Large pelagic squids, mid-level trophic gateways?
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1 Large pelagic squids, mid-level trophic gateways? Trophic ecology of two pelagic squids, revisited Matthew Parry, Ph.D. Pacific Islands Regional Office, NOAA
2 Why study the trophic ecology of these squids? They are a food source for many large pelagic predators- billfish, sharks, tunas, cetaceans etc. They feed heavily on mesopelagic fishes and squids Historical fishery (300,000 mt/yr), troubled finfish fisheries, new Hawaiian fishery Trophic interactions are fundamental to ecosystems and animal behavior
3 Ommastrephes bartramii-red squid Background Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis-purple squid
4 Background on squids
5 Sampling area
6 Methodology (stomach contents) Take out the stomach, and look inside. Makes intuitive sense. Sounds straight forward? Not really. Correlate what is found with identifiable parts, beaks/otoliths. Benefits species identification actual consumption low tech Limitations bias snapshot of feeding labor intensive reference dependent
7 Methodology (stable isotopes, 15 N) 15 N [(R sample /R standard )-1] x 00 R= 15 N/ 1 N 15 N value gets larger with trophic level (add on 3. each TL) (Mingawa&Wada, 19; Peterson & Fry, 197) Benefits non-biased assimilated material historical data time component (turnover) less time consuming Limitations 3. average where is the baseline? does not identify prey isotopic routing less tested in open ocean
8 Otolith abundance (family level): O. bartramii, n= 90 0 S. oualaniensis, n= O. b artramii % of total otoliths S. oualaniensis 0 Myctophidae Unidentified Gonostomatidae Melamphaeidae Sternoptychidae Photochthyidae Fish Family Evermanellidae Chauliodontidae Gempylidae Scopelarchidae
9 Otolith abundance (myctophids): % of total otoliths S. evermanni M. lychnobium or spinosum L. gemellerii M. selenoides H. rheinhardti or prox O. bartramii, n= S. oualaniensis, n= L. tenuiformes C. warmingii E. risso Myctophid species T. minimus O. b artramii S. oualaniensis D. perspiculatus D. fragilis
10 Beak abundance (family) O. bartramii, n= % of total beaks S. oualaniensis, n= O. bartramii S. oualaniensis Onychoteuthidae Histioteuthidae Unidentified Enoploteuthidae Ommastrephidae Pyroteuthidae Chiroteuthidae Sepiolidae Cranchiidae Bolitaenidae Mastigoteuthidae Octopoteuthidae Cephalopod family
11 Beak abundance (lowest taxon) O. bartramii, n= % of total beaks Onychoteuthis sp. Histioteuthis sp. P. addolux Abraliopsis sp. A S. oualaniensis, n= G. bonplandi H. haw aiiensis N. haw aiiensis Mastigoteuthis sp S. melancholicus Abraliopsis sp. B Cephalopod taxa O. nielseni O. b artramii S. oualaniensis Abraliopsis sp E. luminosa S. oualaniensis
12 Feeding indices - breadth + overlap (Hurlbert,197; MacArthur and Levins, 197) narrow 0 B 1 wide overlap > 0.7 considered substantial (Macpherson, 191; Ellis et al., 199) Squid Red No parentheses - otolith data Parentheses beak data Breadth 0.5 (0.) Overlap 0. (0.) Red squid feeding Purple squid feeding Purple 0.0 (0.097) 1.1 (0.93) Purple squid feeding is a subset of red squid feeding but also shows differences in % and patterns
13 Stable isotopes: all categories TL TL- r =0.5 S. oualaniensis (sub)adults 15 N 9 TL-3 7 TL- 5 3 TL POM Plankton S. oualaniensis paralarvae O. bartramii paralarvae O. bartramii juveniles myctophids C. hippurus Thunnidae other mesopelagics O. bartramii adults
14 Trophic complexity 1 1 r = N of muscle r =0.7 r =0. r =0.77 r = 0.73 M. lychnobium L. tenuiformis Gonostomatidae Melamphaeidae Sternoptychidae Length (mm) Red = red squid prey Purple = purple squid and red squid prey Pink = mostly red squid prey some purple squid
15 15 N increase with size Purple squid, n = 17 unusually heavy individuals 15 N (muscle) r = length (mm) paralarvae 000 paralarvae 001 paralarvae
16 15 N increase with size Red squid, n = N r = Northern Paralarvae199 Paralarvae1999 Paralarvae length (mm)
17 Historical 15 N signal Purple squid eye lenses unusually heavy individuals 15 N of S. oualaniensis 15 N eye lens segments typical Eyes anomalous Muscle atypical r = N (muscle) r = 0. r = length (mm) paralarvae 000 paralarvae 001 paralarvae Estimated mantle length (mm) length based on eye lens radius
18 Historical 15 N signal Red squid eye lenses 15 N of O. bartramii 15 eye N lens segments Muscle Eyes lens segments r = Estimated mantle length (mm) length based on eye lens radius
19 Conclusions Red squid generalist feeder, purple squid more specialized Using 15 N to study trophic position in these squids yields reproducible results with a range of different tissues Purple squid increases trophic position throughout size ranges sampled, red squid increases trophic position rapidly and then reaches a relatively high plateau
20 Conclusions cont O. bartramii vs S. oualaniensis.competition?? Stomach contents vs stable isotopes - stomach contents indicate differential feeding - 15 N indicate very different trophic position Trophic position for these squids is highly dependent on size, however other factors (geography, individual feeding behavior, growth rate) can affect the shape of the 15 N vs size curve Need experimental studies looking at feeding and 15 N IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT????
21 Individual variation in patterns? 0.7 r 0.9,n=13 Eye Eye Blood S. oualaniensis mantle length (mm) -1/15-99 #3 (00mm) Purple squid S. oualaniensis mantle length (mm) -/13-01 #1 (5mm) Eye Blood Eye -/13-01 #11 (30mm) /15-99 # (3mm) S. oualaniensis mantle length (mm) S. oualaniensis mantle length (mm)
22 Individual variation in patterns? 0.7 r 0.9,n=13 Eye Eye S. oualaniensis mantle length (mm) -/13-00 #1 (09mm) Purple squid S. oualaniensis mantle length (mm) -1/15-99 #1 (3mm) Eye Eye Blood -7/-00 #1 (mm) /13-00 #3 (11mm) S. oualaniensis mantle length (mm) S. oualaniensis mantle length (mm)
23 Individual variation in patterns? 0.1 r 0.99,n=11 1 Eye Blood 1 1 Eye 1 15 N O. bartramii mantle length (mm) -11/-01 # (370mm) Red squid O. bartramii mantle length (mm) -7/-00 #1 (333mm) N 1 Eye 1 15 N 1 Eye O. bartramii mantle length (mm) -/9-00 #3 (9mm) -/9-00 #3 (31mm) O. bartramii mantle length (mm)
24 Individual variation in patterns? 0.1 r 0.99,n=11 1 Eye Blood 1 1 Eye Blood 1 O. bartramii mantle length (mm) -11/-01 #1 (557mm) Red squid O. bartramii mantle length (mm) -1/17-99 #5 () Eye Blood 1 1 Eye Blood 1-9/-00 # (50mm) -9/-00 #5 (30mm) O. bartramii mantle length (mm) O. bartramii mantle length (mm)
25 Comparisons with other studies (stable isotopes) Purple squid Takai et al. (000) 5 S. oualaniensis avg.0 (17mm) off Japan (.30 N, 1.00 E). Todarodes pacificus avg.5 (07 mm) off Japan Takai et al. (000) found large regional differences in values for S. oualaniensis throughout both the Pacific and other oceans.
26 Comparisons with other studies (stable isotopes) Red squid Takai et al. (000) 5 female O. bartramii = 11. to.1 avg ML of 30 mm off Japan. Gould et al. (1997) O. bartramii (170- mm) from albatross stomachs North Pacific transition zone (35- N, 170 E-1 W)
27 Comparisons with other studies (stable isotopes) Kline (1997) looked at range of groups from plankton up to fish in the Gulf of Alaska Kline et al. (199) looked at different fishes in northern Alaska
28 Frequency data (family level): % of squid stomachs containing prey item Myctophidae unidentified Gonostomatidae M elamphaeidae Photichthyidae Chaouliodontidae Sternoptychidae Evermanellidae O. b artramii S. oualaniensis Gempylidae Scopelarchidae Omosudidae Fish family
29 Frequency data (lowest taxon): % of squid stomachs containing prey item M. lychnobium/spinosum L. tenuiformis C. w armingii S. evermanni L. gemellerii H. proximum/rheinhardti M. selenoides E. risso D. perspiculatus T. minimus Myctophid species O. b artramii S. oualaniensis L. luminosa L. urophaos M. nitidulumt D. fragilis
30 Isotopic complexity Juvenile red squid eye lenses 15 N of juvenile O. bartramii eye lens segments eye lens regression Juvenile O. bartramii Estimated mante length (mm) from eye lens radius
31 1 Eye Blood 1 1 Eye O. bartramii mantle length (mm) 1 Eye Col 91 vs Col /-99 #5 (11mm) O. bartramii mantle length (mm) O. bartramii mantle length (mm) -1/17-9 #5 (19mm)
32 1 Eye 1 Eye 1 1 Northern O. bartramii # (55mm) Northern O. bartramii #1 (0mm) O. bartramii mantle length (mm) O. bartramii mantle length (mm) 1 Eye O. bartramii mantle length (mm) Northern O. bartramii # (01mm)
33 1 1 1 Muscle Eyes Eyes Muscle 1 15 N 15 N length length
34 Plot of vs length N (muscle) r =0.77 purple squid red squid length (mm)
35 Recent history of 15 N? Purple squid blood 11 blood anomalous squid 15 N of S. oualaniensis blood length (mm)
36 Recent history of 15 N? Red squid blood 1 O. bartramii 1 15 N of O. bartramii blood length (mm)
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