The Carbon Cycle and Energy Security

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1 The Carbon Cycle and Energy Security

2 QU: Why is there no life on Mars? AIM: To explain the characteristics and understand the importance of different stores and fluxes within the carbon cycle. Which of these are a.. a: Biochemical carbon process? b: Geological carbon process? c: Carbon capture process? d: Carbon storage process? Ext: How can a biological process become a geological one? Coral Reef formation Ca CO3 Eruption Sedimentary rock Ca CO3 Photosynthesis C6 H12 O6

3 The Global Carbon Cycle. (natural and anthropogenic) Terrestrial = land based Petagram = a trillion kilograms or 1 billion tonnes of carbon!! Flux = transfer/movement Anthropogenic = human influenced

4 TASK: Use the pack to start getting to know the carbon cycle. Complete the table below for each image. Use the Carbon Cycle diagram to inform your notes for each column. Ecosystems have been exampled for you. You will need to be approximate with time scales and consider the questions posed in the pack to help with factors that could influence significance. Name. Flux or Store? Terrestrial Oceanic or Atmospheric. Biochemical or geological. PgC figure and significance. Relative timescales involved. Factors that could influence significance. Ecosystems (store) Biochemical and terrestrial 550 PgC One of the smallest terrestrial stores. Globally a very small store. Constant as animals/plants reproduce and die always adding to carbon cycle. Can lesson due to extinctions, varies with seasons. Easily altered or changed.

5 The Global Carbon Cycle. (natural and anthropogenic) Terrestrial = land based Petagram = a trillion kilograms or 1 billion tonnes of carbon!! Flux = transfer/movement Anthropogenic = human influenced 1 Which is the largest store of Carbon? 2 Which is the largest flux of carbon Choose ONE of 3 and 4. We will compare to sample answers. 3 Based on the data (PgC) Explain the relative importance of terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric stores. 4 Based on the data (PgC) Explain the relative importance of terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric fluxes.

6 TASK: read your sample answers. Decide which answers to each question are best and why.

7 3 Based on the data (PgC) Explain the relative importance of terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric stores. Candidate A Terrestrial carbon stores such as soil, permafrost and ecosystems take in a great deal of carbon but not as much as the oceanic stores such as intermediate and deep ocean store. Atmospheric stores hold carbon the least of all so is least important compared to the ocean. Candidate B Oceanic carbon stores are the most diverse and contain the most petagrams of carbon. Intermediate/deep ocean stores are the most significant of these holding 37,000 PgC. This is more than terrestrial and atmospheric combined before we take into account other oceanic stores such as calcareous ooze (1750 PgC) and surface storage (900PgC). This alone makes the ocean a major and important carbon store on the planet. Add to this the role the ocean plays in adding to the sedimentary rock (geological store) of 83,000,000 PgC and the oceans importance is even more significant. Of terrestrial and atmospheric carbon stores, terrestrial is most important trapping up to 5700 PgC whereas the atmosphere stores the least 589 PcC. This makes them relatively unimportant in the global scale carbon cycle but locally this can change such as permafrost stores in the arctic circle. It is worth noting that even oceanic stores are reduced in importance compared to the geological store of sedimentary rocks. 4 Based on the data (PgC) Explain the relative importance of terrestrial, oceanic and atm fluxes. Candidate C The most important and significant carbon flux is the biochemical process of photosynthesis. This transfers 123 petagrams of carbon from atmosphere to plants per year. A great deal of this (118.7 PgC) is returned to the atmosphere through respiration and burning making this an important flux. This is especially so when other fluxes returning to the atmosphere from the terrestrial sources only account for 9.1 PgC annually. The oceans also contribute significantly by absorbing 80 PgC from the atmosphere and returning 78.4 PgC. This is almost an equal budget but the ocean retains some of the carbon. In conclusion the fluxes to and from the atmosphere are the most important in the global carbon cycle. Candidate D Fluxes refer to the transfer of carbon between the atmosphere, ocean and land. For example photosynthesis transfers 123 PgC back to the atmosphere annually. Other transfers include ocean to atmosphere (78.4 PgC per year) and atmosphere back to ocean (80 PgC per year). The smallest flux is from volcanic eruptions which add 0.1 PgC to the atmosphere annually. Other fluxes back to the atmosphere include freshwater out gassing and land use change which are both terrestrial. Humans contribute to a carbon flux through burning fossil fuels and cement production. Respiration is also a large atmospheric return flux.

8 3 Based on the data (PgC) Explain the relative importance of terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric stores. Use of data to SUPPORT comment. Use of data to SUPPORT comment. Evaluative statement Candidate B Oceanic carbon stores are the most diverse and contain the most petagrams of carbon. Intermediate/deep ocean stores are the most significant of these holding 37,000 PgC. This is more than terrestrial and atmospheric combined before we take into account other oceanic stores such as calcareous ooze (1750 PgC) and surface storage (900PgC). This alone makes the ocean a major and important carbon store on the planet. Add to this the role the ocean plays in adding to the sedimentary rock (geological store) of 83,000,000 PgC and the oceans importance is even more significant. Of terrestrial and atmospheric carbon stores, terrestrial is most important trapping up to 5700 PgC whereas the atmosphere stores the least 589 PcC. This makes them relatively unimportant in the global scale carbon cycle but locally this can change such as permafrost stores in the arctic circle. It is worth noting that even oceanic stores are reduced in importance compared to the geological store of sedimentary rocks. Comparitive connective Evaluative statement = use of language in the question reflected in answer. Comparitive connective Indicates sense of scale TASK: Now you get the idea, find similar traits in the answer below and annotate around your own copy. Then look at your own response and do the same. Ext: Think how the sedimentary rock store could also be classed as a terrestrial store. Candidate D 4 Based on the data (PgC) Explain the relative importance of terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric fluxes. Fluxes refer to the transfer of carbon between the atmosphere, ocean and land. For example photosynthesis transfers 123 PgC back to the atmosphere annually. Other transfers include ocean to atmosphere (78.4 PgC per year) and atmosphere back to ocean (80 PgC per year). The smallest flux is from volcanic eruptions which add 0.1 PgC to the atmosphere annually. Other fluxes back to the atmosphere include freshwater out gassing and land use change which are both terrestrial. Humans contribute to a carbon flux through burning fossil fuels and cement production. Respiration is also a large atmospheric return flux.

9 QU: Why is there no life on Mars? To Watch and find out! Earth Story, Worlds apart

10 Resource slides

11 How or why does plant cover vary over time? Photosynthesis What is the connection?

12 Marine Biota Calcareous Ooze What if there is an iceage? What happens to sea levels and ocean size? Some oceans are not suitable for plankton growth due to temperature.

13 Weathering of rock How can tectonics dictate how much rock surface is exposed to weathering? Currently we have significant mountain building along the Himilayas and Andes chains. So what?

14 Anthropogenic causes

15 Huge volcanic events have been detected in our past. V.E.I 7 or 8. At the moment the earth has been volcanically quite for thousands of years.

16 Fossil Fuel Organic Carbon store Coal formation Consider how humans are altering the significance of these stores.

17 What would happen if these conditions increased or became rarer over time?

18 Attachments Earth Story, Worlds apart

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