Diplomacy on the Yarmouk, the Jordan River s forgotten tributary. Insight from satellite imagery into Yarmouk groundwater and rivers

Transcription

1 Diplomacy on the Yarmouk, the Jordan River s forgotten tributary Insight from satellite imagery into Yarmouk groundwater and rivers

2 Yarmouk River Jabal Ash Shaykh Raqqad Al Qaly'a Largest tributary of the Jordan river Area: 7,387 Km 2 Strahler 7 th order Length of Main Tributary from Highest to Lowest: 144Km Main tributaries: Raqqad, Allan, Hareer/Arram, Thahab, Zeidi, Shallala 3 countries: Syria (80%), Jordan (19.7%), Occupying State of Israel-OSoI (0.3%) Borders: - Syria/Jordan: 31.2 Km - Jordan/Golan: 19.4 Km - Jordan/OSoI: 11.1 Km Mukhaiba -247 m Quneitra Jamlah Taseel ^Hayt Zayzoun Al Wehdeh Mzeirib Torrah Ash Shajarah Irbid Shallala Sakhra Allan Ramtha Jasem Nawa Izra' Shaykh Maskyn Da'el Tafas Jbab Sanameyn Harak Gharyeh Sharqyeh Uthman Dera'a Um El Mayadyn Zeidi Jaber As Sarhan Al Bouwayda Sama As Sarhan Al Ghadeer Al Abyad Al Mafraq Hareer/ Arram Tha'lah Um Walad Al Mjemir Busra Qanawat Sweida Thahab 1,114 m Jabal al Arab\Druz

3 Documentation collated and datasets > 200 references: books, peer-reviewed articles, reports, thesis, maps, official websites, personal communications From 1889 (Schumacher et al. Across Jordan, an exploration and survey of part of Hauran and Jaulan ) to different platforms satellites datasets (CORONA, SPOT 5, GeoEYE, Landsat (5-8), MODIS, Active\Passive Radar

4 Difficulties and challenges Contradiction - Area of the watershed (ranges from 6,700 Km2 to 8,378 Km2) - Length of the river (varies from 40 Km to 143 Km) - Flow data (variable, not always clear) Major Gaps - Long-term accurate precipitation - Flow gauging stations - Springs discharge - Wells extraction - Dams actual retention - Detailed LUC

5 Rainfall Amount (MCM) CHIRPS 5Km ( )

6 Average Rainfall ( ) Ground data from 13 stations (Good and Moderate fit) Average 273 mm/yr ( MCM/yr) After BIAS correction of CHIRPS data (BIAS = 11%, RMSE error = 57mm) Kufr Saum Max= 429 mm/yr Mafraq Airport Min= 151 mm/yr

7 Flow (MCM/yr) Flow Maqaren 400 (1978/ /07) Addasiya 200 (1979/ /16) 0 Naharayim (1978/ /00) Naharayim Addasiyah Year Maqareen Baseflow (MCM/yr) Flood flow (MCM/yr) Discharge (MCM/yr) Linear (Discharge (MCM/yr))

8 Reduction of flow Many factors: Intensification of irrigated agriculture Infrastructure (dams, wells, etc.) Climatic Variation\Change

9 Legend Production Wells (MCM) Production Wells Syria ~ 154 MCM from 1,000 wells basalt aquifer Mainly in the middle of the basin Jordan ~ 40 MCM from 200 wells A7/B2 aquifer More is actually pumped in both countries (illegal and unmonitored wells) Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

10 Dams Bental/Merom Bental/Merom Golan Golan Al Mantara Ruwayhaniyah Dams Purpose Drinking Irrigation Irrigation & Electricity Production Livestock Watering Not Specified Organization Dams Capacity (MCM ) ( < 4 ( 4-10 ( ( ( Inside Yarmouk: 40 dams ~ 328 MCM Burayqah Kudnah Al Hujah Al Butmieh Ghadir al Bustan Ghadir al Bustan Al Raqad Taseel Al Sheikh Maskin Al Allan Shahba Kheital Saham al Golan Abta' al Kabeer Abeedeen Adwan Meitsar Qanawat Al Wahdah Gharbi Tafs Al Tiba Al Rom Al Mushanaf al Janoubee Jowayleen Uthman Ghadir al SufAl Asleha Al Ghariyah al Sharqiyah Rasas Sahwet al Blata Al Raha Dar'a al Sharqi Hebran Jabal el Arab Qaysma Al Ain Al Zolf Polluted: 13 dams ~ 63 MCM Al Muta'iyah Sama al Sarhan Al Bouwayda Sama al Sarhan Al Batm Ghadir al Abyad Salkhad Khazma Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

11 Dams actual retention Volume-area relation from Landsat images (Liebe et al., 2005) V = A x D / 3 34 images processed Between Spring (April) and Summer (August) seasons

12 August April Taseel Al Sheikh Maskin

13 Volume (MCM) Dams actual retention Syria Max: ~190 MCM 140 MCM Drought Decrease Never reached after the full Syrian capacity crises Year

14 Geology Legend Extinct Volcanoes in Syria Faults in Jordan Faults in Syria Yarmouk Watershed ia Geology Quaternary Basalts Neogene Basalt Quaternary Deposits Neogene B4/B5 - Pg2-2/Pg2-3 B3 - Pg1-Pg2-1 A7/B2 - Cr2cn cp/cr2m-d Geology Quaternary Basalts Neogene Basalt Quaternary Deposits Neogene B3 - Pg1-Pg2-1 B4/B5 - Pg2-2/Pg2-3 A7/B2 - Cr2cn cp/cr2m-d A1/A6 - Cr2cm-t K - Cr1-Cr2t Jurassic Zarqa Group Jabal Ash Sheikh Golan Basalt Basin B3 - Pg1-Pg2-1 A7/B2 - Cr2cn cp/cr2m-d A1/A6 - Cr2cm-t K - Cr1-Cr2t Jurassic Zarqa Group Yarmouk Gorge Mukheibe Mzeirib Damascus Basin Wadi Liwa Jabal al Arab Steppe Basin Hamad Basin A1/A6 - Cr2cm-t ts -3 K - Cr1-Cr2t Jurassic Zarqa Group Ajloun Azraq/Zarqa Basin Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), swisstopo, MapmyIndia, OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

15 Hydrogeology System Formation Code Age Lithology Type Upper Aquifer Basalt Um Rijam/Wadi Shallala Neogene - Quaternary basalt Aquifer B4/B5 Pg 22 /Pg 2 3 Eocene limestone, marl Aquifer Muwaqqar B3 Pg 1 -Pg 2 1 Paleocene marl, chalky limestone Aquitard Middle Aquifer Wadi As Sir/Amman - Al Hissa Naur / Shueib A7/B2 Cr 2 cn cp/cr 2 m-d A1/A6 Cr 2 cm-t Coniacian - Maastrichtian Cenomanian Coniacian chalky, dolomitic limestone Marl, Chalky Limestone Aquifer Alternation Deep Aquifer Kurnub K Cr 1 -Cr 2 t Lower Cretaceous Sandstone Aquifer

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19 Crop water requirement Data collection NDVI calculation ET0 calculation Using SPOT processed images NDVI = NIR Red /NIR + Red According to Penman Monteith equation Fc calculation Kr estimation Fc = (NDVI NDVI (min))/(ndvi(max)ndvi(min)) takes into account when % of fc Generate vegetation zone CWR calculation Kc computation kc = 1.25*NDVI +0.2 ETc calculation ETc = Kc * Kr * ET0 intersecting LUC CropLand and NDVI>0.18 for green areas is 50 %. CRW (MCM) =[ (ΣETC In vegetation Zone )*Pixel Size*nb of irrigation Days] /10^9

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