IMOS Blue Water and Climate. 1. Science highlights 2. Opportunities 3. Impediments

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1 IMOS Blue Water and Climate 1. Science highlights 2. Opportunities 3. Impediments

2 CTDs on seals

3 Tagged animals: Research outputs Recent publications: 1. Bestley, S., I. D. Jonsen, et al. (2013). Integrative modelling of animal movement: incorporating in situ habitat and behavioural information for a migratory marine predator. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 280(1750). 2. Cleeland, J. B., M. A. Lea, et al. (2014). Use of the Southern Ocean by breeding Short-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 450(0): Ohshima, K. I., Y. Fukamachi, et al. (2013). Antarctic Bottom Water production by intense sea-ice formation in the Cape Darnley polynya. Nature Geoscience 6(3): Roquet, F., C. Wunsch, et al. (2013). Estimates of the Southern Ocean general circulation improved by animal-borne instruments. Geophysical Research Letters 40: 1-5.

4 Southern Ocean CPR

5 Improved chlorophyll products

6 NERP marine biodiversity hub National Blueprint for Marine Environmental Monitoring

7 Deep ocean moorings RAMA

8 Polynya moorings 3 near-bottom CTD-current meter moorings to monitor AABW overflow out of Mertz polynya

9 Polynya moorings 1. Attempts by Tangaroa in 2013 and Palmer in 2014 failed to recover moorings because of heavy ice. Last chance: Aurora Mertz region no longer feasible as a longterm observing site (without a substantially larger budget to allow deep water moorings over the slope). 3. Replacement moorings deployed in polynya off Totten Glacier by Palmer in 2014, recovered by Aurora in Pilot to demonstrate viability of a long-term site. 4. Some forward funding secured via ACE- CRC, future IMOS funding sought. Data from earlier IMOS.

10 Under-ice Argo MCDW ISW ISW ISW MCDW MCDW HSSW From Esmee van Wijk ISW HSSW

11 Sea ice production ΔS = ~ 0.2 ΔS = ~ 0.3 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D First measurements of Antarctic continental shelf waters through the full annual cycle by a profiling float. Proof of concept of tool suitable for under ice observing. 2.4 cm.d cm.d -1 Future opportunity for IMOS, with coinvestment by ACE.

12 Changes in Antarctic bottom water Densest AABW classes disappear, replaced by lighter density classes. Oxygen content of densest water remains constant and increases on isopycnals. Van Wijk & Rintoul, GRL, 2014 Aoki et al., JGR-O, 2013

13 ~185 profiling floats over 6 yrs, start 2015 Equipped with ph, nitrate, O 2 sensors Lifetime >5 years All float data immediately accessible as per Argo data policy Deployed in all sectors of the Southern Ocean SOCOM Bio-Argo

14 Deep Argo Target: Decadal trends at ~500km scales Sample to 6000 m, 30-day cycle 5 x 5 spacing: ~1200 floats Contribute about 12% of Argo profiles, valuable for T and S

15 Deep Argo Applications: Warming and SLR But need to continue to support repeat hydrography (only way to sample full ocean depth for wide range of variables).

16 Tasman leakage from Argo Mean current speed at 1000 dbar. Tasman Leakage carries 3.8 ± 1.3 Sv of Antarctic Intermediate Water from the Pacific to the Indian south of Tasmania. Fieschi et al., GRL, 2013

17 EAC array

18 Glider opportunity? glider(s) EAC array XBT Overlap mooring, HD XBT and dual glider sampling (~10-14 day repeats) : 3 year overlap? 3 major eddy shedding events per year = 9-10 events sampled compare resolved transport and climate fluxes (v T ) Parallel model assimilation experiment?

19 Satellite altimetry Trend towards an expanding constellation despite end of Jason-1 and ENVISAT. Greater spatial resolution with various temporal resolutions (e.g. 10, 35, 27 day, > 1 yr repeat track orbits => improved ability to resolve small scale topography. Australia contributes only through participation on science teams => IMOS supported cal/val an important role in our geographic region. Black: TOPEX/Jason (10 day repeat) Yellow: ENVISAT / SARAL (35 day repeat) Red/Pink: Sentinel (27 day repeat)

20 Impediments Funding climate MNF (ABOS moorings) Gliders Ship time on Aurora Australis is very tight. Data availability

21 Opportunities ACE CRC: $25M for , including $1.5M in observing infrastructure co-invested with IMOS. Strong partnerships provide additional $140M. Additional Antarctic funding promised in budget and under negotiation. Increased international interest (e.g. Asia, US, Southern Ocean Observing System, SOCOM) A 20-year Antarctic Strategy is under preparation; submissions welcome over next few weeks.