Geochemical fingerprints of the ice-age (Southern) Ocean

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Geochemical fingerprints of the ice-age (Southern) Ocean"

Transcription

1 Geochemical fingerprints of the ice-age (Southern) Ocean THE SOUTHERN OCEAN, ITS DYNAMICS, BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND ROLE IN THE CLIMATE SYSTEM NCAR, Boulder, CO April 2017 Bob Anderson

2 Motivation: Ice core records reveal tight coupling between CO 2 and climate Why? Brook, NATURE Vol May 2008

3 Take-home messages from this presentation 1) The biological pump was more efficient during the last glacial period, lowering the oxygen concentration in the deep sea. 2) Carbon was released from the deep ocean during deglaciation via the Southern Ocean 3) Major shifts in the SWW during deglaciation 4) Challenge did the winds drive CO 2 release?

4 Deep-ocean CO 2 storage represents a balance between biology and physics CO 2 Biological Pump CO 2 Preformed Nutrients CO 2 &Nutrients Respiration Atmospheric CO 2 reflects a global balance between biological drawdown and physical ventilation. Figure of K Speer redrawn by T Trull

5 Where and How was CO 2 stored in the deep ocean? Guiding principle: Any biological pump mechanism for lowering iceage pco 2 atm decreases the dissolved O 2 content of the ocean interior Sigman et al., 2010, summarizing one of the main points from Broecker, C 106 H 175 O 42 N 16 P O CO H 2 O + 16 HNO 3 + H 3 PO 4

6 How do we assess changes in [O 2 ]? There is no direct geochemical proxy. Therefore: DO 2 constrained indirectly: Sediment redox state (measure U, Re); depends on: a) Bottom water [O 2 ] (oxygen supply), b) Organic carbon supply (Measure xsba, opal) Infer: Bottom water [O 2 ]

7 Central Equatorial Pacific Illustration ML PC Planktonic δ 18 O ( ) TT103-PC72 Ba xs Flux (mg cm -2 kyr -1 ) Age (ka) Age (ka) PhD results of Allison Jacobel, LDEO Geochemical fingerprints of low bottom water oxygen during ice ages LR04 Benthic δ 18 O ( ) Antarctic pco 2 (ppm) ML PC au (ppm)

8 Compelling qualitative evidence for the Pacific Ocean Earth and Planetary Science Letters 277 (2009) Earth and Planetary Science Letters 299 (2010) Nature Geoscience 5 (2012)

9 Compelling qualitative evidence for the Atlantic Ocean Nature Geoscience 8 (2015) North Atlantic Nature Communications 7 (2016) doi /ncomms11539 South Atlantic Nature 530 (2016) Southern Ocean

10 Deep N Pacific (>5000m): Magnetic minerals lost from ice-age sediments due to low BWO Other types of geochemical fingerprints of low BWO Korff et al., 2016, Paleoceanography 31:

11 Low-oxygen waters upwelled in the Southern Ocean during the ice ages Core site in the Amundsen Sea Modern Ocean Oxygen Lu et al., 2016, Nature Communications 7: doi /ncomms11146

12 Low-oxygen waters upwelled in the Southern Ocean during the ice ages Low I/Ca ratios of planktonic foraminifera (geochemical fingerprint) indicate very lowoxygen water in the ice-age subsurface Amundsen Sea Lu et al., 2016, Nature Communications 7: doi /ncomms11146

13 Low-oxygen waters upwelled in the Southern Ocean during the ice ages Ice-age O 2 concentrations in CDW must have been < ~ 20 µmol/kg for reduction of IO 3- to I -. Lu et al., 2016, Nature Communications 7: doi /ncomms11146

14 Physical changes in the Southern Ocean proposed to allow low-oxygen conditions

15 Physical changes in the Southern Ocean proposed to allow low-oxygen conditions Ice-age expansion of deep overturning cell: a) isolated deep waters, allowing low oxygen b) accompanied by northward shift in upwelling Watson et al., 2015, Nature Geosci 8: 861-4

16 Opal (diatom frustules) burial traces shift in locus of upwelling APF Dissolved silicic acid section along the prime meridian WOA09 and ODV

17 Opal (diatom frustules) burial traces shift in locus of upwelling APF Maximum opal burial in modern sediments south of the APF Reflects Si supply to diatoms Geibert et al., 2005, Glob Biogeochem Cycles 19: GB4001 doi: /2005gb002465

18 Opal (diatom frustules) burial traces shift in locus of upwelling Core sites spanning modern [Si] gradient used to investigate ice-age conditions

19 Opal (diatom frustules) burial traces shift in locus of upwelling Opal burial (mmol Si/m 2 /yr) APF Holocene Glacial Latitude S Peak opal burial shifted ~5 Northward during ice ages Kumar, Anderson et al., Nature 378: with newer results

20 Competing hypotheses to explain northward shift in opal belt during ice ages 1) Upwelling remained unchanged expanded sea ice inhibited plankton south of the APF unused nutrients mixed northward prior to consumption Charles et al., 1991, Paleoceanography 6:

21 Competing hypotheses to explain northward shift in opal belt during ice ages 1) Upwelling remained unchanged expanded sea ice inhibited plankton south of the APF unused nutrients mixed northward prior to consumption Charles et al., 1991, Paleoceanography 6: Disproven by N isotopes (talks by Adkins and Sigman) Nutrients were utilized efficiently south of the APF

22 Competing hypotheses to explain northward shift in opal belt during ice ages 1) Upwelling remained unchanged expanded sea ice inhibited plankton south of the APF unused nutrients mixed northward prior to consumption Charles et al., 1991, Paleoceanography 6: Disproven by N isotopes (talks by Adkins and Sigman) Nutrients were utilized efficiently south of the APF 2) Upwelling center displaced northward (and most upwelled water mixed northward?) Geochemical fingerprints indicate increased nutrient utilization (efficiency of the biological pump) throughout the Southern Ocean and low oxygen in the deep sea.

23 Maximum upwelling south of the modern APF coincided with deglacial rise in atmospheric CO 2 - Winds invoked HS1 TN S SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE: Opal burial traces upwelling: Diatoms use available Si, Deglacial increase in opal burial traces southward shift in upwelling and supply of nutrients Peak opal burial exceeds anywhere in modern ocean (No modern analog during So Ocean reorganization) Modified from Anderson et al., 2009

24 Geochemical fingerprints of CO 2 ventilation are consistent with interpretation of opal flux Sea-air DpCO 2 Opal flux Atlantic Southern Ocean Eastern Equatorial Pacific Planktonic d 13 C Atm pco 2 Atm d 13 CO 2 Martínez-Botí et al. Nature 518, (2015) doi: /nature14155

25 Deglacial So Ocean upwelling injected nutrient-rich waters into the thermocline (AAIW) Poggemann et al Earth and Planetary Science Letters 463:

26 Deglacial So Ocean upwelling injected nutrient-rich waters into the thermocline (AAIW) Cd w (nutrient tracer) increases abruptly during HS1 at 850m (AAIW) but not below 1300m (UNADW), reflecting nutrient injection in the Southern Ocean Poggemann et al Earth and Planetary Science Letters 463:

27 Deglacial So Ocean upwelling injected nutrient-rich waters into the thermocline (AAIW) Pattern of AAIW nutrient injection (Cd w fingerprint) matches the opal tracer of upwelling in the Southern Ocean Poggemann et al Earth and Planetary Science Letters 463:

28 What physical forcing was responsible? Wind? Buoyancy flux? Watson et al., 2015, Nature Geosci 8: 861-4

29 Evidence for shifting winds WAIS Divide Ice Core Excess deuterium (d ln, a geochemical fingerprint of moisture source conditions) changes abruptly with each NH climate oscillation implicating shift in winds with each NH abrupt climate change. Greenland warming Greenland cooling Markle et al., 2017, Nature Geosci 10: Composite records

30 Evidence for shifting winds Patagonian Glaciers Rapid retreat ka (2013) Scientific Reports 3: 2118; DOI: /srep02118 See also Denton et al., 1999, Geografiska Annaler Series a-physical Geography 81A: Hall et al., 2013, Quat. Sci. Rev., 62: Composite records

31 Evidence for shifting winds New Zealand Glaciers Rapid retreat ka Required rapid warming Inferred southward SWW Expansion of the subtropical gyre Putnam et al., 2013, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 32: Linked to contemporary changes south of Australia

32 Evidence for shifting winds Subtropical species spread S of Australia during Heinrich Stadials local warming and displacement of currents

33 Evidence for shifting winds Tristan da Cunha: Fossil evidence in bog sediments for displacement of storm tracks Ljung et al., 2015, Quaternary Science Reviews 123:

34 Evidence for shifting winds Megg's Hill Peatland, 51 S C27-based C29-based C31-based Feb peatland water Feb precip. median 0 TN PC, 53.2 S Age, cal. ka Opal Flux, g cm 2 yr Jon Nichols, LDEO Unpublished 0 δdp, VSMOW Aukland Island: Leaf wax isotopes in bog sediments trace large shift in moisture source (winds)

35 Summary of the ice-age ocean and deglaciation 1) Ice-age: Efficient biological pump, low oxygen in the deep sea 2) Ice-age: Locus of So Ocean upwelling located north of its present position. 3) Deglaciation: Upwelling shifted south Released CO 2 Injected nutrients into AAIW (thermocline) 4) Deglaciation: Winds shifted south 5) Challenge: Did the winds play a role in forcing So Ocean changes?

36 Redox state: Exploit trace elements (uranium) precipitated under anoxic conditions Seawater [U] [O 2 ] [U] ~Constant Depth in pore water z Ua precipitation U a = F Ud MAR = D S( [U]/ z) MAR Variable z decreases, and Ua increases as [O 2 ] decreases or Corg flux increases

37 Lowering [O 2 ] or increasing C-org rain raises Ua Seawater [U] [O 2 ] [U] ~Constant Depth in pore water z Ua precipitation U a = F Ud MAR = D S( [U]/ z) MAR Variable z decreases, and Ua increases as: [O 2 ] decreases or Corg flux increases

38 Plausible scenario for the ice-age Pacific Ocean But not based on any quantitative O 2 estimates Black = Modern observations Orange = Plausible LGM Jaccard et al., 2009

39 Carbon must have been transferred to the deep ocean during the ice ages The deep ocean is: 1) The only C reservoir large enough to accommodate 200 GtC from the atmosphere during each peak ice age... 2)...and a much larger inventory of carbon released from the terrestrial biosphere. 3) The only large C reservoir capable of exchanging carbon with the atmosphere as rapidly as indicated by the ice cores.

How is abrupt (paleo) climate change transmitted to the mid latitude Southern Hemisphere? Connecting the tropics to polar regions

How is abrupt (paleo) climate change transmitted to the mid latitude Southern Hemisphere? Connecting the tropics to polar regions How is abrupt (paleo) climate change transmitted to the mid latitude Southern Hemisphere? -or - In defense of the wind hypothesis Connecting the tropics to polar regions LDEO, 2-3 June 2014 Bob Anderson

More information

What can we learn from the paleo record about past changes in ocean productivity and controls of atmospheric CO 2?

What can we learn from the paleo record about past changes in ocean productivity and controls of atmospheric CO 2? What can we learn from the paleo record about past changes in ocean productivity and controls of atmospheric CO 2? QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Bob Anderson,

More information

Supplementary Figure 1. New downcore data from this study. Triangles represent the depth of radiocarbon dates. Error bars represent 2 standard error

Supplementary Figure 1. New downcore data from this study. Triangles represent the depth of radiocarbon dates. Error bars represent 2 standard error Supplementary Figure 1. New downcore data from this study. Triangles represent the depth of radiocarbon dates. Error bars represent 2 standard error of measurement (s.e.m.). 1 Supplementary Figure 2. Particle

More information

Ocean & climate: an introduction and paleoceanographic perspective

Ocean & climate: an introduction and paleoceanographic perspective Ocean & climate: an introduction and paleoceanographic perspective Edouard BARD Chaire de l évolution du climat et de l'océan du Collège de France CEREGE, UMR CNRS, AMU, IRD, CdF Aix-en-Provence The ocean

More information

A Broecker Brief. Origin of the Glacial Ramp. Although there is no doubt that cycles in the Earth s orbital parameters pace glaciation,

A Broecker Brief. Origin of the Glacial Ramp. Although there is no doubt that cycles in the Earth s orbital parameters pace glaciation, A Broecker Brief Origin of the Glacial Ramp Although there is no doubt that cycles in the Earth s orbital parameters pace glaciation, their physical link to the 100-kyr climate cycle remains unresolved.

More information

Where is all the water?

Where is all the water? Where is all the water? The distribution of water at the Earth's surface % of total Oceans 97.25 Ice caps and glaciers 2.05 Groundwater 0.68 Lakes 0.01 Soils 0.005 Atmosphere (as vapour) 0.001 Rivers 0.0001

More information

1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and

1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and 1. Introduction 2. Ocean circulation a) Temperature, salinity, density b) Thermohaline circulation c) Wind-driven surface currents d) Circulation and climate change e) Oceanic water residence times 3.

More information

Deep Sea Coral Evidence for the state of the Southern Ocean Biological Pump (and Circulation) During the Last Glacial Period and Deglaciation

Deep Sea Coral Evidence for the state of the Southern Ocean Biological Pump (and Circulation) During the Last Glacial Period and Deglaciation Deep Sea Coral Evidence for the state of the Southern Ocean Biological Pump (and Circulation) During the Last Glacial Period and Deglaciation Sophie Hines, Caltech Andrea Burke, St. Andrews Laura Robinson,

More information

Broecker Brief #7. June As shown in Figure 1, although similar, the shape for the atmospheric CO 2 content record

Broecker Brief #7. June As shown in Figure 1, although similar, the shape for the atmospheric CO 2 content record Broecker Brief #7 Elements of the last glacial cycle CO 2 decline and recovery Introduction: June 2017 In an attempt to distinguish between the two major means by which the atmosphere s CO 2 content was

More information

Supplementary Figure 1: Modern burial of organic carbon in deep sea sediment (gc m -2 a -1 ) 1.

Supplementary Figure 1: Modern burial of organic carbon in deep sea sediment (gc m -2 a -1 ) 1. Supplementary Figure 1: Modern burial of organic carbon in deep sea sediment (gc m -2 a -1 ) 1. Supplementary Figure 2: The 7 province maps used in this study. Each color corresponds to a single province:

More information

Deep Ocean Circulation & implications for Earth s climate

Deep Ocean Circulation & implications for Earth s climate Deep Ocean Circulation & implications for Earth s climate I. Ocean Layers and circulation types 1) Ocean Layers Ocean is strongly Stratified Consists of distinct LAYERS controlled by density takes huge

More information

A Broecker Brief Origin of the Atlantic s glacial age lower deep water

A Broecker Brief Origin of the Atlantic s glacial age lower deep water A Broecker Brief Origin of the Atlantic s glacial age lower deep water Today s deep Atlantic shows no hint of nutrient stratification (see Figure 1). By contrast, during the last glacial maximum (LGM),

More information

Biogeochemical changes over long time scales

Biogeochemical changes over long time scales Biogeochemical changes over long time scales Eric Galbraith McGill University, Montreal, Canada Overview What is a long time? Long timescale observations from marine sediments Very quick look at biogeochemical

More information

We re living in the Ice Age!

We re living in the Ice Age! Chapter 18. Coping with the Weather: Causes and Consequences of Naturally Induce Climate Change 지구시스템의이해 We re living in the Ice Age! 1 Phanerozoic Climate 서늘해지고 더웠고 따뜻했고 3 Climate Rollercoaster 4 2 Time

More information

Air sea temperature decoupling in western Europe during the last interglacial glacial transition

Air sea temperature decoupling in western Europe during the last interglacial glacial transition María Fernanda Sánchez Goñi, Edouard Bard, Amaelle Landais, Linda Rossignol, Francesco d Errico SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1924 Air sea temperature decoupling in western Europe during the

More information

Part 1. Ocean Composition & Circulation

Part 1. Ocean Composition & Circulation OCN 401 Biogeochemical Systems (10.19.17) (Schlesinger: Chapter 9) Part 1. Ocean Composition & Circulation 1. Introduction Lecture Outline 2. Ocean Circulation a) Global Patterns in T, S, ρ b) Thermohaline

More information

Chemical Oceanography Spring 2000 Final Exam (Use the back of the pages if necessary)(more than one answer may be correct.)

Chemical Oceanography Spring 2000 Final Exam (Use the back of the pages if necessary)(more than one answer may be correct.) Ocean 421 Your Name Chemical Oceanography Spring 2000 Final Exam (Use the back of the pages if necessary)(more than one answer may be correct.) 1. Due to the water molecule's (H 2 O) great abundance in

More information

Rapid Climate Change: Heinrich/Bolling- Allerod Events and the Thermohaline Circulation. By: Andy Lesage April 13, 2010 Atmos.

Rapid Climate Change: Heinrich/Bolling- Allerod Events and the Thermohaline Circulation. By: Andy Lesage April 13, 2010 Atmos. Rapid Climate Change: Heinrich/Bolling- Allerod Events and the Thermohaline Circulation By: Andy Lesage April 13, 2010 Atmos. 6030 Outline Background Heinrich Event I/Bolling-Allerod Transition (Liu et

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 1. Simulation of Glacial Background Climate Globally averaged surface air is 3 K cooler than in the pre-industrial simulation. This is less than the 4-7 K cooling estimated for the Last Glacial Maximum

More information

1 Carbon - Motivation

1 Carbon - Motivation 1 Carbon - Motivation Figure 1: Atmospheric pco 2 over the past 400 thousand years as recorded in the ice core from Vostok, Antarctica (Petit et al., 1999). Figure 2: Air-sea flux of CO 2 (mol m 2 yr 1

More information

5 Stable and radioactive isotopes

5 Stable and radioactive isotopes 5 Stable and radioactive isotopes Outline 1 Stable isotopes Measuring stable isotopic abundances Equilibrium isotope effects Kinetic isotope effects Rayleigh distillation Isotopes: a mainstay of chemical

More information

Father of Glacial theory. First investigations of glaciers and mountain geology,

Father of Glacial theory. First investigations of glaciers and mountain geology, First investigations of glaciers and mountain geology, 1750-1800 Glaciation happens! -- Historical perspective It happens in cycles -- How do we know this? What are Milankovitch cycles? Sub-Milankovitch

More information

A bit of background on carbonates. CaCO 3 (solid)

A bit of background on carbonates. CaCO 3 (solid) A bit of background on carbonates CaCO 3 (solid) Organisms need both carbon dioxide and carbonate Kleypas et al 2005 The two pumps put CO 2 into the deep ocean The long term record of climate change Or:

More information

Carbon - I This figure from IPCC, 2001 illustrates the large variations in atmospheric CO 2 (a) Direct measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentration, and O 2 from 1990 onwards. O 2 concentration is the

More information

The role of sub-antarctic mode water in global biological production. Jorge Sarmiento

The role of sub-antarctic mode water in global biological production. Jorge Sarmiento The role of sub-antarctic mode water in global biological production Jorge Sarmiento Original motivation Sediment traps suggest that ~one-third of the particulate organic matter flux at 200 m continues

More information

Thermohaline and wind-driven circulation

Thermohaline and wind-driven circulation Thermohaline and wind-driven circulation Annalisa Bracco Georgia Institute of Technology School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences NCAR ASP Colloquium: Carbon climate connections in the Earth System Tracer

More information

Welcome to ATMS 111 Global Warming.

Welcome to ATMS 111 Global Warming. Welcome to ATMS 111 Global Warming http://www.atmos.washington.edu/2010q1/111 Isotopic Evidence 16 O isotopes "light 18 O isotopes "heavy" Evaporation favors light Rain favors heavy Cloud above ice is

More information

Atmospheric Evolution: Earth s s Oxidation

Atmospheric Evolution: Earth s s Oxidation Earth s s Atmosphere Thematic Questions about the Atmosphere Observations of the Modern Atmosphere What is its structure and composition? What controls atmospheric dynamics? Information from the Rock Record

More information

Lecture 18 Paleoceanography 2

Lecture 18 Paleoceanography 2 Lecture 18 Paleoceanography 2 May 26, 2010 Trend and Events Climatic evolution in Tertiary Overall drop of sea level General cooling (Figure 9-11) High latitude (deep-water) feature Two major step Middle

More information

Supplementary Figure S1: Separated benthic 18 O data over 5 Myr. (a) Benthic LR04 benthic 18 O stack 16 ( ) in black with seawater 18 O ( w ) in blue

Supplementary Figure S1: Separated benthic 18 O data over 5 Myr. (a) Benthic LR04 benthic 18 O stack 16 ( ) in black with seawater 18 O ( w ) in blue Supplementary Figure S1: Separated benthic 18 O data over 5 Myr. (a) Benthic LR04 benthic 18 O stack 16 ( ) in black with seawater 18 O ( w ) in blue and temperature contribution ( T ) in green. (b) Surface-air

More information

Project Retrograde imagine Earth rotated in the opposite direction

Project Retrograde imagine Earth rotated in the opposite direction Project Retrograde imagine Earth rotated in the opposite direction The rotation of Earth shapes our climate system in various ways: It controls the major wind directions, lets the weather systems swirl,

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 1.138/NGEO168 "Strength and geometry of the glacial Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation" S2 Map of core locations Core locations of the Holocene and LGM 231 / 23

More information

Tracers. 1. Conservative tracers. 2. Non-conservative tracers. Temperature, salinity, SiO 2, Nd, 18 O. dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate

Tracers. 1. Conservative tracers. 2. Non-conservative tracers. Temperature, salinity, SiO 2, Nd, 18 O. dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate Tracers 1. Conservative tracers Temperature, salinity, SiO 2, Nd, 18 O 2. Non-conservative tracers dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate Temperature itself is a tracer but other tracers (like oxygen isotopes)

More information

THE OCEAN CARBON CYCLE

THE OCEAN CARBON CYCLE THE OCEAN CARBON CYCLE 21st February 2018 1 Box-model of the global ocean phosphorus, alkalinity, carbon 2 Pre-industrial model 3 Evolution during the industrial period 4 13 C isotopic evolution BOX-MODEL

More information

Rapid climate change in ice cores

Rapid climate change in ice cores Rapid climate change in ice cores Liz Thomas British Antarctic Survey Overview Introduction to ice cores Evidence of rapid climate change in the Greenland ice cores DO events Younger Dryas 8.2 kyr cold

More information

England 1,2. L. Menviel, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. System Science, Australia

England 1,2. L. Menviel, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. System Science, Australia PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, VOL.???, XXXX, DOI:10.1029/, Supporting Information for Poorly ventilated deep ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from carbon isotopes: a data-model comparison study L. Menviel

More information

Chapter 15 Millennial Oscillations in Climate

Chapter 15 Millennial Oscillations in Climate Chapter 15 Millennial Oscillations in Climate This chapter includes millennial oscillations during glaciations, millennial oscillations during the last 8000 years, causes of millennial-scale oscillations,

More information

Natural Climate Variability: Longer Term

Natural Climate Variability: Longer Term Natural Climate Variability: Longer Term Natural Climate Change Today: Natural Climate Change-2: Ice Ages, and Deep Time Geologic Time Scale background: Need a system for talking about unimaginable lengths

More information

Global phosphorus cycle

Global phosphorus cycle Global phosphorus cycle OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 11 April 2013 2013 Arisa Okazaki and Kathleen Ruttenberg Outline 1. Introduction on global phosphorus (P) cycle 2. Terrestrial environment 3. Atmospheric

More information

CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Ocean Currents Surface currents Deep currents 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Measuring Surface Currents Direct methods Floating device tracked

More information

The Tswaing Impact Crater, South Africa: derivation of a long terrestrial rainfall record for the southern mid-latitudes

The Tswaing Impact Crater, South Africa: derivation of a long terrestrial rainfall record for the southern mid-latitudes The Tswaing Impact Crater, South Africa: derivation of a long terrestrial rainfall record for the southern mid-latitudes T.C. PARTRIDGE Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,

More information

Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph

Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 15 March 2018 Reading: Libes, Chapter 15, pp. 383 389 (Remainder of chapter will be used with the classes Global Carbon Dioxide and Biogenic

More information

OCN 201 Fall nd mid term Section 1

OCN 201 Fall nd mid term Section 1 Name: Class: _ Date: _ OCN 201 Fall 2013 2nd mid term Section 1 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. The hydrothermal vent sites at Loihi have lots of animals around them. 2.

More information

Ocean Mixing and Climate Change

Ocean Mixing and Climate Change Ocean Mixing and Climate Change Factors inducing seawater mixing Different densities Wind stirring Internal waves breaking Tidal Bottom topography Biogenic Mixing (??) In general, any motion favoring turbulent

More information

IPCC AR5 WG1 - Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Nandini Ramesh

IPCC AR5 WG1 - Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Nandini Ramesh IPCC AR5 WG1 - Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Nandini Ramesh Seminar in Atmospheric Science 21 st February, 2014 1. Introduc,on The ocean exchanges heat, freshwater, and C with the atmosphere.

More information

Climate Roles of Land Surface

Climate Roles of Land Surface Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Climate Roles Surface Energy Balance Surface Water Balance Sea Ice Land Ice (from Our Changing Planet) Surface Albedo Climate Roles of Land Surface greenhouse

More information

Version2 Fall True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

Version2 Fall True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. Version2 Fall 2004 True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. 1. Short residence time elements are found in the greatest concentration near their point of removal from the

More information

The role of the tropics in atmospheric forcing and ice sheet response in Antarctica on decadal to millennial timescales

The role of the tropics in atmospheric forcing and ice sheet response in Antarctica on decadal to millennial timescales The role of the tropics in atmospheric forcing and ice sheet response in Antarctica on decadal to millennial timescales Eric Steig 168160160 University of Washington Earth and Space Sciences Atmospheric

More information

Does the Iron Cycle Regulate Atmospheric CO2?

Does the Iron Cycle Regulate Atmospheric CO2? Does the Iron Cycle Regulate Atmospheric CO2? Mick Follows, Dec 2005 http://ocean.mit.edu/~mick What regulates atmospheric CO2 on glacial-interglacial timescales? Role of ocean biology? Does the iron cycle

More information

Long-term Climate Change. We are in a period of relative warmth right now but on the time scale of the Earth s history, the planet is cold.

Long-term Climate Change. We are in a period of relative warmth right now but on the time scale of the Earth s history, the planet is cold. Long-term Climate Change We are in a period of relative warmth right now but on the time scale of the Earth s history, the planet is cold. Long-term Climate Change The Archean is thought to have been warmer,

More information

Development of the Global Environment

Development of the Global Environment Development of the Global Environment G302: Spring 2004 A course focused on exploration of changes in the Earth system through geological history Simon C. Brassell Geological Sciences simon@indiana.edu

More information

Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice. (from Our Changing Planet)

Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice. (from Our Changing Planet) Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice (from Our Changing Planet) Earth s s Climate System Solar forcing Atmosphere Ocean Land Solid Earth Energy, Water, and Biochemistry

More information

Earth s Climate System. Surface Albedo. Climate Roles of Land Surface. Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice

Earth s Climate System. Surface Albedo. Climate Roles of Land Surface. Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Earth s Climate System Solar forcing Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice Atmosphere Ocean Land Solid Earth Energy, Water, and Biochemistry Cycles (from Our Changing

More information

Productivity in a Changing Southern Ocean. Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University

Productivity in a Changing Southern Ocean. Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University Productivity in a Changing Southern Ocean Kevin R. Arrigo Stanford University 1 Productivity in a Changing Southern Ocean A Paleo-perspective Satellite view of the Southern Ocean Role of ice and iron Controls

More information

XI. the natural carbon cycle. with materials from J. Kasting (Penn State)

XI. the natural carbon cycle. with materials from J. Kasting (Penn State) XI. the natural carbon cycle with materials from J. Kasting (Penn State) outline properties of carbon the terrestrial biological cycle of carbon the ocean cycle of carbon carbon in the rock cycle overview

More information

Climate Change. Unit 3

Climate Change. Unit 3 Climate Change Unit 3 Aims Is global warming a recent short term phenomenon or should it be seen as part of long term climate change? What evidence is there of long-, medium-, and short- term climate change?

More information

Ocean and Climate I.

Ocean and Climate I. Ocean and Climate I http://www.gerhardriessbeck.de/ Physical Characteristics of the Ocean Surface area: 3.61 10 14 m 2 Mean depth: 3.7 km Ocean volume: 3.2 10 17 m 3 Mean density: 1.035 10 3 kg/m 3 Ocean

More information

PMIP Ocean Workshop 2013 Program Outline

PMIP Ocean Workshop 2013 Program Outline PMIP Ocean Workshop 2013 Program Outline We, Dec. 4 8:30-9:15 Introductory Discussion 9:15-10:15 Model-Data Comparison 10:30-12:00 Quantifying Uncertainties 1:00-2:30 LGM and Deglacial Changes in the Tropics

More information

SCOPE 35 Scales and Global Change (1988)

SCOPE 35 Scales and Global Change (1988) 1. Types and origins of marine sediments 2. Distribution of sediments: controls and patterns 3. Sedimentary diagenesis: (a) Sedimentary and organic matter burial (b) Aerobic and anaerobic decomposition

More information

Shortcomings of the isolated abyssal reservoir model for deglacial radiocarbon changes in the mid depth Indo Pacific Ocean

Shortcomings of the isolated abyssal reservoir model for deglacial radiocarbon changes in the mid depth Indo Pacific Ocean GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 38,, doi:10.1029/2010gl046158, 2011 Shortcomings of the isolated abyssal reservoir model for deglacial radiocarbon changes in the mid depth Indo Pacific Ocean Mathis

More information

Components of the Climate System. Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System. Pop Quiz. Sub-components Global cycles What comes in What goes out

Components of the Climate System. Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System. Pop Quiz. Sub-components Global cycles What comes in What goes out Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System Components of the Climate System terrestrial radiation Atmosphere Ocean solar radiation Land Energy, Water, and Biogeochemistry Cycles Sub-components Global cycles What

More information

Ocean dynamics: the wind-driven circulation

Ocean dynamics: the wind-driven circulation Ocean dynamics: the wind-driven circulation Weston Anderson March 13, 2017 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The wind driven circulation (Ekman Transport) 3 3 Sverdrup flow 5 4 Western boundary currents (western

More information

MAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation

MAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation 1 MAR 110 LECTURE #10 The Oceanic Conveyor Belt Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation Ocean Climate Temperature Zones The pattern of approximately parallel oceanic surface isotherms (lines of constant temperature)

More information

key to long-term sustainability is recycling..

key to long-term sustainability is recycling.. .. to support life over ~ 4 billion years, Earth must be sustainable system.. key to long-term sustainability is recycling.. Earth System how are key elements needed for life (C, N, P) recycled on the

More information

Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System

Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System terrestrial radiation solar radiation Atmosphere Ocean Solid Earth Land Energy, Water, and Biogeochemistry Cycles Sub-components Global cycles What comes in What goes

More information

Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming

Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming Chemical Cycles: Greenhouse Effect: Cause and effect Chemical Cycles: CO 2 and O 2 Chemical Fluxes: CO 2 and O 2 Proxies for climate change: Isotopes Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming Global Warming World

More information

Upper Ocean Circulation

Upper Ocean Circulation Upper Ocean Circulation C. Chen General Physical Oceanography MAR 555 School for Marine Sciences and Technology Umass-Dartmouth 1 MAR555 Lecture 4: The Upper Oceanic Circulation The Oceanic Circulation

More information

Oceans and Climate. Caroline Katsman. KNMI Global Climate Division

Oceans and Climate. Caroline Katsman. KNMI Global Climate Division Oceans and Climate Caroline Katsman KNMI Global Climate Division Aimée Slangen, Roderik van de Wal (IMAU, Utrecht University) Sybren Drijfhout, Wilco Hazeleger (KNMI, Global Climate) Bert Vermeersen (NIOZ/Delft

More information

Paleoclimate indicators

Paleoclimate indicators Paleoclimate indicators Rock types as indicators of climate Accumulation of significant thicknesses of limestone and reef-bearing limestone is restricted to ~20º + - equator Gowganda tillite, Ontario

More information

The Global Carbon Cycle Recording the Evolution of Earth, from the origin of life to the industrialization of the planet

The Global Carbon Cycle Recording the Evolution of Earth, from the origin of life to the industrialization of the planet The Global Carbon Cycle Recording the Evolution of Earth, from the origin of life to the industrialization of the planet Celebrating 5 years of world-leading collaborative and multidisciplinary research

More information

Lecture 1. Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature

Lecture 1. Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature Lecture 6 Lecture 1 Ocean circulation Forcing and large-scale features Amplitude of the seasonal cycle in temperature 1 Atmosphere and ocean heat transport Trenberth and Caron (2001) False-colour satellite

More information

Actual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Geometry of the ocean 1/17/2018. Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations?

Actual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Geometry of the ocean 1/17/2018. Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations? Patterns and observations? Observations? Patterns? Observations? Patterns? Geometry of the ocean Actual bathymetry (with vertical exaggeration) Continental Continental Basin

More information

Making Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions

Making Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions Making Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 15 and 16 Outline I. Deep sea sedimentation Detrital sediments

More information

Global Carbon Cycle - I

Global Carbon Cycle - I Global Carbon Cycle - I OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 11 1. Overview of global C cycle 2. Global C reservoirs Outline 3. The contemporary global C cycle 4. Fluxes and residence

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SI #1 Sample preparation and analyses New planktonic and benthic foraminiferal radiocarbon ages were generated for late glacial and deglacial intervals from two shallow cores (Table S1). Core RR53 JPC

More information

Ocean Sciences 101 The Marine Environment OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM

Ocean Sciences 101 The Marine Environment OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM Part I. Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the one best answer from the list, and write the letter legibly in the blank to the left of the question. 2 points

More information

Opal burial in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean over the last 30 ka: Implications for glacial-interglacial changes in the ocean silicon cycle

Opal burial in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean over the last 30 ka: Implications for glacial-interglacial changes in the ocean silicon cycle Click Here for Full Article PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, VOL. 22,, doi:10.1029/2007pa001443, 2007 Opal burial in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean over the last 30 ka: Implications for glacial-interglacial changes in

More information

What is a system? What do the arrows in this diagram represent? What do the boxes represent? Why is it useful to study and understand systems?

What is a system? What do the arrows in this diagram represent? What do the boxes represent? Why is it useful to study and understand systems? Systems What is a system? What do the arrows in this diagram represent? What do the boxes represent? Why is it useful to study and understand systems? evaporation River & Lake water rain Atmosphere Water

More information

North Atlantic ocean circulation and abrupt climate change during the last glaciation

North Atlantic ocean circulation and abrupt climate change during the last glaciation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 North Atlantic ocean circulation and abrupt climate change during the last glaciation Authors: L. G. Henry 1*, J. F. McManus 1, W. B. Curry 2,3, N. L. Roberts 4, A. M. Piotrowski 4, L.

More information

ATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

ATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT ATOC 1060-002 OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 22 (Chp 15, Chp 14 Pages 288-290) Objectives of Today s Class Chp 15 Global Warming, Part 1: Recent and Future Climate: Recent climate: The Holocene Climate

More information

Opal accumulation rates in the equatorial Pacific and mechanisms of deglaciation

Opal accumulation rates in the equatorial Pacific and mechanisms of deglaciation PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, VOL. 26,, doi:10.1029/2010pa002008, 2011 Opal accumulation rates in the equatorial Pacific and mechanisms of deglaciation C. T. Hayes, 1,2 R. F. Anderson, 1,2 and M. Q. Fleisher 1 Received

More information

CMIP3/CMIP5 differences: Scenario (SRESA1B vs RCP4.5) Ensemble mean Tas responses: CMIP3 = 2.8 K CMIP5 = 1.9 K CMIP5 higher average resolution

CMIP3/CMIP5 differences: Scenario (SRESA1B vs RCP4.5) Ensemble mean Tas responses: CMIP3 = 2.8 K CMIP5 = 1.9 K CMIP5 higher average resolution CMIP3/CMIP5 differences: Scenario (SRESA1B vs RCP4.5) Ensemble mean Tas responses: CMIP3 = 2.8 K CMIP5 = 1.9 K CMIP5 higher average resolution Several `high-top models in CMIP5 Key question What are

More information

6. What has been the most effective erosive agent in the climate system? a. Water b. Ice c. Wind

6. What has been the most effective erosive agent in the climate system? a. Water b. Ice c. Wind Multiple Choice. 1. Heinrich Events a. Show increased abundance of warm-water species of planktic foraminifera b. Show greater intensity since the last deglaciation c. Show increased accumulation of ice-rafted

More information

Paleoclimate: What can the past tell us about the present and future? Global Warming Science February 14, 2012 David McGee

Paleoclimate: What can the past tell us about the present and future? Global Warming Science February 14, 2012 David McGee Paleoclimate: What can the past tell us about the present and future? 12.340 Global Warming Science February 14, 2012 David McGee 1 Recent observed trends: Greenhouse gases Image courtesy of NOAA. 2 Recent

More information

Global Carbon Cycle - I

Global Carbon Cycle - I Global Carbon Cycle - I Reservoirs and Fluxes OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 13 November 2012 Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 11 Outline 1. Overview of global C cycle 2. Global C reservoirs 3. The contemporary

More information

Processes affecting continental shelves

Processes affecting continental shelves Marine Sediments Continental Shelves Processes affecting continental shelves 1. Glaciation 2. Sea-level change (±130 m during continental glaciation) 3. Waves and currents 4. Sedimentation 5. Carbonate

More information

CGSN Overview. GSN Sites CSN Sites Shore Facilities

CGSN Overview. GSN Sites CSN Sites Shore Facilities GSN Sites CSN Sites Shore Facilities CGSN Overview Coastal Pioneer Array Endurance Array Global Irminger Sea Southern Ocean Station Papa Fixed assets Surface mooring Subsurface mooring Mobile assets Ocean

More information

Last Time. Submarine Canyons and Fans. Turbidites. MAS 603: Geological Oceanography. Lecture 16: Greenhouse vs. Icehouse Earths

Last Time. Submarine Canyons and Fans. Turbidites. MAS 603: Geological Oceanography. Lecture 16: Greenhouse vs. Icehouse Earths UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA Last Time MAS 603: Geological Oceanography Lecture 16: Greenhouse vs. Icehouse Earths Submarine Fans Definition and morphology Transport mechanisms (density currents) Submarine

More information

Diatom productivity in the equatorial Pacific Ocean from the last glacial period to the present: A test of the silicic acid leakage hypothesis

Diatom productivity in the equatorial Pacific Ocean from the last glacial period to the present: A test of the silicic acid leakage hypothesis Click Here for Full Article PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, VOL. 21,, doi: 10.1029/2006PA001282, 2006 Diatom productivity in the equatorial Pacific Ocean from the last glacial period to the present: A test of the silicic

More information

GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, VOL. 24, GB4023, doi: /2010gb003790, 2010

GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, VOL. 24, GB4023, doi: /2010gb003790, 2010 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, VOL. 24,, doi:10.1029/2010gb003790, 2010 Carbon dioxide effects of Antarctic stratification, North Atlantic Intermediate Water formation, and subantarctic nutrient drawdown

More information

Radiocarbon constraints on the glacial ocean circulation and its impact on atmospheric CO 2

Radiocarbon constraints on the glacial ocean circulation and its impact on atmospheric CO 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Radiocarbon constraints on the glacial ocean circulation and its impact on atmospheric

More information

Supplementary Fig. 1. Locations of thinning transects and photos of example samples. Mt Suess/Gondola Ridge transects extended metres above

Supplementary Fig. 1. Locations of thinning transects and photos of example samples. Mt Suess/Gondola Ridge transects extended metres above Supplementary Fig. 1. Locations of thinning transects and photos of example samples. Mt Suess/Gondola Ridge transects extended 260 24 metres above the modern surface of Mackay Glacier, and included 16

More information

Overview of Dust in the Earth System

Overview of Dust in the Earth System AAAS Symposium 1 Overview of Dust in the Earth System Dr. Karen E. Kohfeld School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, CANADA What is dust? Soil mineral fragments Quartz,

More information

Please be ready for today by:

Please be ready for today by: Please be ready for today by: 1. HW out for a stamp 2. Paper and pencil/pen for notes 3. Be ready to discuss what you know about El Nino after you view the video clip What is El Nino? El Nino Basics El

More information

The Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle: CO 2,the greenhouse effect, & climate feedbacks. Assigned Reading: Kump et al. (1999) The Earth System, Chap. 7.

The Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle: CO 2,the greenhouse effect, & climate feedbacks. Assigned Reading: Kump et al. (1999) The Earth System, Chap. 7. The Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle: CO 2,the greenhouse effect, & climate feedbacks Assigned Reading: Kump et al. (1999) The Earth System, Chap. 7. Overhead Transparencies Faint Faint Young Sun Paradox Young

More information

Sediments, Sedimentation, and Paleoceanography. -Types of sediments -Distribution of ocean sediments and Processes of sedimentation -Paleoceanography

Sediments, Sedimentation, and Paleoceanography. -Types of sediments -Distribution of ocean sediments and Processes of sedimentation -Paleoceanography Sediments, Sedimentation, and Paleoceanography -Types of sediments -Distribution of ocean sediments and Processes of sedimentation -Paleoceanography Sediments Sources of sediment: 1. living organisms (biogenic:

More information

Weather & Ocean Currents

Weather & Ocean Currents Weather & Ocean Currents Earth is heated unevenly Causes: Earth is round Earth is tilted on an axis Earth s orbit is eliptical Effects: Convection = vertical circular currents caused by temperature differences

More information

Patterns and impacts of ocean warming and heat uptake

Patterns and impacts of ocean warming and heat uptake Patterns and impacts of ocean warming and heat uptake Shang-Ping Xie Scripps Inst of Oceanography, UCSD Ocean warming & circulation change Ocean heat uptake & meridional overturning circulation Global

More information

- vertical and horizontal segregation Univ. Washington - case studies (Fe and N) (10/29/01)

- vertical and horizontal segregation Univ. Washington - case studies (Fe and N) (10/29/01) Chapter 10: Biolimiting Elements James W. Murray - vertical and horizontal segregation Univ. Washington - case studies (Fe and N) (10/29/01) By definition, biolimiting elements are those: necessary to

More information

Chapter 17 Tritium, Carbon 14 and other "dyes" James Murray 5/15/01 Univ. Washington (note: Figures not included yet)

Chapter 17 Tritium, Carbon 14 and other dyes James Murray 5/15/01 Univ. Washington (note: Figures not included yet) Chapter 17 Tritium, Carbon 14 and other "dyes" James Murray 5/15/01 Univ. Washington (note: Figures not included yet) I. Cosmic Ray Production Cosmic ray interactions produce a wide range of nuclides in

More information