Science of Natural Disasters: RIVERS& FLOODS! 27 April 2016
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1 Science of Natural Disasters: RIVERS& FLOODS! 27 April 2016 Rebecca Clotts Department of Geology, University of St Thomas Flood in St Paul, 2014, Star Tribune 1
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3 What is a watershed? 3
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8 What is a drainage network? (a) Dendritic (b) Rectangular (c) Trellis (d) Radial 8
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11 What is a river profile? 11
12 12
13 What is a river profile? How does the channel shape change? How does the discharge change? 13
14 The work of rivers Work of water River Erosion, Transport, & Deposition Watch the animation: ce/terc/content/visualizations/es0604/es0604 page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization Where are the biggest particles deposited? Smallest? What controls where each is deposited? 14
15 River Types Permanent Ephemeral 15
16 16 River Channel Types
17 What kind of river? Platte River 17
18 What kind of river? Mississippi River 18
19 What kind of river? Minnehaha Creek 19
20 Meandering Rivers 20
21 21
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23 Formation of an Oxbow Lake 23
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27 27
28 Meandering Rivers Minnesota River & Rush River Confluence 28
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30 What is a Flood? Over Bank Bank Full 30
31 What is flooding? Flood Monitoring: 31
32 What causes Flooding? 32
33 How are Floods measured? Dischargeis the volume of water that passes through a given cross section per unit time, usually measured in cfs or cms 33
34 How are Floods measured? Stage 34
35 How are Floods measured? River Stage River Discharge 35
36 How are Floods measured? 36
37 How are Floods measured? 37
38 What is LAG TIME?
39 Flood Prediction? Recurrence Interval RI = N + 1 m
40 ST. CROIX RIVER AT ST. CROIX FALLS, WI Year Maximum Discharge (cfs) , , , , , , , , , ,777 N + 1 RI = m N = # of years of records N = M = rank of discharge Which year is 1? 40
41 Flood Prediction? Flood Frequency 41
42 What are the types of floods? Flash Floods
43 What are the types of floods? Seasonal Floods
44
45 What are the effects of floods? Transport of large particles or objects Erosion Water damage to structures Deposition of mud Crop loss Concentration of garbage, debris, pollutants LINK, photo link Drowning NWS PSA Turn Around Don t Drown (0:53): 45
46 Are there flood benefits? Fertile Land Floods flush channels of accumulate debris important to the aquatic ecosystem Flooding builds up sediment on the surrounding land 46
47 What factors influence flood severity? Amount of rainfall/snowmelt Infiltration Extent of soil saturation Vegetation cover Soil Types (depends on climate) Frozen ground Human Construction Rainfall Distribution 47
48 What factors influence flood severity? Rainfall distribution 48
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50 Flood Mitigation Mapping Floods 50
51 Flood Mitigation Reduction of Vulnerability Floodplain zoning Floodplain Building codes Floodplain Buyouts 51
52 Flood Mitigation Engineering approach Channel modification Dams Retention Ponds Levees, Dikes, and Floodwalls Floodways LINK Website Modeling: 52
53 Humans & Floods Levees and Flood walls 53
54 Humans & Floods -Channelization 54
55 Humans & Floods -Channelization 55
56 56
57 Increase in flood plain adjacent to the channel Decrease in width of the channel Change in the natural character of the channel 57
58 58
59 Humans & Floods -Urbanization red = vegetation blue = water pale blue = shallow or sediment-laden water gray = buildings and paved surfaces 59
60 Humans & Floods -Urbanization 60
61 Humans & Floods Loss of Wetlands Wetlands help absorb excess water from precipitation and spring melt Naturally store water during heavy rains Slow runoff going into a stream Reduce flooding peaks 61
62 62
63 Humans & Floods -Dams 63
64 Humans & Floods Soft solutions Video: 2:18 minutes: 64
65 What are some problems with rivers? Flooding is the #1 disaster in the US 30 year averages 82 fatalities / year Nearly >$8 billion / year
66 What are some problems with rivers? Water Quality / Pollution MN Drinking water:
67 What are some problems with rivers? Overuse 67
68 Flood Resources US Rivers in trouble from overuse ate-change-and-the-colorado-river.html 68
69 What are some problems with rivers? Avulsion River channel is abruptly abandoned in favor of a new channel 69
70 70
71 Flood Resources: Are YOU at RISK? Check out: 71
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