A SEDIMENT ANALYSIS OF THE THREE DOG SITE (SS21), SAN SALVADOR ISLAND, COMMONWEALTH OF THE BAHAMAS. Joshua J. O Brien
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1 A SEDIMENT ANALYSIS OF THE THREE DOG SITE (SS21), SAN SALVADOR ISLAND, COMMONWEALTH OF THE BAHAMAS Joshua J. O Brien
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3 Background Earliest known archaeological site within the Bahamian Archipelago. Dated between AD Once inhabited by the Lucayans, or Lukki-Ciari Excavated
4 The Excavation Revealed the Following Site Structure:
5 Methods Overburden Level Sterile Dune - From 104 1x1m 2 excavation unit a sediment sample was taken from the overburden, cultural level, and sterile dune - Samples taken from the wall
6 Sediment Samples were Bagged and Stored at the Gerace Research Center
7 SS
8 SS
9 Hypothesis 1. Can chemical anomalies within the cultural unit of the Three Dog Site be traced to anthropogenic activities? 2. Can these chemical anomalies be used to better characterize usage patterns within ancient Lucayan settlements?
10 Advantages of Using the Three Dog Site for this Study The site was excavated at an extremely high resolution The relatively pure calcium carbonate nature of Bahamian sediments reduces the number of ambient contaminants within them
11 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) Trace elemental concentrations examined: -Mg, Al, P, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Zr, Cd, Sn, Ta, and Pb. - Elements with the highest concentrations included: P, Sr, Fe, Al, and Ni
12 Data Were Discriminated Using ANOVA Tests
13 Phosphorus (ppb) Phosphorous Concentrations were Highest in the Midden P Concentrations of SS Midden Activity1 Area Low Density Activity 2 P value = 0.355
14 Concentration of P31 (ppb) Concentration of P31 (ppb) Concentration of P31 (ppb) Concentration of P31 (ppb) P Concentrations displayed Stratigraphically Stratigraphic Concentrations of P31 in Midden Area Stratigraphic Concentrations of P31 in Activity 1 0 Overburden Overburden Stratigraphic Concentrations of P31 in Low Density Area Stratigraphic Concentrations of P31 in Activity Overburden
15 Phosphorus (ppb) P Concentrations of SS P value = Midden Activity1 Area Low Density Activity 2 Spherical Gaussian range = 5.59 range = 2.95 Spherical
16 Increased Quantities of Phosphorous Have Been Associated Human Activities Activities including food consumption, food preparation, and fecal material Phosphorous occurred at the highest levels in the midden area and activity (food preparation) area Waste was being deposited in the Midden area
17 Sr Concentration (ppb) Strontium Concentrations were Highest in the Midden and Activity Area Sr88 Concentrations of SS Midden Activity 1 Area Low Density Activity 2 P Value = 0.000
18 Concentration of Sr88 (ppb) Concentration of Sr88 (ppb) Concentration of Sr88 (ppb) Concentration of Sr88 (ppb) Sr concentrations displayed Stratigraphically Stratigraphic Concentrations of Sr88 in Midden Area Stratigraphic Concentrations of Sr88 in Activity 1 Overburden Overburden Stratigraphic Concentrations of Sr88 in Low Density Area Stratigraphic Concentrations of Sr88 in Activity Overburden
19 Sr Concentration (ppb) Sr88 Concentrations of SS P Value = Midden Activity 1 Area Low Density Activity 2 Spherical range = Gaussian range = 6.16 Spherical
20 The Sr enrichment of midden Sediments may have been due to the presence of shell material o Upon excavation the Midden contained the highest density of shell material o Little to no shell material was found in the house structure
21 Fe57 Concentration (ppb) Iron Concentrations were Highest in the Midden Area Fe57 Concentrations of SS Midden Activity 1 Area Low Density Activity 2 P Value = 0.012
22 Concentration of Fe57 (ppb) Concentration of Fe57 (ppb) Fe57Concentration of Fe57 (ppb) Fe57Concentration of Fe57 (ppb) Fe Concentrations Displayed Stratigraphically Stratigraphic Concentrations of Fe57 in Midden Area Stratigraphic Concentrations of Fe57 in Activity Overburden Overburden Stratigraphic Concentrations of Fe57 in Low Density Area Stratigraphic Concentrations of Fe57 in Activity Overburden
23 Fe57 Concentration (ppb) Fe57 Concentrations of SS P Value = Midden Activity 1 Area Low Density Activity 2 Spherical Gaussian Spherical range = 8.23 range = 3.95
24 Aluminum Concentrations were Highest in the House Structure P Value = 0.051
25 Concentration of Al27 (ppb) Concentration of Al27 (ppb) Concentration of Al27 (ppb) Concentration of Al27 (ppb) Al Concentrations displayed Stratigraphically Stratigraphic Concentrations of Al27 in Midden Area Stratigraphic Concentrations of Al27 in Activity Overburden Overburden Stratigraphic Concentrations of Al27 in Low Density Area Stratigraphic Concentrations of Al27 in Activity Overburden 0
26 P Value = Gaussian Spherical range = range = Spherical
27 Ni concentrations (ppb) Ni Concentrations were Highest in the House Structure Ni60 Concentrations of SS Midden Activity 1 Area Low Density Activity 2 P Value = 0.038
28 Concentration of Ni60 (ppb) Concentration of Ni60 (ppb) Concentration of Ni60 (ppb) Concentration of Ni60 (ppb) Ni Concentrations Displayed Stratigraphically Stratigraphic Concentrations of Ni60 in Midden Area Stratigraphic Concentrations of Ni60 in Activity Overburden 6000 Overburden Stratigraphic Concentrations of Ni60 in Low Density Area Stratigraphic Concentrations of Ni60 in Activity Overburden _1 2000
29 Ni concentrations (ppb) Ni60 Concentrations of SS Midden P Value = Activity 1 Area Low Density Activity 2 Spherical Gaussian A = 8.35 A = 4.32 Spherical
30 Al, Fe, and Ni Concentrations Could be Related to Lucayan Pottery Clays found in the Bahamas, tend to contain an average of 31.2 Wt% Al 2 0 3, and 13.0 Wt% Fe 2 O 3 The highest levels of Al were located within the house structure Fe concentrations did not parallel Al The highest mean elemental concentration of Fe was in the midden Bahamian pottery contained less Ni than pottery from the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Cuba 30% of all found pottery traceable to east central Cuba, which may account for the presence of Ni at SS21
31 Major Conclusions Phosphorous concentrations were highest in the midden and food preparation areas; such trends are most likely indicative of usage patterns within the site Phosphorous concentrations were stratigraphically highest in the cultural unit The midden area was enriched in Strontium, possibly from the presence of shell material Nickel concentrations were highest within the cultural unit; this signature may be related to Lucayan Pottery Nickel concentrations were relatively constant across SS21 Aluminum concentrations were lowest in Activity Area 2 Iron concentrations were highest within the house structure
32 Significance This study further proves that chemical anomalies can be tied to anthropogenic signals within an archeological site. Given this site was excavated at such a hich resolution, these data may serve as a control for future chemical analysis To survey archeological sites prior to excavation. To better understand settlement patterns.
33 Acknowledgements NSF-EAR REU grant # "REU Site: Field Research on Bahamian Lakes--Exploring Records of Anthropogenic and Climate Change" to L.E.Park All of the REU Mentors Dr. Mary Jane Berman Dr. Perry Gnivecki Dr. Tina Niemi Dr. James Murowchick Dr. Karen McNeal Dr. Lisa Park Andy Michelson, University of Akron The Gerace Research Center, San Salvador Island Kathleen Poth and Keri Agresti, Miami University The Powell Lab, Juniata College Geology Department The Mutti Lab, Juniata College Geology Department The Mathur Lab, Juniata College Geology Department Joseph and Donna O Brien
34 Questions
35 Works Cited Berman, M. J Fuel Wood Selection and the Lucayan-Taino Landscape: A Preliminary View. In Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, Berman, Mary Jane, Gnivecki, Perry L.,. "The Colonization of the Bahama Archipelago: A Reappraisal." World Archaeology 26(1995): Print. Berman, Mary Jane, Pearsall, Deborah M. "At the Crossroads: Starch Grain and Phytolith Analyses in Lucayan Prehistory." Latin American Antiquity 19(2008): Print. Berman, Mary Jane., Sievert, April K., Whyte, Thomas R., "Form and Function of Bipolar Lithic Artifacts From the Three Dog Site." Latin American Antiquity 10(1999): Print. Eidt, R.C., 30 September 1977, Detection and examinationof anüirosols by phosphate analysis: Science, vol. 197,no. 4311, pp Foos, Annabelle. "Mineralogy of Bahamian Soils." Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas (1991): Print. Sealey, Neil E.. Bahamian Landscapes. 2 edition. Media Publishing Ltd: Print. Wells, C. E., Terry, R.E., Parnell, J.J., Hardin, P.J., Jackson, M.W., Houston, S.D., Chemical Analyses of Ancient Anthrosols in Residential Areas at Piedras Negras, Guatemala, Journal of Archeological Science; 27, p Winters, John., Mark Gilstrap, "Preliminary Results of Ceramic Analysis and the Movements of Populations into the Bahamas." Proceedings of the 12th Congress of International association For
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