Arctic marine mammals and climate change. SIO 133 Marine Mammal Biology April 26, 2017
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1 Arctic marine mammals and climate change SIO 133 Marine Mammal Biology April 26, 2017
2 The Arctic Ocean: Extreme seasonal cycle of light and sea ice
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5 Arctic Ocean Food Webs Short growing season Intense ice algal and phytoplankton blooms High zooplankton biomass (esp. copepods) High benthic biomass (shallow shelves) Unique assemblage of marine mammals
6 Arctic Ocean Food Webs Two copepod spp. represent majority of zooplankton biomass. Calanus hyperboreus (slopes and basins) Calanus glacialis (shelves) Primary prey spp. for bowhead whales
7 Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus): migration, ice navigation
8 (George et al., 1989) Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus): migration, ice navigation
9 Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus): migration, ice navigation
10 Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus): migration, ice navigation Figure 2. Generalized range of the BCB bowhead whale (from Quakenbush et al., 2012).
11 Family Monodontidae: Belugas and narwhals Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) Photo: Laura Morse (NOAA)
12 Family Monodontidae: Belugas and narwhals June and July satellite tag locations of beluga whales (Suydam et al., 2005)
13 Family Monodontidae: Belugas and narwhals Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) Figure: Reeves et al. (2014) Photo: Ian Q. Rowan
14 Family Monodontidae: Belugas and narwhals Photo: Ian Q. Rowan
15 Arctic phocid seals: Differing adaptations to sea ice Ringed seal (Pusa hispida) Over-winters in 100% sea ice cover; most ice-obligate Arctic phocid Photo: Paul Nicklen
16 Arctic phocid seals: Differing adaptations to sea ice Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) Prefers pack ice with some open water; shallow water feeder Photo: SIO
17 Arctic phocid seals: Differing adaptations to sea ice Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata) Breeds at southern extent of winter pack ice (Pacific subarctic) Pelagic June-December Photo: M. Cameron (NOAA)
18 Family Ursidae: Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) Evolved from brown bear Circumpolar Eats Arctic seals, primarily ringed seal Photo by Ansgar Walk
19 Family Ursidae: Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) Large geographic range within pops. Individuals spend most of the year on pack ice (e.g., Nov-May) Increasing instance of problem bears
20 Family Ursidae: Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) Polar bear-human interactions increasing Significant relationship between human encounter rate and timing of sea ice breakup Figure. Stirling and Parkinson (2006)
21 Family Ursidae: Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) Polar bear body mass decreasing across the Arctic (Stirling and Parkinson, 2006)
22 Arctic sea ice decline Rapid changes in the Arctic Physical (e.g., sea ice) Biological (e.g., increasing primary production) Anthropogenic (i.e., human-caused; e.g., mineral extraction) What are the effects on Arctic marine mammals?
23 Arctic sea ice decline Overview Changes in sea ice Thinner Younger Less extent in summer and winter Earlier melt onset and breakup Higher melt pond fraction Video: National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) Figure: NSIDC (2015)
24 Arctic sea ice decline Sea ice change Seasonal extent Thickness/age Melt timing Melt pond fraction Figure Sea ice conc. Trends (NSIDC, 2015)
25 Arctic sea ice decline Sea ice change Seasonal extent Thickness/age Melt/freeze timing Melt pond fraction Figure. Serreze and Stroeve, 2015
26 Arctic sea ice decline Sea ice change Seasonal extent Thickness/age Melt/freeze timing Melt pond fraction Melt onset Freeze onset Melt season length Figure. Stroeve et al., 2014
27 Arctic sea ice decline Sea ice change Seasonal extent Thickness/age Melt timing Melt pond fraction Figure. Schröder et al., 2014
28 Ecosystem effects of Arctic sea ice decline? Increasing Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) in and under ice Affects timing and magnitude of ice algal and under-ice phytoplankton blooms in some areas (e.g., Chukchi Sea) Figure. Arrigo et al., 2014
29 Ecosystem effects of Arctic sea ice decline? Increasing Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) in and under ice Affects timing and magnitude of ice algal and under-ice phytoplankton blooms in some areas (e.g., Chukchi Sea) Arctic net primary production increasing. Figure. Arrigo and van Dijken, 2014
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31 Paleoclimate and Arctic Marine Mammal Evolution Permo-Carboniferous glaciation Antarctic Ice-sheets N. Hemisphere Ice-sheets Drake Passage opens (~30-25 MYA) Walruses Bearded seal Hooded seal Ribbon seal Harp seal Bowhead whale Gray whale Beluga, narwhal Ringed seal
32 Summary Arctic marine ecosystems dominated by Extremes in light and temp. Sea ice Arctic marine mammals adapted to sea ice Climate change causing reduction in sea ice Thickness Age Seasonal extent Melt ponds Timing of melt and freeze These changes affect ecosystems Increasing primary production (Ice algae and phytoplankton) Changing timing and magnitude of primary production Access to habitat and navigability for mar. mam. spp. Changes may benefit some mar. mam. spp. and harm others
33 Increasing human activities in the Arctic Petroleum exploration and extraction Shipping, marine transportation Mining Arctic islands Tourism Commercial fishing Figure: Nordic Center for Spatial Development (2011)
34 Arctic Shipping: Model predictions Overview Changes in human activities Implications for marine mammals Northwest Passage and Canadian Arctic as global Arctic priority Figure: Smith & Stephenson (2013)
35 Arctic Shipping: Observations in the Northwest Passage Overview Changes in human activities Implications for marine mammals Northwest Passage and Canadian Arctic as global Arctic priority Figure: Pizzolato et al. (2014)
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