Lake-Level Variability and Water Availability in the Great Lakes
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1 National Water Availability and Use Program Lake-Level Variability and Water Availability in the Great Lakes Circular 1311 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
2 Front-cover photo: Drowned-river-mouth wetland in Pigeon River near Port Sheldon, Michigan, in late summer 2000; photo shows mostly annual emergent plants along the shore that grew from the seed bank in exposed shoreline sediments after Lake Michigan water levels dropped more than 1.5 feet from what they were in (Photo by Douglas Wilcox, U.S. Geological Survey) Above: Same area in spring 1999, before growth of the emergent plants. (Photo by Douglas Wilcox, U.S. Geological Survey)
3 Lake-Level Variability and Water Availability in the Great Lakes By Douglas A. Wilcox, Todd A. Thompson, Robert K. Booth, and J.R. Nicholas National Water Availability and Use Program Circular 1311 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
4 U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: Telephone: ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: Telephone: ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K., and Nicholas, J.R., 2007, Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1311, 25 p. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes / by Douglas A. Wilcox... [et al.]. p. cm. (Circular; 1311) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Paleohydrology Michigan, Lake. 2. Water levels Michigan, Lake. 3. Paleohydrology Huron, Lake (Mich. and Ont.) 4. Water levels Huron, Lake (Mich. and Ont.) 5. Paleohydrology Superior, Lake. 6. Water levels Superior, Lake. I. Wilcox, Douglas A. QE39.5.P27L dc ISBN
5 iii Contents Introduction...1 Physical Setting...1 Hydrologic Setting...2 Water Balance...3 Water Availability...5 Great Lakes Water Levels...5 Recorded Water-Level History...6 Reconstructed Water-Level History...6 Relation to Climate...9 Relation to Storage...12 Relation to Coastal Ecosystems...13 Relation to Human Activities...17 Summary...20 References Cited...21 Glossary...24 Figures 1. Map of the Great Lakes showing the extent of the drainage basin Graphs Showing 2. Volume and land and lake area for each of the Great Lakes Water inflow to the lakes Water outflow from the lakes Water balance for the Great Lakes, including types of input to and output from the lakes Historical lake levels for the Great Lakes, Oblique aerial photograph of a strandplain of beach ridges near Manistique, Michigan Hydrograph of late Holocene lake level and historical lake level for Lake Michigan- Huron Graph showing late Holocene lake level interpreted from beach-ridge studies in relation to surface moisture interpreted from testate amoeba studies in peatlands Graph showing water storage for the Great Lakes, Simplified diagram of the effects of water-level fluctuations on coastal wetland plant communities Profile of a typical coastal marsh from lake to upland showing changes in plant communities related to lake-level history Graph showing inferred late Holocene levels of Lake Michigan compared with peaks in probability of inferred dune building Schematic sections depicting the structural habitat provided by plant communities characteristic of regulated Lakes Ontario and Superior Photograph showing armored shoreline on Lake Ontario that disrupts natural coastal processes and generally results in accelerated erosion...20
6 iv Conversion Factors, Datum, and Abbreviations Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) foot (ft) meter (m) mile (mi) kilometer (km) Area square mile (mi 2 ) hectare (ha) square mile (mi 2 ) square kilometer (km 2 ) Volume gallon (gal) liter (L) cubic mile (mi 3 ) cubic kilometer (km 3 ) Flow rate cubic foot per second (ft 3 /s) cubic meter per second (m 3 /s) Temperature in degrees Celsius ( C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit ( F) as follows: F=(1.8 C)+32 Great Lakes water levels are referenced to the International Great Lakes Datum of 1985 (IGLD 1985).
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