CHAPTER 4. Blue Heron Site (47Je1001) 2003 Investigations. By Chrisie L. Hunter

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1 CHAPTER 4 Blue Heron Site (47Je1001) 2003 Investigations By Chrisie L. Hunter Introduction The Blue Heron site (47Je1001) is on the property of the Crescent Bay Hunt Club, which is located in the NE 1/4 of Section 19, and in an irregular portion of the SW 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of Section 20, Township 5 North, Range 13 East; Sumner Township, southwestern Jefferson County (Figures ). The site was located during a survey of the Hunt Club property by UWM in 1995, and reported as a small, single component Oneota site by Hanson (1996), but the site was not examined in any detail. Interest in the site was rekindled as part of a larger effort to understand prehistoric land use around the shores of Lake Koshkonong. It was felt that excavation of this smaller site near the Crescent Bay Hunt Club site (47Je904) might supplement our understanding of Oneota land use. The site location was established by a single shovel probe in The probe produced a large amount of grit and shell tempered ceramics and lithic debris, which influenced the decision to return in 2003 to excavate test units. The primary goals of the investigation were to see if there were intact deposits that might qualify for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, to locate features or ceramics with datable material, and to recover technological, floral, faunal, and/or spatial data that would inform us about Late Woodland and Oneota lifeways. 164

2 Figure 4.1 Portion of the Crescent Bay Hunt Club property ( Hanson 1996). 165

3 Figure 4.2 USGS Busseyville 7.5 minute topographic map showing location of Crescent Bay Hunt Club and Blue Heron site (47 JE 1001). 166

4 Figure 4.3 Blue Heron 1995 survey and placement of 2003 units (adapted from Hanson 1996). 167

5 2003 Excavation In May 2003, a group of experienced UWM graduate and undergraduate students, under the supervision of Chrisie Hunter, spent a week excavating 6 1x2 meter units, (Figure 4.4). Two site data were established in order to create a grid and site map (Figure 4.4). Datum one was placed 2 meters south of the southeast clubhouse foundation corner. Three stakes were placed below the surface as a permanent marker for future work. The second datum (N500, E500) was established to create a grid in which units were placed. Units were plotted using a transit, compass and meter tapes. One shovel probe was also excavated to gain an understanding of stratigraphy and to establish that material was present (Table 4.1). Table 4.1 Materials recovered from shovel probes at Blue Heron, Material Count/Wt. Clear Glass 1/0.91 Metal Miscell. 3/0.75 Floral Wood/Charcoal 1/ 0.27 Lithics Non-Flakes 31/29.60 Ceramics Grit/Cordmark 1/

6 Figure Excavation units and datum stations. 169

7 The units were excavated in natural levels, but at every five centimeters, floors were cleaned in order to identify the presence of features. Level 00, organic horizon, had a maximum depth of 12 cm. The O horizon had a well established root system and soil texture/color that was sometimes, but not always, distinct from the underlying A Horizon. The A Horizon (Level 1) went to a maximum depth of 26 cm below surface and was followed by a B Horizon (Level 2), which extended to a depth of 46 cm below surface. Level 02 was terminated after 10 cm of sterile soil had been encountered. Soil descriptions were taken at the beginning of each level and included color, texture, consistency, plasticity, structure, PH, and presence or absence of mottling. The soil matrix was screened through 1/4" (6.3mm) mesh screen to recover cultural material. Artifacts and flotation samples recovered were taken to the UWM- Archaeological Research Laboratory for processing. Rodent, plowing, house construction, and modern land use disturbance was evident in all six units. Plow scars, ridge and furrows and an irrigation canal were evident in units 03-01, 03-02, and Unit Level 00, an organic layer, went to a depth of 10 cmbs in this unit. The soil matrix was a 10 yr 2/2, Very Dark Brown sandy loam with 10 yr 5/6 Yellow Brown and 7.5yr 2.5/1 Black, Mottling. A large quantity of modern artifacts, clay pigeon fragments, shell casings, and aluminum were recovered. Flakes, non-flakes and pottery sherds were recovered as was historic metal fragments and nails (Table 4.2). Plow and bioturbation disturbance were evident throughout the level. 170

8 Table 4.2. Artifacts recovered from Unit Level: 00 Level: 01 Level: 02 Gl/Container Cobalt 1/3.87 Amethyst 1/ /2.40 Gl/Flat / Clear 3/ 1.63 Metal Iron / Cut Nail 1 / / /88.59 Wire Nail 5 / /8.03 Miscell. Miscellaneous 1 / / /0.59 Other Metal 1 / / 0.31 Building Material Miscellaneous 1 / / 2.48 Floral Wood/Charcoal 6/ /1.09 Bone /Uncarb Mammal 1/ 1.82 Mammal Teeth 1/5.54/deer Fish 6/0.85 Unidentified 1/0.17 Shell/Uncarb 9/0.59 Lithics Tool 1/ 4.11 Flakes 2/ / / 6.68 Non-Flakes 12/ / / FCR 2/ Other Stone 1/ / Ceramics Grit/Cordmark Grit/Unidentify 2/ 1.94 Shell/Rimshed 1/ 1.43 Shell/Unidentify 20/ / 1.44 The soil matrix of Level 01 was a 10 yr 2/1 Black, sandy loam with 10 yr 3/6 Yellow Brown and 7.5 yr 2.5/1 Black, Mottling. Prehistoric, historic, and modern artifacts were recovered from this level. Plowing and bioturbation were also evident in this level. Level 01 ended at 26 cmbs. 171

9 The soil for Level 02 was a 10 yr 3/3 Dark Brown, sandy loam, ending at a depth of approximately 45 cmbs. Artifacts recovered include nails, glass, flakes, and a lithic tool. At this level, two features were identified, F03-04 and F Unit Level 00 soil matrix was a 10 yr 3/2, Very Dark Gray Brown, sandy loam, ending at a depth of approximately 10 centimeters. Prehistoric ceramics and lithic debris were recovered as were several nails and historic ceramic wares (Table 4.3). Table 4.3. Artifacts recovered from Unit Level: 00 Level: 01 Level: 02 Level: 03 Area B Gl/Cont/ Clear Amethyst 1/1.28 Glass/Flat Clear Ce/Porcelain White 1/ 1.55 Other Color 1/12.21 Metal Iron / Cut Nail 22/ Wire Nail 3/ /35.40 Miscell. 1/1.55 Miscellaneous 13/24.28 Other Metal Building Material Miscellaneous 3/ 1.08 Bone/Uncarb Bird 1/0.09 Unidentified 2/ 0.38 Shell/Uncarb 12/12.49 Floral Wood/Charcoal 3/ /2.48 2/ 0.14 Wood/Uncarbon 4/ / 2.18 Lithics Flakes 5/2.84 3/1.03 3/3.00 Non-Flakes 8/ / FCR 1/16.18 Other Stone 1/24.02 Ceramics Cer/Grit/Rimsherd 1/ 2.42 Grit/Cordmark 1/1.59 Grit/Unidentify 6/ / Shell/Unidentify 5/ / /

10 Level 01 soil matrix was a 10 yr 3/2, Very Dark Gray Brown, sandy loam. Faunal remains, including clamshell, were recovered from this level. Faunal remains were concentrated in a small area within the unit. No cultural staining was evident where the concentration of faunal material was located. The area was located along the west wall and had a plan view dimension of 39 x 30 centimeters. It was uncovered at 27 cmbs. A few pottery sherds were also found within the concentration. Shell and grit pottery were found, both burned and non-burned within the level as were five flakes and 92 nonflakes. Historic material was still present throughout the level. Level 01 ended at a maximum depth of 28 cmbs. Level 02 soil was a 10 yr 4/6, Dark Yellowish Brown, sand. A marbled linear stain was uncovered. This stain also is evident in unit and was designated F Flakes and non-flakes were recovered from within the stain. This level ended at 40 cmbs. Level 03 soil was a 10 yr 4/4, Dark Yellowish Brown, sand. This level was not excavated, but the surface was mapped and artifacts recovered from the irrigation canal. Unit Level 00 soil was a 10 yr 2/1, Black, sandy loam. One prehistoric sherd and four historic nails were recovered at the base of the level. Clay pigeon fragments, nails, and pottery sherds were found throughout the level (Table 4.4). The level extended to a maximum depth of 10 cmbs. 173

11 Table 4.4. Artifacts recovered from Unit Level: 00 Level: 01 Level: 02 Gl/Cont/ Clear Amethyst 3/1.49 1/0.79 Glass/Flat Clear 2/ 1.75 Metal Iron / Cut Nail 23/74.60 Wire Nail 4/ / Screw 6/25.95 Barbed wire 4/9.19 Hinge / Bolt/Nut 7/ Miscellaneous 7/ /3.76 Other Metal Floral Wood/Charcoal 4/0.35 Bone /Uncarb Unidentified 4/ 0.81 Shell/Uncarb 1/ 0.21 Lithics Tool 1/ /4.44 Flakes 14/3.65 Non-Flakes 35/ /1.79 Ceramics Grit/Unidentify 6/ Shell/Unidentify 1/ / Level 01 soil was a 10 yr 2/2, Very Dark Brown, sandy loam. A few flakes and pottery were recovered, while historic nails dominated the artifact assemblage of the level. Nails were primarily found in the location of F03-01, an historic pit. Bone was also recovered. The level was terminated at a depth of 27 cmbs. Level 02 soil was a 10 yr 3/3, Dark Brown, sandy loam, with 10 yr 2/2 Black mottling. This level was excavated 10 cm in which it was established the soil layer was sterile. Both historic and prehistoric material was recovered, including a lithic tool. This level ended at 37 cmbs. 174

12 Unit Level 00 soil was a 7.5 yr 3/1, Very Dark Gray, sandy loam. Modern material was present in small quantities. Grit tempered pottery was found, along with four flakes. A square nail was found at the base of the level. No apparent clustering of artifacts was noticed (Table 4.5). The level was terminated at 10 cmbs. Table 4.5. Artifacts recovered from Unit Level: 00 Level: 01 Level: 02 Level: 03 Metal Iron / Cut Nail 1/ / /16.98 Wire Nail 10/9.70 6/ /34.85 Screw 1/9.62 Miscellaneous 4/ /1.88 Floral Wood/Charcoal 1/ 0.06 Bone /Uncarb Unidentified 5/ 1.03 Lithics Flakes 4/ / /1.61 Non-Flakes 5/5.39 4/ 1.59 Ceramics Grit/Cordmark 1/1.60 Grit/Decorate 1/ 1.04 Grit/Unidentify 1/0.54 3/ /3.66 Shell/Unidentify 22/ /2.31 Level 01 soil was a 10 yr 3/2, Very Dark Gray Brown, sandy loam. Historic and prehistoric artifacts were recovered, with no apparent clustering within the level. The level was terminated at 24 cmbs. Level 02 soil was a 10 yr 3/4, Dark Yellowish Brown, sandy loam. Nails were found primarily in the west half of the unit, while grit and shell tempered sherds and flakes were found in the east half. A linear disturbance was found in the east half and was designated F The level was terminated at 40 cmbs, due to 175

13 the last 10 cm being void of artifacts. Level 03 soil was a 10 yr 3/4 Dark Yellowish Brown, sandy loam. This level was not excavated, but remnants of rodent disturbance were mapped and the artifacts recovered from this level were from the disturbed contexts. Unit Level 00 soil was a 10 yr 2/1, Black sandy loam. Prehistoric ceramics and flakes were recovered, as were historic nails and glass. No apparent artifact concentration was evident (Table 4.6). The level was terminated at 10 cmbs. Table 4.6. Artifacts recovered from Unit Level: 00 Level: 01 Level: 02 Gl/Cont/ Clear 4/ 1.30 Amethyst 4/ /2.00 Glass/Flat Clear 1/0.27 3/ 1.66 Metal Iron / Cut Nail 1/ / /1.22 Wire Nail 4/6.45 Hinge / Bolt/Nut 1/ Miscellaneous 1/0.21 Buld/Material Miscellaneous 1/0.21 Bone /Uncarb Mammal 1/8.77 Floral Wood/Charcoal 36/ / /0.39 Wood/Uncarbon 1/0.02 Lithics Flakes 2/ /7.43 4/2.52 Non-Flakes 6/ / /1.01 Ceramics Grit/Cordmark 1/0.72 Grit/Unidentify 1/ /5.50 3/1.14 Shell/Unidentify 6/ / /

14 Level 01 soil matrix was a 10 yr 2/2, Very Dark Brown, sandy loam. Prehistoric and historic material was recovered from the level. Artifacts were evenly distributed throughout the level. The level was terminated at 25 cmbs. Level 02 soil was a 10 yr 3/2, Very Dark Gray Brown, sandy loam. Ceramics, bone, glass, and nails were recovered from the upper half of the level. The level was terminated at 45 cmbs. Unit Level 00 soil matrix was a 10 yr 2/1 Black, sandy loam. Shell and grit tempered pottery and lithic debris, as well as clay pigeon fragments, shell casings, and nails were recovered. There was no apparent concentration of artifacts (Table 4.7). The level was terminated at 10 cmbs. Table 4.7. Artifacts recovered from Unit Level: 00 Level: 01 Level: 02 Gl/Container Clear 1/0.48 Amethyst 1/2.61 Metal Iron / Cut Nail 5/ / /32.29 Wire Nail 2/6.92 2/2.15 Miscellaneous 1/0.31 Floral Wood/Charcoal 30/ / /3.49 Lithics Tool 2/5.40 Flakes 5/1.08 8/2.01 Non-Flakes 10/ /.29 4/7.87 Other Stone 2/97.88 Ceramics Grit/Cordmark 1/0.55 Shell/Unidentify 2/

15 Level 01 soil matrix was a 10 yr 2/2, Very Dark Brown, sandy loam. One Madison and one side notched point were recovered, as were flakes and one pottery sherd. Nails and glass were also collected from the level. The level was terminated at 20 cmbs. Level 02 soil was a 10 yr 3/4, Dark Brown, sandy loam. Flakes, non-flakes, glass and nails were recovered. No apparent artifact concentration was noticed in the level. The level was terminated at 44 cmbs. Features Features were excavated using a feature-trench, bisection technique. Before excavation the feature was mapped and photographed in plan view. A trench was defined across the feature, extending into the excavation unit (or square). The feature and square soil matrices were dug separately within the trench in arbitrary 10 cm levels.. The square matrix was screened through 6.3 mm mesh, while the feature matrix was bagged as a flotation sample. Once the first half of the feature was removed, the feature profile was examined for stratigraphy, mapped, and photographed. The remaining feature matrix was then removed by cultural levels as defined in the profile and saved for floatation analysis. The plan views and profiles recorded in this section follow the key in Figure

16 Figure 4.5 Munsell color/symbol key for features. F03-01 (Figure 4.6) was found extending east from the west wall in unit The feature was found at 19 cmbs, but had an indistinct boundary until 28 cmbs, when a well-defined boundary was noticed. The feature was a shallow basin containing historic metal objects. The soil matrix was a 10 yr 2/2, Very Dark Brown, sandy loam, with rust and mortar or limestone mottling. Other mottling noticed was a 2.5 y 6.1 Gray, 10 yr 7/4 Very Pale Brown. Charcoal flecking was also present. The feature was bagged for floatation analysis. At this time, floatation has not been conducted and a preliminary assessment of the feature suggests an historic refuse pit. A portion of the feature was disturbed by rodent activity. Plan view dimensions are 50 x 40 cm, while profile dimensions are 50 x 20 cm. 179

17 Figure 4.6 Plan view and profile of F F03-04 (Figure 4.7) was an irregular basin located in the northwest corner of unit The irregular shape is most likely due to plow disturbance. Three flakes and eight non-flakes were recovered from the feature during excavation, which suggests the feature may be a shallow prehistoric pit. Soil matrix was a 10 yr 2/1 Black, sandy loam. Figure 4.7 Profile of F

18 F03-05 (Figure 4.8) was located in unit This feature is a remnant of agricultural processes. Plow scars were found in this unit and were captured in profile. Multiple ridge and furrows produced by plowing were running in a north/south direction and were uncovered at 30 cmbs. The area next to the clubhouse has been cultivated in the past. Feature F03-05 and F03-06 support this notion. Figure 4.8 Profile of F F03-06 (Figure 4.9) was found in unit and F03-06 was a very mottled linear stain, 50 cm wide, running in a northeast to southwest direction. The linear stain was found in both units at 30 cmbs. Upon profiling, it was established the linear feature went to a depth of at least 75 cmbs, when the water table was reached and excavation halted. The profile showed fluvial motion of soil, represented by lamellae-like layering of soils. The feature is interpreted as an irrigation ditch used during historic times most likely associated with F Two flakes and 29 non-flakes were recovered while excavating the feature. 181

19 Figure 4.9 Plan view and profile of F Discussion and Conclusion Analysis of the artifacts and flotation is continuing and any inferences and interpretations presented above are preliminary. Both historic and prehistoric activities are represented by the artifact and feature assemblage discussed above. The presence of grit and shell tempered pottery suggest that both Woodland and Upper Mississippian cultures are represented at the site. Whether the occupations are contemporaneous or not we may never know because of the amount of disturbance in modern times. Agricultural processes have destroyed much of the context of the site. Historic features were uncovered, while no prehistoric features were confidently defined during this excavation. Future excavations may uncover prehistoric storage or refuse pits, which may provide insight into the Woodland and Upper Mississippian relationship at the site. 182

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