Interannual changes in the zooplankton community structure on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf and Chukchi Sea during summers of
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1 Interannual changes in the zooplankton community structure on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf and Chukchi Sea during summers of Shiberia Chukchi Sea Alaska Pacific Summer Water Bering Sea
2 Background Subarctic (SE Bering Sea) Arctic (Chukchi Sea) 7 N Dominant zooplankton Atlantic species 1 mm 6 N C. finmarchicus 5 N 16 E W Arctic species In the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean, SE Bering Sea shelf (subarctic) and Chukchi Sea (arctic) are comparable shelves. While bathymetry is similar, zooplankton fauna is greatly varied with location: small copepods (Calanus finmarchicus) in the Atlantic, medium-sized copepods (Calanus spp. and Metridia longa) in the Arctic Ocean and large-sized copepods (Neocalanus spp.) in the Pacific. C. glacialis C. hyperboreus Pacific species M. longa N. plumchrus M. pacifica N. cristatus E. bungii N. flemingeri
3 Subarctic (SE Bering Sea) 62ºN 58ºN 54ºN 1 Outer shelf 1 2 Basin 18º 172ºW 164ºW Bathymetric clarification Slope 5 1 Inner shelf 1 5 Middle shelf Throughout the sampling period Occasional stations Transect of 166W Inner shelf: < 5 m Middle shelf: 5 1 m Outer shelf: 1 2 m Slope: 2 1 m Basin: > 1 m <Location and period> SE Bering Sea shelf Samplings were conducted ca. 1 week during late June to early August <Sampling and analysis> Vertical tow of NORPAC net (.33 mm mesh) from -15 m or 5 m above bottom. Calanoid copepod abundance 1Cluster analysis (Bray-Curtis similarity) 2Length measurements and applying L- W relationship, dry mass biomass was estimated. Chaetognaths (dominated by Sagitta elegans) 1Length measurements and applying L- W relationship, dry mass biomass was estimated. <Hydrography> Temp. and salinity were measured by CTD
4 Results: Temperature contours along 166 W transect 4 8 ( C) 12 Jul Jul Jul Jul Depth (m) Jul Jul Jul. 2 Jul Aug. 22 Jul. 23 Jul. 24 Jul Jun. 26 Jul. 27 Jun. 28 Jul Latitude (ºN) Relatively colder during , while warmer during 2-25, and colder again after 26.
5 Results: of calanoid copepods Calanus marshallae Latitude (ºN) (x1 5 inds. m -2 ) Longitude (ºW) Copepod abundance showed large annual change: greater during cold years ( , 26-29), while lesser during warm years (2-25).
6 Results: Copepod community structure A (127) B (92) C (24) D (93) E (68) F (24) Dissimilarity index (%) Characteristics of each group A, B, C: Oceanic species were occurred D, E: Similar species composition, while extremely low abundance in E F: Neritic species dominated ( x1 4 ind. m -2 ) Composition (%) A (127) B (92) Acartia spp. Calanus marshallae Eucalanus bungii Metridia pacifica Neocalanus spp. Pseudocalanus spp. Other copepods C (24) Group D (93) H' E (68) F (24) Species diversity (H') 2 1
7 Results: Year-to-year changes in copepod community Latitude ( N) Longitude (ºW) Middle shelf A: Outer-cold B: Outer-warm C: Outer-Basin D: Middle-cold E: Middle-warm F: Inner Composition (%) Composition (%) Outer shelf Cold Year Warm Outer shelf: A ( ) B ( ) A (26 29) Middle shelf: D ( ) E (22 26) D(27 29) Cold
8 Summary: Year-to-year changes in ecosystem (x1 5 inds. m -2 ) (x1 3 inds. m -2 ) Jellyfish Birds Coccolithophore Climate Calanoid copepods Chaetognaths No data No data High biomass Mass mortality Peak Large Small Biomass S. elegans Other biological/environmental changes Low biomass Cold Warm Cold Biomass (g DM m -2 ) Biomass (g DM m -2 ) Coccolithophore Less effect Copepods Chaetognaths Jellyfish Similar pattern Cold Year Warm Cold
9 Arctic (Chukchi Sea) 72ºN 1991 (27) Chukchi Sea ca. 1 week during 7 July to 13 August 1992 (34) Chukchi Sea 7ºN 68ºN Alaska Alaska 66ºN Bering Strait Bering Strait 72ºN 27 (31) Chukchi Sea 28 (28) Chukchi Sea NORPAC net 7ºN 68ºN Alaska Alaska 66ºN Bering Strait Bering Strait 17ºW 165ºW 16ºW 17ºW 165ºW 16ºW CTD
10 Results: Spatial distribution of temperature 7ºN Surface Temp. (ºC) ºN 7ºN 65ºN 7ºN Bottom Surface High temperature and salinity in 27 may caused by the increased inflow of the PSW 65ºN 7ºN Bottom 28 65ºN 17ºW 16ºW 17ºW 16ºW 17ºW 16ºW 17ºW 16ºW 25 Salinity
11 Results: Zooplankton abundance and biomass ºN 68ºN 66ºN Biomass ( 1 5 ind. m -2 ) High biomass at south of in 27 7ºN 68ºN 66ºN Wet mass ( 1 2 g WM m -2 ) ºW 165ºW 17ºW 165ºW 17ºW 165ºW 17ºW 165ºW
12 Results: Zooplankton community structure 7ºN 68ºN 1991 A B E 1992 E A B ( 1 2 ind. m -2 ) H Species diversity index (H ) 66ºN 7ºN 68ºN 66ºN 27 D A C B F 28 A B E Composition (%) A B C D E F Group Calanus glacialis Metridia pacifica Other copepods Other zooplankton taxa Eucalanus bungii Pseudocalanus spp. Balanus larvae 17ºW 16ºW 17ºW 16ºW In 27, group D, characterized with Pacific In 27, group D, characterized with Pacific species, was occurred in the south of. High biomass, species diversity and faster growth were the case of 27. Species Mean copepodid stage C. glacialis** E. bungii M. pacifica**
13 Summary: Zooplankton changes in the Arctic Ocean 72ºN 7ºN 68ºN 66ºN Arctic fauna Pacific fauna PSW 17ºW 165ºW 16ºW 155ºW North of the Lisburene (Arctic fauna) 1991, 92: Normal condition 27: Low biomass 28: Dominance of barnacle larvae South of the (Pacific fauna) 27: High biomass, faster growth North of the Annual changes in sea ice coverage and benthic larvae Greatly varied with season and year South of the Lisburene Continuous inflow of the Pacific Summer Water (PSW) Productive ecosystem, less annual changes
14 Conclusion (future prospect) Subarctic (SE Bering Sea) Arctic (Chukchi Sea) 7 N Dominant zooplankton 6 N 1 mm Atlantic species C. finmarchicus 5 N 16 E W In the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean, amount of the Pacific fauna increased with increasing the Pacific Summer Water (PSW). Since the Pacific fauna is completely different with the original Arctic fauna, the consequence of their invasion should be noticed. If once they colonize in the Arctic Ocean, because of the free niche, they might be possible to complete their life cycles. Arctic species C. glacialis C. hyperboreus Pacific species M. longa N. plumchrus M. pacifica N. cristatus E. bungii N. flemingeri
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