Geographical variations in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus
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1 Title Geographical variations in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus Hiroshige Tanaka 1, Akinori Takasuka 2,Ichiro Aoki 1, Seiji Ohshimo 3 and Yozo Wada 4 1 Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo 2 National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency 3 Seikai National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency 4 Kyoto Institute of Oceanic and Fishery Science
2 Introduction Introduction( 1) Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus Small pelagic fish which inhabit the waters of east Asia. Habitat varies depending on its stock size. (small: inshore water only; large: inshore and offshore water) Some characteristics of life history (e.g., spawning, growth) also vary between inshore and offshore waters. Feeding habit: zooplanktivorous (e.g., copepods) Structure of food web and ecosystem would vary among areas. Objective To compare the trophic ecology of Japanese anchovy among sea areas using the methods of δ 13 C and δ 15 N. Tools for the trophic study
3 Study areas M&M(1)study areas 45º N 40º N 35º N 30º N 125º E 130º E 135º E 140º E 145º E 150º E Tsushima Strait Tsushima current Japan Sea Kuroshio current Oyashio current Kuroshio- Oyashio Transition Tr-1 Ex-2 Ex-1 Kuroshio Extension Pacific Ocean Tr-2 (July and Nov. 2001) and (Nov. 1999, Feb, Mar, April and June 2000) (Aug. 2001) Kuroshio Extension Ex-1 (June 1997) and juvenile Ex-2 (May 1999) and Kuroshio-Oyashio Transition Tr-1 (June 1997) Tr-2 (June 1999) and
4 Methods M&M(2)anal ysis Stable isotope analysis Adults: White dorsal muscle was used for analysis. Larvae: Whole body was used for analysis. Lipid fraction was removed from all samples. 13 C/ 12 C and 15 N/ 14 N were analyzed by FINNIGAN MAT isotope ratio mass spectrometer. δ 13 Cor δ 15 N = ( R sample / R standard 1) * 1000 (%o) ( R = 13 C/ 12 C or 15 N/ 14 N ) R standard : Carbon: PDB (Peedee Belemnite) Nitrogen: N 2 in the atmosphere
5 Results(1)S L-d13C Results (1) δ 13 C δ 13 C - PDB (%o) Ex-1 Ex-2 Tr-1 Tr SL (mm)
6 Results(2)SL-d15N Results (2) δ 15 N 16 δ 15 N- air (%o) Ex-1 Ex-2 Tr-1 Tr SL (mm)
7 16 14 Results (3) δ 13 C-δ 15 N Kuroshio extension (Ex-1) Kuroshio extension (Ex-2) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-1) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-2) July 01 Results(3)C-N plot δ 15 N - Air (%o) June 99, juvenile Mar. 00 June 99 Apr. 00 Nov. 99 Aug. 01 June 00 July 01 Feb. 00 June 97, juvenile Nov June 99 May 99 juvenile June δ 13 C - PDB (%o)
8 16 14 Results (3) δ 13 C-δ 15 N Kuroshio extension (Ex-1) Kuroshio extension (Ex-2) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-1) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-2) Results(3)C-N plot δ 15 N - Air (%o) 12 10, juvenile, juvenile 8 juvenile δ 13 C - PDB (%o)
9 16 14 Results (3) δ 13 C-δ 15 N Kuroshio extension (Ex-1) Kuroshio extension (Ex-2) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-1) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-2) Hiroshima Bay (Takai et al. 2002) Osaka Bay (Mishima and Hoshika 2002) May 99 May 99 Apr. 98 Aug. 94 Apr. 98 July 01 Oct. 97 Data with Reference δ 15 N - Air (%o) June 99, juvenile Mar. 00 June 99 Apr. 98 Apr. 00 Nov. 99 Aug. 01 June 00 July 01 Feb. 00 June 97, juvenile Nov June 99 May 99 juvenile June δ 13 C - PDB (%o)
10 16 14 Results (3) δ 13 C-δ 15 N Kuroshio extension (Ex-1) Kuroshio extension (Ex-2) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-1) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-2) Hiroshima Bay (Takai et al. 2002) Osaka Bay (Mishima and Hoshika 2002) Data with Reference δ 15 N - Air (%o) 12 10, juvenile, juvenile 8 juvenile δ 13 C - PDB (%o)
11 Discussion What caused the variation in δ 13 C? Discussion(2) Stepwise enrichment: 0~1.5 %o per one trophic level δ 13 C is used to detect the carbon source of primary production. Low High Kuroshio-Oyashio transition and Kuroshio extension Sagami bay and other inland sea offshore inshore δ 13 C of phytoplankton: ca. 22 %o (France 1995) δ 13 C of benthic algae: ca. 17 %o (France 1995) offshore inshore carbon source (possibility) offshore inshore phytoplankton phytoplankton + benthic algae Benthic carbon may affect the pelagic food web because of the shallow depth.
12 Discussion What caused the variation in δ 15 N? Stepwise enrichment: 3~4 %o per one trophic level δ 15 N is often used as an index of trophic level. Discussion(3) Low High Kuroshio-Oyashio transition and Kuroshio extension Sagami bay ( >> ) and other inland sea offshore inshore Larvae Prey size may not drastically differ. Oceanographic conditions for primary producers such as nitrogen source (nitrate, ammonia) may differ. Adults Size range of available prey is broader. Ontogenetic shift of feeding habit may occur more clearly in Sagami bay (inshore water) than in Tr-2. (offshore water). (Availability of the prey at high trophic levels may differ.)
13 Summary Summary Large geographical variations in δ 13 C and δ 15 N were found in Japanese anchovy, especially between inshore and offshore waters. Inshore water Carbon source: phytoplankton + benthic algae Ontogenetic shift of feeding habits may occur more clearly. Offshore water Carbon source: mainly phytoplankton Ontogenetic shift of feeding habits may not occur drastically. Differences in food web structure may be reflected in the trophic ecology of Japanese anchovy.
14 δ 15 N - Air (%o) Kuroshio extension (Ex-1) Kuroshio extension (Ex-2) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-1) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-2) Hiroshima Bay (Takai et al. 2002) Osaka Bay (Mishima and Hoshika 2002) Offshore water Suppl. Summary of discussion : base Suppl.For summary Inshore water Ontogenetic shift of feeding habit phytoplankton + benthic algae 8 Ontogenetic shift is not clear 6 phytoplankton δ 13 C - PDB (%o)
15 δ 15 N - Air (%o) Kuroshio extension (Ex-1) Kuroshio extension (Ex-2) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-1) Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (Tr-2) NORPAC Ex-2 NORPAC Tr-2 NORPAC Suppl. Data of plankton Suppl.data of plankton δ 13 C - PDB (%o)
16 suppl. Samples Suppl.sampl es Area Length (mm) N Date Sampling gear Sagami bay July 1, 2001 Shirasu trawl July 5, 2001 Shirasu trawl Nov. 8, 2001 Shirasu trawl July 2, 2001 Set net Wakasa bay Nov. 29, 1999 Set net Feb. 24, 2000 Set net Mar. 14, 2000 Set net April 6, 2000 Set net June 15, 2000 Set net Tsushima strait Aug. 26, 2001 Midwater trawl Aug. 27, 2001 Midwater trawl Aug. 29, 2001 Midwater trawl Kuroshio-extention (54) June 11, 1997 (ex-1) FMT, ORI (19) May 22, 1999 (ex-2) FMT, ORI Kuroshio-Oyshio transition (29) 20 (27) June 13, 1997 (tr-1) June 1, 1999 (tr-2) FMT, ORI FMT, ORI
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