분을만들고있지만, 아직은그이상의어떤것이된것이아니다. 이제이분자는서서히이동하는식물의수액을따라잎에서어린줄기를지나포도줄기에다다르고, 여기서무르익어가는포도송이속에자리하게된다. 이제부터와인이되는것은농부의영역이다. 우리가어떤말로표현해야할지모르겠지만, 간단히그것이알코올발효의과정을통해그특성자체는바뀌지않은채와인속에다다르게된다는것만밝혀두자. 와인은누군가마시게되어있는법, 이제포도당분자는산화의운명을맞이하게된다. 하지만마시자마자바로산화가일어나는것은아니다. 마신사람의간속에서 1 주일이상을뒤엉킨채머물면서, 필요할때사용될수있는잠재적인에너지원으로존재하게된다. 다음주일요일, 그사람이도망치는말을뒤쫓는순간이잠재적인에너지원은사용되기시작한다. 이제육각구조와는작별이다. 순간적으로말려있던타래가풀리면서다시포도당으로변해흐르는피를타고넓적다리근육의섬유질로전달된다. 이곳에서곧바로두개의젖산 (lactose) 분자로나눠지게되는데, 이젖산분자가근육의피로를가져오는물질이다. 몇분이지나야비로소이젖산을산화시킬산소가숨을몰아쉬는허파를통해공급된다. 이로써탄소는다시새로운이산화탄소분자가되어대기속으로되돌아간다. 이과정에서여린포도나무가지를비추던햇빛의에너지가화학에너지로변했다가다시기계적에너지의형태로사용되었다. 그후에는굼뜬열에너지로변해달리는사람의피를통해대기로전달되어미약하나마대기를데우는것이다. 이런방식으로생명을설명하는경우는거의없지만, 이것이바로생명인것이다. 생명이란고귀한태양에너지가저온의열에너지로변해가는에너지의쇠락을통해필요한동력을얻어내며지탱되는것이다. 궁극적인평형에도달하여죽음에이르는이런에너지의쇠락과정속에생명이그둥지를틀고있다고나할까? 4

23 유감스럽게도우리의원자는다시이산화탄소가되어또어디론가떠나야한다. 그렇지않은다른어떤것을상상해볼수도있겠지만, 지구상에서는이것밖에없다. 역시바람에실려이번에는아주먼곳으로떠난다. 아펜니네산맥 ( 중부이탈리아의산맥역자주 ) 을넘어아드리아해, 그리스, 에게해, 그리고사이프러스섬을지나레바논너머까지여행은계속되었다. 거기서아주오랜시간을머물구조물에붙들리게된다. 그것은삼목나무의오래된줄기로앞에설명했던과정들을거쳐묵주의구슬들처럼포도당의한부분이되었지만, 이번에는셀룰로오스의긴사슬을구성하게되었다. 바위에붙잡혀수백만년의세월을보내는정도는아니더라도, 삼목나무가꽤장수하는나무니까족히수세기쯤은이대로잡혀있을수도있다. 거기에 1년을잡혀있다고하건 500년을머문다고하건그건내마음이지만, 한 20년쯤뒤에그러니까 1868년에어떤나무벌레한마리가우리의원자주위에나타났다고하자. 그놈은줄기와껍질사이에구멍을뚫으며맹목적일정도로게걸스레먹어치우는그런놈이어서이놈의성장과함께구멍의크기도커지게된다. 바로이놈이우리의원자를먹어삼켜서, 우리에게더많은얘깃거리를제공하게된다. 벌레는번데기를거쳐이듬해봄에회색의우둔하게생긴나방이되어밖으로나온뒤대낮의눈부신햇살에어리둥절해하며몸을말린다. 우리원자는이벌레가가지고있는수천개의눈속에서투박하고개략적인시야를통해위치와방향을잡아나가는데일조를하고있다. 나방이수태를하고알을낳은뒤죽으면이작은송장은나무덤불속에누워말라가지만, 키틴질의껍질은꽤오랜시간동안거의손상을받지않은채남아있다. 그위로눈이덮이고다시태양이비추었으며죽은나뭇잎과옥토에덮여마침내는진흙구덩이되어버렸다. 그러나원자의죽음은우리의죽음과는달라서다시돌이킬수없는그런것이아니다. 부식토속에는보이지않지만지치지않고일하는미생물이항상있어서덤불밑의무덤관리를맡고있다. 이미생물덕분에송장의껍질과이제는기능을상실한눈이서서히분해되고, 한때는사람으로한때는삼목나무로또한때는나무벌레로지냈던우리의원자는다시한번날개를달게되었다. 이번에는 1960년까지세상을세바퀴나돌았다. 우리가생각하기에이간격이너무긴것이아니냐고할수도있겠지만, 사실이것은평균보다훨씬짧은것이다. 우리가이해하기로는안정된물질 ( 석회암이나석탄, 다이아몬드혹은플라스틱등 ) 속에붙잡혀있지않는한, 모든탄소원자들은평균 200 년마다한번씩광합성의좁은문을지나생명의사이클을거치게된다. 또다른문도있냐고? 물론있다. 인간의몸에서도일부합성을할수있다. 이로써인간도생산자라는고귀한타이틀을받을수있겠지만, 5

24 아직까지는녹색식물들에비해그문은아주좁아서전체양으로는얼마되지않는다. 의도적이든아니든, 인간은이점에서아직까지자연과경쟁하려들지않았다. 즉인간은대기중의이산화탄소로부터탄소를추출하여자양분으로삼거나신체를구성하고체온을유지하는등생명유지에필요한좀더정교한성분들을얻어내는노력을기울이지않았는데, 그이유는단순히그럴필요가없었기때문이다. 인간은이미유기화되어쌓여있는엄청난양의탄소를찾아낼수있었고, 비록줄어들고는있지만지금도쉽게찾을수가있다 ( 그런데얼마나더오랫동안이렇게살수있을까?). 식물이나동물의것외에도이런탄소는석탄과석유의형태로저장되어있는데, 이것들도사실은오랜과거의광합성의산물들이전해내려온것일뿐이다. 따라서광합성만이탄소가생명체로변하는유일한통로이며태양의에너지가사용가능한화학적에너지로변환되는유일한통로라고단언할수도있을것이다. 이얘기는완전히지어낸것이지만엄밀하게따지면많은사실들을반영하고있다. 나는변환형태나그순서, 그리고사실에근거한데이터들을바탕으로수도없이많은다른얘기들을지어낼수있다. 원자의수는너무나도많아서, 맘대로지어낸얘기와정확히일치하는운명의원자를언제고찾아낼수있다. 꽃의색깔이나향기가된탄소의얘기, 작은해조로부터조개와물고기를거쳐바닷물속의이산화탄소로되돌아가는먹고먹히는생사의순환에관한얘기, 어느문서보관소의누런종이나어느유명한화가의화폭위에반영구적으로점잖게자리한탄소의얘기, 꽃가루의알갱이를만들기회를놓쳐버리고바위속에화석으로남아우리를신기하게만드는탄소의얘기, 인간의형상을전달하는메신저의신비로운모습을하고있는유전자속의탄소나우리를탄생하게만든분열과성장과정속에참여한탄소의얘기등탄소원자들에관한수도없이많은얘기를할수도있다. 그렇지만나는얘기를시작할때부터결말을알고있었던사람으로서, 그리고부족한표현수단인말로설명하기어려울것임을알고있었던사람으로서조심스럽고겸허하게가장비밀스러운얘기한가지만더하고자한다. 다시그탄소원자가우리주위로다가왔다. 우유속에들어가서아주복잡하고길지만우리몸이받아들일수있는고리를만들었다. 내가그우유를마신다. 모든생명체는살아있는물체로부터제공되는모든물질에대해철저한불신을가지고있어서, 그고리를아주세밀하게쪼개서그하나하나에대해흡수하기도하고거부하기도한다. 그중의하나가장흡수의임계문턱을넘어혈액속으로들어갔다. 이렇게내몸을돌다가신경세포의문을두드리고, 그세포안으로들어가한부분을차지하게된다. 이 6

25 세포는바로뇌속의세포이다. 이글을쓰고있는나의뇌. 그세포, 그리고그속에있는문제의원자는어느누구도아직설명하지못한거창하고미묘한작용을통해내가글을쓰는일에관여하고있다. 지금이순간에도복잡하게뒤엉킨예스와노를연발하면서내손이종이위의어떤한경로를따라가도록만들고있다. 내손이종이위에소용돌이쳐서기호들을표시하게하고, 두개의에너지순위사이에서올렸다가다시내리찍는스냅을주게해서종이위에이점을찍도록인도한다. 여기이마침표를. 출처 Primo Levi. The Periodic Table. translated from me Italian by Raymond Rosenthal, London, Abacus, 1986 (Sphere Books). 번역이광렬외 ( 바다출판사 ) 지식의원전 / The Faber Book of Science John arey 7

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