Tsunami. Harry Yeh Oregon State University. Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Briefing at PEER: April 28, 2011
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1 Tsunami by Harry Yeh Oregon State University Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Briefing at PEER: April 28, 2011
2 Seismic Characteristics Rupture Model (Harvard Seismology) The fault rupture process was complex, and the extent of the rupture was approximately 480 km by 170 km. (The 2004 Great Indian Ocean Tsunami: 1300 km by 160 km.)
3 Historical Tsunamis in Sanriku Coasts The 869 Jougan Sanriku Tsunami M8.3 ~ 8.6. The 1611 Keichou Sanriku Tsunami M 8.1 Maximu tsunami runup height 15 ~ 20 m. The 1896 Meiji Sanriku Tsunami M 7.2 (Mw 8.2 ~ 8.5) Maximum tsunami runup height 38.2 m The 1933 Showa Sanriku Tsunami (Mw 8.4) Maximum tsunami runup height 28.7 m The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami (Mw 9.0) Maximum tsunami runup height 38 m The 1896 Meiji Tsunami The 1933 Showa Tsunami The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami
4 Historical Tsunamis in Sanriku Coasts The 869 Jougan Sanriku Tsunami M8.3 ~ 8.6. The 1611 Keichou Sanriku Tsunami M 8.1 Maximu tsunami runup height 15 ~ 20 m. The 1896 Meiji Sanriku Tsunami M 7.2 (Mw 8.2 ~ 8.5) Maximum tsunami runup height 38.2 m The 1933 Showa Sanriku Tsunami (Mw 8.4) Maximum tsunami runup height 28.7 m The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami (Mw 9.0) Maximum tsunami runup height 38 m The fault rupture area is much greater than the previous cases. The 1896 Meiji Tsunami The 1933 Showa Tsunami The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami
5 GPS Wave Gage: 20 km off Kamaishi Water depth 204 m 55 cm land subsidence 6.7 m
6 Bathymetry 100 m 200 m 1000 m 100 m 200 m 1000 m 50 m 100 m 200 m 50 m 1000 m 20 km
7 50 m Bathymetry 50 m Shallow and wide continental shelf 100 m 100 m 100 m 200 m 200 m 200 m Steep and narrow continental shelf 1000 m 1000 m 1000 m
8 Arahama ( N E)
9 Arahama ( N E)
10 Arahama Why did this house survive? ( N E)
11 A large bus Yuriage ( N E)
12 Yuriage Large scour hole 7.5m x 15.0m x 1.2m deep Tsunami induced momentary liquefaction? ( N E)
13 Rikuzen Takada ( N E)
14 Rikuzen Takada Strong currents along Kesen River, scouring the railroad bank. Approximately 4 km upstream from the river mouth. Max. Runup = 18.5 m ( N E)
15 Rikuzen Takada before the Tsunami Tsunami forest and seawall along the shore before the tsunami attack ( N E)
16 Rikuzen Takada Scenes after March 11 tsunami -- no forest, no seawall, remain. Scenes after March 11 tsunami cm subsidence. ( N E)
17 Rikuzen Takada Inundation level Front and back windows of every unit were broken away except the top floor. Front Unit ( N E) Inundation elevation near the shore was about 14 ~ 15 m. Flooded 90cm above the floor on the top floor
18 Rikuzen Takada 1st Unit ( N E) Flooded 90cm above the floor on the top floor 2nd Unit
19 17.6 m Runup Onagawa 120 cm land subsidence. Inundation level Tsunami inundation was higher than the top of the concrete cliff. ( N E)
20
21 ( N E)
22 Onagawa The effective net weight of the building under total submergence is approximately 1,600 KN (estimated by Greg Deierlein). The fluid force can be estimated by F = 1 2 C d! A u2 where C d 2 for a square column. Take the moment balance at 0 finds the flow speed: u 2.5 m/sec ( N E)
23 Onagawa Moment failure of the RC Building -- This is a new finding! This building can be toppled by rotation when the flow velocity exceeds 2.5 m/sec: this likely happened. ( N E)
24 Onagawa Onagawa NPP
25 Onagawa Success story? Onagawa NPP
26 Consideration on Tsunami Runups
27 Tsunami Runup Heights and Inundation Heights
28 Tsunami Runup Heights and Inundation Heights 10 m 20 m 30 m
29 50 m Bathymetry 50 m Shallow and wide continental shelf 100 m 100 m 100 m 200 m 200 m 200 m Steep and narrow continental shelf 1000 m 1000 m 1000 m
30 Tsunami Runup Heights and Inundation Heights The runup height of 10 m with the inundation distance more than 5 km into the very flat coastal plain indicate that the tsunami must had a very long wavelength. 10 m 20 m 30 m
31 Tsunami Runup Heights and Inundation Heights Very large tsunami runup heights (up to 38 m) in the northern Sanriku areas are still comparable with the effects of the 1896 Meiji Tsunami. 10 m 20 m 30 m
32 Tsunami Runup Heights and Inundation Heights The southern region of Sanriku had not been struck by local tsunamis; hence some of the engineered protections were designed based on the 1960 Chile Tsunami (runup 5 ~ 6 m). 10 m 20 m 30 m
33 Tsunami Runup Heights and Inundation Heights? and why? 10 m 20 m 30 m
34 Tsunami Runup Heights and Inundation Heights Very large minimum runup heights are noteworthy. 10 m 20 m 30 m
35 Summary Lots of things to learn from this natural disaster. especially for the future Cascadia event.
36 Tsunami Heights and the Heights of Seawalls
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