Ecosystems/ Ecological Processes
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1 Ecosystems/ Ecological Processes I. Factors that Influence Ecosystem A. Limiting factors 1. Abiotic Factors 2. Biotic Factor Competition: interspecific and intraspecific Predation/Parasitism Amensalism Mutualism II. Biotic Structure of the Ecosystem A. Food Chains B. Trophic Levels Some definitions Biosphere: all living organisms and their environment Ecosystem: grouping of plants, animals and microbes, etc. interacting with each other and their physical environment "ECO" = home Community: all plants and animals inhabiting an area (suggests interactions) Population: a group of individuals of the same species in an area Species: a group of organisms where all members do or have the potential to interbreed and produce viable offspring 1
2 The Nature of Ecology Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Biosphere Organisms Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Fig. 4.2, p. 72 Factors that Influence Ecosystems Limiting Factors: anything that tends to make it more difficult for a species to live and grow, or reproduce in its environment. Abiotic and Biotic: physical and biological factors can work in concert. Tolerance The degree a certain factor that an organism can withstand is called tolerance. Optimum temperature Range of tolerance Limit of tolerance Env. gradients 2
3 Limiting Factors: Env. gradients Range of optimum Lower limit of tolerance Upper limit of tolerance No organisms Few organisms Abundance of organisms Few organisms No organisms Population size Zone of Zone of intolerancephysiological stress Optimum range Zone of Zone of physiological stressintolerance Low Temperature High ABIOTIC Limiting Factors temperature water climate/weather soils (mineral component) terrain fire BIOTIC Limiting Factors competition: interspecific and intraspecific predation/parasitism amensalism mutualism 3
4 BIOTIC Limiting Factors competition: interspecific and intraspecific Types of competition Intraspecific (social behavior) Territoriality Social hierarchy Interspecific Competitive exclusion Predator prey interactions Parasitism Amensalism Mutualism Intraspecific (social behavior) Territoriality Social hierarchy 4
5 Avoiding/ Reducing Competition Behavioral specializations Social hierarchy Impalas: harem society 5
6 Familial groups Matriarchal societies Matrilineal societies 6
7 Agama sp. Color changes to indicate dominant individuals Avoiding intraspecific competition SPATIAL OR TEMPORAL SEPARATION Avoiding/Reducing Competition by temporal separation Ex: Kenya: African Savanah 7
8 Wildebeest and zebra wildebeest topis 8
9 gazelles Feeding specializations 9
10 Predatory birds Interspecific Competition Competitive exclusion Predator prey interactions Parasitism Amensalism Mutualism Competitive exclusion European starling Bromus tectorum 10
11 Zebra mussels Predator prey interactions 11
12 SFSU Geography 316 Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman Population size (thousands) Hare 120 Lynx Year Fig. 9.8, p ,000 Moose population Wolf population 3, , , Year Number of wolves Number of moose 4, Parasitism 12
13 Amensalism Mutualism 13
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