Coastal adaptations on the Western Cape. Nicholas Conard Tübingen
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1 Coastal adaptations on the Western Cape Nicholas Conard Tübingen
2 Research Questions How did modern humans evolve? What role did coastal adaptations play? What do we know about MSA & LSA coastal adaptations? Hypotheses Parkington s seafood model Marean s Pinnacle Point refugium model Cunnane & Stewart (Eds.) 2010
3 Coastal Adaptations Earliest evidence: shell middens MSA South Africa (beginning ~164 ka?) How do we define shell middens? Boegoeberg 2 HDP1 & Sea Harvest Ysterfontein 1 Die Kelders Blombos PP13B KRM ROCEEH- Database
4 Photo: M. Malina Photo: M. Malina Stratigraphy 2011
5 Shell midden or a picnic on the beach
6 Layer PAT (kg) PAT* (kcal) CM (kg) CM* (kcal) Total (kg) Total* (kcal) % PAT AH I % AH II % AH III % TOTAL , ,745 77% Cymbula granatina Shellfish calories and densities Choromytilus meridionalis
7 HDP1 Limpet sizes Valid n 60 Mean 69.8 mm Median 71.2 mm Maximum 84.6 mm minimum 43.6 mm Standard deviation 8.0 mm Data by K. Kyriacou Conform to the typical MSA pattern HDP1 (2011) Shellfish dimensions Avery et al. 2008
8 Photos S. Mentzer & C. Miller Klasies River Mouth / variable at time high densities
9 Site Density (kg/m³) Chronology Pinnacle Point 13B MIS 6 5c Hoedjiespunt MIS 5e Klasies River MIS 5d - 3 Blombos Cave < MIS 5e 5a Elands Bay LSA Shell Middens? Clast supported shell middens are rare in the MSA and much more common in the LSA
10 Hoedjiespunt Anyskop Blowout Langebaanweg Elandsfontein 118,000 m 2 Geelbek Dunes West Coast National Park Geelbek Dunes Anyskop Blowout (2007) Ysterfontein 5 km
11 GEELBEK DUNES & DUNE MIGRATION
12 Geelbek Geological setting Letting nature do the digging
13 Geelbek Chronostratigraphy 3 sand units 5-6 ka BP Ancient dunes (AD) Calcified bushland vegetation ka BP AD II AD I Karstified calcrete Undated AD 0 3 calcrete units 65 ka BP / ka BP / ka BP
14 Dune migration 1998 Stella
15 Stella
16 Stella
17 Stella
18 Stella
19 Dune movement samples complete landscape Stella 8.5 m/yr Total surface area sampled at Geelbek > 118,000 m 2
20 GOME B: Feb. 2000, compact brown sand
21 S N Mar Apr START: Feb Mar >1.6 m deflation in 2 years! W E ST ART: Feb Apr Mar Mar Legend Lithic Artifact Faunal Remain Marine Shell Ostrich Egg Shell (scale in meters) GOME A: loose dune sand
22 23 localities S Nora Crow LSA (n=8) S Rhino Pottery Stone Ring Snoek Ovis Equus Loop Mathilda Rose LSA and MSA (n=15) ESA (n=0) S Shelly Toaster Bovid Olifant Stella Hetero Frikkie Check S Alice 118,000 m 2 Homo Bay 35 Bleached Bone EDM S Geelbek Dunes S kilometer E E E E E E
23 23 localities LSA (n=8) LSA and MSA (n=15) ESA (n=0) 118,000 m 2 Geelbek Dunes
24 Geelbek
25 Human bones: Hetero AD low marine component to diet Homo AD moderate marine compenent to diet Loop 40 BC -60 AD extremely high marine component to diet Cattle Sheep/Goat Alice AD Ovis modern Check AD Geelbek, calibrated radiocarbon dates, the last 4000 years
26 Stone features 49 stone features hearths for cooking whale blubber rendering work spaces living areas
27 LOCALITY: Toaster March 2001 Scatters 10,11, & 12 Burned calcrete / Stone hearths
28 Toaster 1860 Stone Hearth (Scatter 10) Stone Hearth (Scatter 11) Stone Hearth (Scatter 12) Pottery (Scatter 6) Pottery (Scatter 3) Stone Hearth (Scatter 1/13) Stone Hearth (Scatter 14) Stone Hearth ( Scatter 15) 1840 Stone Hearth (Scatter 2) 1820 Stone Hearth (Scatter 5) 1800 LEGEND Faunal Remain Lithic Artifact Pottery Marine Shell OES OES Bead Burned Calcrete OUTLINE Border 2002 Border 2001 Border 2000 Stone Hearth (Scatter 4) (scale in meters) Toaster
29 Coastal resources
30 Whale scavenging (~2500 BP) Whale barnacles Shells Ret. shells Lithics Beads Calcrete POTTERY
31 Marine resources Buchanan (1988) Humpback whale: 650kJ / 100 g Average mass = 30,000 kg 40% usable nutritionally 78 M kj ~ 19 M cal 2nd case in locality Nora (~2600 BP) > 34,000 Big Macs
32 LSA spatial organization (~2500 BP) Shells Retouched shells Lithics Beads Calcrete SHELLY
33 Locality SHELLY - caloric budget Buchanan (1988) Black mussels : 150kJ / 100 g shell Limpets: 350kJ / 100 g shell Total shell weight = 4.6 kg ~ 8360 kj ~ 2000 cal = 4 Shells n=1091 Big Macs
34 Stages of bead production (1-12)
35 OES bead manufacture Shelly Pottery LOCALITY Nora Pottery Shelly Toaster 2,580 BP 2,500 BP 2,465 BP 1,260 BP Nora Toaster
36 Bead making (~2500 BP) Ceramic Shells Ret. shells Lithics Beads Calcrete Ceramics (<2000 BP) POTTERY
37 Stone Ring
38 Many ground stone tools Localities: Equus, Homo, Pottery and Shelly
39 Bone tools HO 136 CR 917 CR 942 CR 943 Locality: CROW SH CR 914 CR 915 CR 916 LOCALITY Crow 1420 AD
40 Settlement Patterns in the Holocene LSA Higher find densities than during the MSA reflect longer occupations and higher population densities Adaptable and varied subsistence strategies with marine and terrestrial resources Diverse material culture Symbolic artifacts common Human burials
41 Elephant Historic Ceramic Shells Lithics Beads Calcrete TOASTER Elephant Hunting Late 18 th C 8 bullets, 2 clay pipes, 1 gunflint, 1 iron hook
42 Conclusion Geelbek & Anyskop Entire landscape provides important archaeological data Greatest strength: large surfaces expose new kinds of sites Greatest weakness: difficulty in establishing chronological control 2013
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