CHEMICAL CONTROL. BioAssay 2:3 (2007)

Transcription

1 Received: /VIII/ Accepted: 1/III/7 Pulished: 31/V/7 Aville online t: CHEMICAL CONTROL Reduction of spinosd rte for controlling Liriomyz huidorensis (Dipter: Agromyzide) in dry ens (Phseolus vulgris L.) nd its impct on Frnkliniell schultzei (Thysnopter: Thripide) nd Dirotic specios (Coleopter: Chrysomelide) ADENEY F. BUENO 1, ANTÔNIO C. SANTOS 1, GUSTAVO R. TOFOLI 1, LUIZ A. PAVAN & REGIANE C.O.F. BUENO 3 1 PhD, Dow AgroSciences Industril Ltd Resercher Dow AgroSciences Industril Ltd, Mogi Mirim Reserch Center 3 PhD student, Escol Superior de Agricultur Luiz de Queiroz ESALQ/USP, Pircic, SP. E-mil: rcdolive@eslq.usp.r BioAssy :3 (7) Redução de dose de espinosde no controle de Liriomyz huidorensis (Dipter: Agromyzide) n cultur do feijão (Phseolus vulgris L.) e seu impcto sore Frnkliniell schultzei (Thysnopter: Thripide) e Dirotic specios (Coleopter: Chrysomelide) RESUMO O inseticid espinosde é registrdo pr o controle d mosc-mindor, Liriomyz huidorensis (Brnchrd), n tt no Brsil. A dição de djuvntes poderi judr n redução d dose necessári pr um om controle dess prg. Assim, espinosde, recomenddo n dose de 13, g i../h, foi testdo 79, e 9 g i../h em condições de cmpo pr o controle de Liriomyz huidorensis (Brnchrd) n cultur do feijão com o ojetivo de vlir possiilidde de redução de dose com dição do djuvnte silicondo Brek Thru (polyetherpolymethylsiloxne-copolymer). O impcto d redução de dose de espinosde foi vlido tmém sore Frnkliniell schultzei (Tryom) e Dirotic specios (Germr). O desempenho de espinosde foi significtivmente melhor qundo misturdo com Brek Thru,5 % v/v, reduzindo infestção de L. huidorensis em 5% qundo comprdo com mesm dose sem dição do djuvnte. Nenhum diferenç esttístic foi oservd entre s doses de espinosde + Brek Thru (7, e 9 g i../h + Brek Thru,5 % v/v). Todos os trtmentos de espinosde + Brek Thru presentrm desempenho stisftório no controle do complexo de prgs do feijão vlidos, com controle próximo % de eficiênci. O controle d mosc-mindor foi ligeirmente superior com mectin em lgums locliddes; entretnto, o desempenho de espinosde foi superior no controle do tripes qundo comprdo o cloridrto de crtpe e mectin reduzindo populção cerc de 75%. Portnto, s doses testds de espinosde + Brek Thru,5% podem ser usds com sucesso no controle desss prgs n cultur do feijão. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Mosc-mindor, controle-químico, djuvntes. ABSTRACT Spinosd t 13. g..i./h is recommend to control Liriomyz huidorensis (Brnchrd) on potto in Brzil. The use of djuvnt might help to reduce the required rte to chieve cceptle control of this pest. Therefore, spinosd, recommended t 13. g.i., ws tested t 79, nd 9 g.i./h in field conditions on controlling Liriomyz huidorensis (Brnchrd) on dry ens, iming to evlute rte reductions with the mixing of the djuvnt polyether-polymethylsiloxne-copolymer (Brek Thru ). The impct of this strtegy ws lso evluted on Frnkliniell schultzei (Tryom) nd Dirotic specios (Germr). A significnt increse in spinosd performnce ws oserved when tnk mixed with Brek Thru.5% v/v, with reduction of infesttion of L. huidorensis up to 5% when compred to the sme rte without mixing the djuvnt. No sttisticl difference on spinosd rtes (7, nd 9 g i/h + Brek Thru.5% v/v) ws oserved. All spinosd + Brek Thru tretments showed cceptle performnce on the dry en pests evluted, y reducing pest popultion with efficcy out %. The control of L. huidorensis ws slightly superior with mectin in some trils; however, spinosd + Brek Thru outperformed the other tretments for controlling thrips, with reduction of pest popultion up to 75%. In conclusion, ll spinosd tested rtes + Brek Thru cn e successfully pplied on dry en crops to control these pests. KEY-WORDS: Serpentine lefminer, chemicl control, djuvnts Sociedde Entomológic do Brsil 1

2 Spinosd for controlling Liriomyz huidorensis in dryens Bueno et l. Serpentine lefminers, Liriomyz spp. (Dipter: Agromyzide), re polyphgous pests worldwide distriuted on different crops (Prrell 197). Among their host plnts, the most importnt fmilies re Leguminose (vrious en species), Cucuritcee (gherkin, cucumer, melon), Chenopodicee (spinch, eet), Solncee (pepper, tomto, potto, egg plnt), Mlvcee, Umellifere (crrot, celery, prsley), Composite (thistle, endive, ster, chrysnthemum, gerer, lettuce), Pssiflorcee, Arcee, Crucifere nd Lite (Souz 1993, Weintru & Horowitz 199). The injury is minly cused y the lrve tht strt feeding immeditely fter eclosion nd feed incessntly until they re redy to pupte outside the lef (Prrell 197, Souz & Reis 1999). Lefminers used to e secondry pest in mny crops eing kept under low infesttion due to the nturl iologicl control. However, the use of nonselective insecticides hs eliminted the iologicl control gents wht hs leded lefminers to outreks of economic importnce in mny crops (Ewell et l. 199, Pereir 1999). The destructive cpcity of lefminers for severl crops hs een documented in the literture round the world nd minly t North Americ including crops s dry ens, potto, nd tomto mong other plnts (Spencer 1973, Chndler & Thoms 19, Poe 19, Ledieu & Helyer 195, Hilje et l. 1993). Amectin, crtp, nd cyromzine hve een commonly employed to control serpentine lefminers. However, grower s relince on few numers of insecticides hd rought up some insecticide resistnce mngement issues (Minkenerg & Vn Lenteren 19). The repeted use of these chemicls hs the cpcity of selecting insecticide resistnt lefminer popultions (Ferguson 3) nd thus impiring n importnt tool to insect control. Also, in severl cses, lefminer is not the only pest ttcking the crop. Growers usully hve to del with gret complex of pests ttcking ech crop seson nd more thn one insect occurring t the sme time scenrios re more likely to e fced y growers. Therefore, the use of insecticide with rod spectrum on controlling insect pest might e required. Cyromzine is n insect specific to dipterous wht might e limiting its usge since situtions where lefminers re the only pest prolem in the crop re somewht rre. Thrips (severl species) nd Dirotic specios (Germr) (Coleopter: Chrysomelide) re importnt dmging insects commonly found on dry ens (Phseolus vulgris L.) crops, severl times in outreks mixed with lefminers. One importnt dvntge for the success of the mngement of these insects is the vilility of insecticides with rod spectrum on controlled pests, selective to nturl enemies, nd lso less noxious to the environment nd humn eings. An insecticide tht might hve those fetures is the spinosd. Spinosd elongs to new group of insecticides nd it is originted from the fermenttion process of soil cteri Scchropolyspor spinos. This compound hs ctivity on severl groups of insects such s lepidopterous, dipterous, coleopterns nd thysnopterous (Willims et l. 3). This compound lso proved to e sfe to humn eings receiving LC 5 ove 5, mg nd therefore it ws clssified s Clss I (Florim & Nkno 1997). For exmple, in countries like the United Sttes of Americ, this compound hs lso een registered for orgnic crops. In Brzil, spinosd is lredy registered to e used in potto crops to control Liriomyz huidorensis (Brnchrd) (Dipter: Agromyzide) t rte rnge from 13. to 1. g i/h (Agrofit 7). However, the use of djuvnt, s the surfctnt polyether-polymethylsiloxnecopolymer (Brek Thru ) might help to reduce the required rte to chieve cceptle control. The usge of lower rtes helps to reduce technology costs nd rings fewer side effects to the environment. It is highly desirle in sustinle griculture system. Therefore, reserch iming to reduce spinosd rte is extremely importnt. Also, the usge of spinosd cn provide new lterntive for controlling L. huidorensis on dry ens. Due to its unique mode of ction, spinosd might e used s n ctive component of insecticide rottion progrms. This reserch ws crried out iming to study spinosd performnce t low rtes (7,, nd 9 g.i./h) when mixed with Brek Thru on controlling L. huidorensis compred with crtp nd mectin. These tested rtes re the minimum possile ccording to the potentil enefits of dding Brek Thru. This reserch lso imed to evlute the effect of the insecticide control pplied to L. huidorensis on Frnkliniell schultzei (Tryom) nd D. specios tht were occurring on the crop t the sme time. Mterils nd Methods One field tril ws estlished in Iterí, GO, Brzil in June/3 to study the enefits of mixing Brek Thru.5% v/v with lower spinosd rtes. The experiment ws conducted t commercil field following ll the growers prctices (diseses nd weeds control) from June/3/3 to Jul/9/3 in rndomized complete lock design (RCB) with 1 tretments nd replictions ( m 15 m ech). The tretments were: 1. Spinosd 7 g.i./h (Trcer, concentrte suspension formultion, g of spinosd per liter, Dow Agrosciences Industril Ltd.);. Spinosd 7 g.i./h + polyetherpolymethylsiloxne-copolymer (Brek Thru, Goldschmidt Chemicl Coportion).5% v/v; 3. Spinosd g.i./h ;. Spinosd g.i./h + Sociedde Entomológic do Brsil

3 BioAssy :3 (7) Brek Thru.5% v/v; 5. Spinosd 9 g.i./h;. Spinosd 9 g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v; 7. Spinosd 9 g.i./h + Minerl oil (Joint oil, minerl oil, Dow Agrosciences Industril Ltd).5% v/v;. Crtp g.i./h (Thioel 5 wettle powder formultion, Tked Chemicl Industries, Ltd); 9. Amectin 9 g.i./h (Vertimec 1 CE, emusifile concentrte formultion, Syngent Proteção de Cultivos Ltd + minerl oil (Joint Oil ).5% v/v nd 1.Untreted (control). Excluding tretments numer 7; ; 9 nd 1, n fctoril nlysis (3 ) ws lso run with 3 spinosd rtes (7; nd 9 g i/h) nd Brek Thru rtes ( nd.5% v/v) in order to nlyze the enefits of dding Brek Thru for lefminer control. In the following yer () three other field experiments were crried out in other different loctions. All experiments were conducted t commercil fields where ll growers prctices (diseses nd weed control ccording to the needs) were used. One experiment ws conducted in Joticl, SP from Apr/1 to My/13. A second experiment ws conducted in Hidrolândi, GO from Nov/9 to Dec/5. And, third experiment ws conducted in Cs Brnc, SP from Sep/1 to Oct/1. All trils were in rndomize complete lock design (RCB) with tretments nd replictions ( m 15 m ech). The tretments were: 1. Spinosd 7 g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v;. Spinosd g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v; 3. Spinosd 9 g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v;. Crtp g.i./h; 5. Amectin 9 g.i./h + minerl oil (Joint Oil ).5% v/v nd.untreted (control). Tretments were pplied using CO ckpck spryer in rodcst ppliction using the hollow cone, solid spry tip type of nozzle. The equipment ws set up to deliver liters/h. Applictions were done on weekly sis strting in the eginning of nturl lefminer infesttion (when plnts were t vegettive stge - 5 th trifolite) when first leves were injured. Three, two, three, nd five rodcst pplictions were done t Iterí, Joticl, Hidrolândi, nd Cs Brnc experiments, respectively, on dry ens plnts (Pérol, Crioc nd Jlo vrieties). The experiments were evluted 3 nd 7 dys fter ech ppliction (DAA) nd 3, 7, 1, nd 1 DAA fter lst sprying. The prmeters evluted were: numer of mines nd numer of pupe/1 complete leves/repliction. Ten complete leves were collected per plot on the field nd then the numer of mines ws counted. After tht, the leves were put into pper g (seprted per repliction) nd kept in room temperture for 1 dys. Finishing this time, the numer of pupe were lso counted. The numer of thrips per 1 flowers nd the numer of D. specios per 1 plnts were lso evluted t the Cs Brnc nd Joticl trils, respectively. Dt were trnsformed into X +. 5 when necessry ccording to Brtlett's Homogeneity Vrince Test to sttisticl nlysis. Dt were then sumitted to Anov nd tretment mens seprted y Tukey s test (α =.5). Tretments efficcy were clculted y Aott Formul (Aott 195). Results nd Discussion The results otined t the Itererí tril, shows tht Brek Thru.5% v/v significntly incresed spinosd performnce to control L. huidorensis. Fctoril nlyzes showed tht the mixing of Brek Thru sttisticlly reduced insect outrek up to 5% when compred to the sme rte without the djuvnt. These results show the importnce of using Brek Thru.5% with spinosd t 7, nd 9 g.i./h. All spinosd tested rtes when mixed with Brek Thru were sttisticlly similr to mectin for ll evluted prmeters (numer of mines nd numer of pupe) t 3 nd 7 dys fter ppliction (Tle 1), showing no difference in the control t 3 nd 7 dys fter ppliction. The following results of tests confirmed tht spinosd, insecticide with new mode of ction, controls efficiently the serpentine lefminer t ll tested rtes (7,, nd 9 g i/h + Brek Thru.5% v/v) reching more thn % control in of 3 tested fields in (Tle ). The experiment crried out in Cs Brnc, SP ws the only tril where spinosd hd less thn % control (Tle ). It might e proly due to the extreme dry condition fced y the time the experiment ws set up. It is known tht high tempertures nd dry conditions re situtions tht might impir insecticide control (Flint & Gouvei 1). It might explin wht occurred in Cs Brnc tril since ll tested insecticides hd less thn % control, however, it is importnt to point out tht spinosd 7 g.i./h nd crtp g.i./h were less effective thn the other tretments on those conditions (Tle ). These results show tht even when used under dverse wether conditions, spinosd efficcy t rtes of nd 9 g.i./h did not differ from mectin, mrket stndrd commonly used y growers. Spinosd is lredy register for controlling the lefminer L. huidorensis in potto crops t rte rnge from 13. to 1. g i/h (Agrofit 7). However, this reserch shows tht lower rtes (7, nd 9 g.i./h) might e successfully used when mixed with Brek Thru.5% v/v. This rte reduction is importnt for grower in order to reduce costs keeping the sme control efficcy. Thus, spinosd mixed with Brek Thru is new option of product tht might e successfully pplied to control L. huidorensis outreks t different rtes (7, nd 9 g.i./h). Sociedde Entomológic do Brsil 3

4 Spinosd for controlling Liriomyz huidorensis in dryens Bueno et l. Tle 1. Men ± SE of tretment efficcy on Liriomyz huidorensis (Brnchrd) infesting dry en, regrding to cumultive dt for numer of mines nd pupe t Iterí, GO, Brzil. Mens of % Control (Aott) Tretment Mines Pupe 3 dys fter ppliction 3 dys fter ppliction dys fter ppliction 1. Spinosd 7 g.i./h 7.73 ± ± ± Spinosd 7 g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v. ± ± ± Spinosd g.i./h ± ± ± 1.9. Spinosd g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v. ± 1.. ± ± Spinosd 9 g.i./h 5.9 ± ± 7..1 ±.1. Spinosd 9 g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v 7. Spinosd 9 g.i./h + Minerl oil (Joint Oil).5% v/v. ± ± ± ±. 55. ± ± Crtp g.i./h 39.1 ± ± ± Amectin 9 g.i./h + minerl oil (Joint Oil).5% v/v 7.1 ± ± ± Untreted Cumultive dt from 3 DAAA 1, 3 DAAB, 3 DAAA, 3 DAAB, 3 DAAC 3 3 DAAC 7 DAAC 1 Dys fter ppliction A; Dys fter ppliction B; 3 Dys fter ppliction C. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme column re not significntly different (P>.5) y Tukey s test. Insecticide resistnce in Liriomyz spp. popultions hs een reported to chlorinted hydrocrons, orgnophosphtes, crmtes nd pyrethroids (Genung 1957, Wolfenrger 195, Wolfenrger & Getzin 193, Prrell et l. 191). According to Weintru & Horowitz (199) L. huidorensis is primry pest of pottoes in South Americ nd different popultions of this specie is commonly selected to resistnce to insecticides due to the constnt use of chemicls with similr mode of ction. In Brzil, dry en fields re usully cultivted close to potto plots, incresing the wreness level of this pest for dry ens growers. Liriomyz spp. resistnce to mectin might e selected if growers repetitively use this compound. However, crossresistnce etween mectin nd spinosd ws not detected yet (Ferguson 3) wht mkes spinosd pproprited for compound rottionl progrms in Insecticide Resistnce Mngement (IRM). Dry en crops re lso frequently injured y other insect pests (Nkno et l. ) t the sme crop seson. Therefore, when evluting the potentil of one compound directed to control L. huidorensis, it is extremely importnt to consider the impct on other importnt pests. An insecticide with rod spectrum on controlling pests, hrmless to humn eings nd selective to eneficil insects, is gretly desirle. At the tril crried out in Cs Brnc, SP, when plnts strted to looming, n outrek of thrips, Frnkliniell schultzei (Tryom) (Thysnopter: Thripine), occurred ttching dry en flowers. By tht time, two more insecticide spryings were pplied (ppliction D nd E). The results on thrips control showed etter efficcy of spinosd when compred to mectin nd crtp. At 3 dys fter ppliction D, spinosd ws the only compound tht reduced thrips popultion to sttisticlly lower level compred to untreted plots (Fig. 1A). Amectin nd crtp only differed from untreted plots fter second ppliction (ppliction E) (Fig. 1B). The specie F. shultzei frequently ttcks Sociedde Entomológic do Brsil

5 BioAssy :3 (7) plnt flowers eing of difficult control ecuse the insects keep hidden in the flowers in plce difficult to e reched y the insecticide. Spinosd ws the compound in this reserch tht showed etter performnce on controlling this pest feeding inside the flowers. At 7 dys fter ppliction E, ll tretments were sttisticlly equl to the untreted plots on F. shultzei control (Fig. 1C). This result showed tht when thrips re detected t the field, dry en crops need constntly monitoring (more thn once week) minly ecuse the infesttion might rise very quickly s occurred inside this tril. The good performnce of spinosd on controlling thrips is n importnt feture to e considered y growers when choosing the insecticide. The rod spectrum feture is importnt when severl pest species re present in the field. D. specios is nother pest frequently found on dry en crops. At erly developmentl stges of the plnts, this insect might e primry pest tht requires one or more insecticide sprying. At the tril crried out in Joticl, SP this ws detected nd the efficcy of the products used in this experiment on controlling D. specios ws evluted. All tested products hd good performnce on controlling dults of this Coleoptern. Cumultive dt from 3 (Fig. A), 7 (Fig. B), nd 1 dys fter the first nd second sprys (Fig. C) showed tht ll tested products, t ll tested rtes, reduced insect popultion to level sttisticlly different from the untreted plots. However, spinosd t nd 9 g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v nd crtp g.i./h were the only tretments tht were sttisticlly different from untreted plots t 1 dys fter sprying (Fig. D). Overll, the results showed no difference on the tested rtes for spinosd nd ll spinosd tretments + Brek Thru hd good performnce on the dry en insect pest complex (lefminer, thrips nd D. specios). Also, spinosd ws the est tretment for controlling thrips. The good performnce of the reduced spinosd rtes mixed with Brek Thru is very importnt for Integrted Pest Mngement (IPM) progrms y reducing costs nd mking this technology more ccessile for dry en growers. Therefore, ll spinosd tested rtes might e successfully pplied on dry en crops for controlling ll tested insect species nd it could e used s component in insecticide mngement progrms. Tle. Men ± SE of tretment efficcy on L. huidorensis, infesting dry en, regrding to cumultive dt for numer of mines t 3 different experiment loctions. Mens of % Control (Aott) Tretment Joticl, SP Hidrolândi, GO Cs Brnc, SP 1. Spinosd 7 g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v. Spinosd g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v 3. Spinosd 9 g.i./h + Brek Thru.5% v/v 7.7 ± ±. 3. ± ± 1.3. ± ± ± ± ± 7.1. Crtp g.i./h ± ±. 9.9 ± Amectin 9 g.i./h + minerl oil (Joint Oil).5% v/v ± ± ±.7. Untreted Cumultive dt from 3 DAAA 1 ; 7 DAAA; 3 DAAB ; 7 DAAB; 1 DAAB; 13 DAAB 3 DAAA; 3 DAAB; 3 DAAC 3 ; 7 DAAC; 1 DAAC 3 DAAA; 7 DAAA; 3 DAAB; 7 DAAB; 3 DAAC; 7 DAAC; 3 DAAD ; 7 DAAD; 3 DAAE 5 ; 7 DAAE 1 Dys fter ppliction A; Dys fter ppliction B; 3 Dys fter ppliction C; Dys fter ppliction D; 5 Dys fter ppliction E. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme column re not significntly different (P>.5) y Tukey s test. Sociedde Entomológic do Brsil 5

6 Spinosd for controlling Liriomyz huidorensis in dryens Bueno et l A Numer of Thrips/1 dry en flowers Spinosd 7 g i/h Spinosd g i/h + Brek Thru.5% v/v Spinosd 7 g i/h B Spinosd g i/h Spinosd 9 g i/h Crtp g i/h Amectin 9 g i/h c c c c Spinosd 9 g i/h Crtp g i/h Amectin 9 g i/h Untreted Untreted + Brek Thru.5% v/v C 1 Spinosd 7 g i/h Spinosd g i/h Spinosd 9 g i/h Crtp g i/h Amectin 9 g i/h Untreted + Brek Thru.5% v/v Tretments Figure 1. Men ± SE of numer of F. schultzei (dults + nymphs) counted in 1 flowers/repliction t Cs Brnc tril. A) 3 dys fter ppliction D ( th ppliction). B) 3 dys fter ppliction E (5 th ppliction) (rs uilt with originl dt nd sttistics done with trnsformed dt into X +. 5 ). C) 7 dys fter ppliction E. Mens followed y the sme letter re not significntly different (P>.5) y Tukey s test. Sociedde Entomológic do Brsil

7 BioAssy :3 (7) Numer of dults/ plnts Spinosd 7 g i/h A c c c c Spinosd g i/h Spinosd 9 g i/h Crtp g i/h + Brek Thru.5% v/v Tretments Amectin 9 g i/h Untreted Numer of dults/ plnts 1 1 Spinosd 7 g i/h B Spinosd g i/h Spinosd 9 g i/h Crtp g i/h Amectin 9 g i/h + Brek Thru.5% v/v Tretments Untreted Numer of dults/ plnts 1 1 Spinosd 7 g i/h C Spinosd g i/h Spinosd 9 g i/h Tretments Crtp g i/h Amectin 9 g i/h Untreted Figure. Men ± SE of numer of dults of D. specios counted in 1 plnts/repliction t Joticl tril. A) Cumultive dt from 3 dys fter ppliction A nd B. B) Cumultive dt from 7 dys fter ppliction A nd B. C) Cumultive dt from 1 dys fter ppliction A nd B. D) 1 dys fter ppliction B. Mens followed y the sme letter re not significntly different (P>.5) y Tukey s test Spinosd 7 g i/h Spinosd g i/h + Brek Thru.5% v/v + Brek Thru.5% v/v Numer of dults/1 plnts D Spinosd 9 g i/h Crtp g i/h Tretments Amectin 9 g i/h Untreted Acknowledgments We wish to thnk the professor Angelo Pires do Prdo from the Dept. Prsitologi, Instituto de Biologi, UNICAMP/Cmpins, SP for identifying the lefminer specie nd Rent C. Monteiro for identifying the thrips specie. References Cited Aott, W.S A method of computing the effectiveness of insecticide. J. Econ. Ent. 1: 5-7. Agrofit, Sistem de Agrotóxicos fitossnitários. 7. Disponível em : < grofit_cons/principl_grofit_cons>. Acesso em: 3 de fevereiro de 7. Chndler, L. D. & C. E. Thoms. 19. Sesonl popultion trends nd folir dmge of gromyzid lefminers on ctloup in the lower Rio Grnde Vlley, Texs. J. Geogi Entomol. Soc. 1: Ewell, P. T., H. Fno, K. V. Rmn, J. Alczr, M. Plcios, J. Crhumc Frmer mngement of potto insects in Peru. Lim, Interntionl Potto Center, 7 pp. Ferguson, J. S. 3. Development of insecticide resistnce in the lefminer Liriomyz trifolii (Dipter: Agromyzide) to cyromzine, mectin, nd spinosd. J. Econ. Ent. 97: Flint, M. L. & Ptrici Gouvei. 1. IPM in prctice: principles nd methods of Integrted pest mngement. University of Cliforni, Agriculture nd nturl resources, 9 pp. Florim, A.C.P. & O. Nkno Efeito do inseticid spinosd sore mosc-mindor ds folhs, Liriomyz stive, n cultur d tt. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 1., 1997, Slvdor. Resumos... Slvdor: Sociedde Entomológic do Brsil, p Sociedde Entomológic do Brsil 7

8 Spinosd for controlling Liriomyz huidorensis in dryens Bueno et l. Genung, W.G Some possile cses of insect resistnce to insecticides in Florid. Proc. Fl. Stte Hort. Soc. 7:1-15. Hilje, L., D. Cuillo, A. Rmirez Vlidcion de umrles de ccion pr el comte de Liriomyz huidorensis en prcels de pp en Crtgo, Cost Ric. In: Tller de Actulizcion sore Liriomyz huidorensis y perspectivs pr futures investigciones. Crtgo, Cost Ric, MAG/CATIE. Ledieu, M. S. & N. L. Helyer Oservtions on the economic importnce of tomto lef miner (Liriomyz ryonie) (Agromyzide). Agriculture, Ecossystem nd Environment. 13: Minkenerg, O.P.J.M. & J. C. vn Lenteren. 19. The lefminers Liriomyz ryonie nd L. trifolii (Dipter: Agromyzide), their prsites nd host plnts: review. Agriculturl University Wgeningen Ppers, v., 9pp. Nkno, O., S. Silveir Neto, R. P. L. Crvlho, G. C. Bptist, E. B. Filho, J. R. P. Prr, R. A. Zuchi, S. B Alves, J. D. Vendrmim, L. C. Mrchini, J. R. S. Lopes, C. Omoto.. Entomologi Agrícol. Pircic: FEALQ. 9 pp. Prrell, M. P Biology of Liriomyz. Ann. Rev. of Entomol. 3:1-. Prrell, M. P., W.W. Allen & P. Morishit Lefminer species cuses Cliforni mum growers new prolems. Clif. Agric. 35(9,1): -3. Pereir, D. I. P Controle Químico e Biológico d mosc-mindor Liriomyz huidorensis Blnchrd 19 (Dipter: Agromyzide) n cultur d tt Solnum tuerosum L. n região sul do estdo de Mins Geris. Dissertção de Mestrdo, Universidde Federl de Lvrs, Lvrs, 5 pp. Poe, S. L. (Ed.). 19. Proc. Third Annul Industry Conf. On the lefminer. Nov. -1, Sn Diego, CA. 1 pp. Souz, J. C Mosc mindor: evitndo prejuízos. Sinl Verde. São Pulo. : Souz, J. C. & P. R. Reis O mindor-dsfolhs d tt. Informe Agropecuário. Belo Horizonte, :77-. Spencer, K. A Agromyzide (Dipter) of economic importnce. Ser. Entomologic 9. Dr. W. Junk. The Hgue, 1 pp. Weintru, P. G. & A. R. Horowitz The newest lefminer pest in Isrel, Liriomyz huidorensis. Agriculturl reserch orgniztion. No 15-E, 199 series. Willims, T., Vlle, J. & Viñuel, E. 3. Is the nturlly derived insecticide spinosd comptile with insect nturl enemies? Biocontrol Science nd Technology, v.13, p Wolfenrger, D.O Serpentine lef miner: rief history nd summry of decde of control mesures in South Cliforni. J. Econ. Entomol. 51: Wolfenrger, D. A & L. W. Getzin Selective toxicnts nd toxicnt-surfctnt comintions for lefminer, Liriomyz mund Frick, control nd prsite survivl. Fl. Ent. : Sociedde Entomológic do Brsil