November 4, SWBAT identify five factors that determine climates. SWBAT describe how the Earth s climate has changed over time.

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1 November 4, 2016 Aims: SWBAT identify five factors that determine climates. SWBAT describe how the Earth s climate has changed over time. Agenda 1. Do Now 2. Class Notes 3. Guided Practice 4. Independent Practice 5. Practicing our AIMS: Homework: EH.6 Climate How will you help our class earn all of our S.T.R.I.V.E. Points? UNIT TEST 3 Study Days! 1

2 Aim Check: 2

3 SCIENCE 8 Climate EH.6 Name: Date: Homeroom: Earth s History Shoooo I m GROWN! OBJECTIVES: By the end of class, students will be able to SWBAT identify five factors that determine climates. SWBAT describe how the Earth s climate has changed over time. DO NOW The movement shown in the map indicates that Africa s continental crust is splitting apart in the East African Rift. 1. As a result of this divergence, what can you predict will happen in the East African Rift region in about five million years? A. The rift-basin valleys will be pushed up into a mountain range. B. The sea will flood the lowlands when the rift reaches the ocean. C. Subduction will result in more volcanic activity. D. The land will become flat as the crust continues to thicken. 2. Predict what the geological column will look like in five million years; be sure to include the fossil record. You may write or sketch out your prediction. CONCEPT CHECK 3. Describe the process that is creating the rift and identify its heat source 3

4 CLASS NOTES CLIMATE: CLIMATE FACTORS 1. Solar Energy and Latitude: 2. Prevailing Winds: 3. Mountains: 4. Water: CHANGES IN CLIMATE ICE AGE: o Glacial Periods: o Interglacial Periods: Ice begins to melt and the sea level rises. What Causes an Ice Age? There are many theories about the causes of ice ages. 1. The Milankovitch theory explains why an ice age alternates between cold and warm periods. Eccentricity Tilt Procession 4

5 2. The Earth s climate is further influenced by One theory proposes that ice ages happen when the continents are positioned closer to the Polar Regions. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS During major explosive eruptions huge amounts Volcanic ash falls rapidly from the stratosphere -- Gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide has the potential to promote climate changes. 5

6 ASTROID IMPACT Scientists believe that if an asteroid this big hit the Earth, it could change the climate of the entire world. Asteroids are smaller than planets. They are rocks left over from the formation of the Solar System. At various times during the Earth s history, asteroids have hit it. o o o It is thought that an asteroid colliding with the Earth helped to drive the dinosaurs to extinction. SUN S CYCLE Some changes in the climate can be linked to changes in the sun. o The sun follows an During this cycle, the sun changes from a solar maximum to a solar minimum. o During a solar maximum: 6

7 HOW DO WE KNOW? By extracting cylinders of ice from sheets thousands of meters thick, scientists can The deepest discovered ice cores are an The particles trapped inside give scientists clues about The presence of certain ions indicates The bubbles can be released to reveal the make-up of the 7

8 Other tools for learning about Earth s ancient climate include o a rough record of each growing season s o Corals also form growth rings that provide information about 8

9 o Fossils: Coral reefs live in tropical waters. They need a particular temperature, a specific depth of water and the right amount of light. If the depth of the water changes just a fraction, they cannot survive. o Land Features: Glaciers for instance, left telltale signs of their activity. As glaciers moved slowly down river valleys, they often carved out a deep When the ice melts, the very large pieces of rock they have been carrying are deposited, often many miles from where they were picked up. This erosion and deposition tell of temperatures much colder than the current climate. 9

10 WE DO: Guided Practice Directions: Read and ANNOTATE each question before you solve the problem. Several fish species became extinct millions of years ago. The graphs below show the distribution of fossils of these fishes as they occur in several undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock observable in a cliff face. Explain why the distribution of the fossils in figure 1 supports the hypothesis that the extinction of these species was a result of a sudden environmental change. Describe an environmental change that could have produced this kind of fossil distribution. Explain why the distribution of the fossils in figure 2 supports the hypothesis that the extinction of these species was a result of a gradual environmental change. Describe an environmental change that could have produced this kind of fossil distribution. 10

11 YOU DO: Independent Practice In the Western Hemisphere, crocodiles can be found only as far north as southern Florida. Crocodiles require warm temperatures to survive. The average annual temperature for southern Florida is 76ºF. However, crocodile fossils and fossilized subtropical plants have been found in parts of western Colorado, where the average annual temperature is 53ºF. Explain why crocodile fossils are found in western regions of the United States but living crocodiles are not. Claim (1/2 pt.) Evidence (1 pt.) Error Free (1/2 pt.) Correct conclusion Relevant Evidence Complete Sentence Punctuation Capitalization Clarity 11

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13 You Do: REVIEW! (Comps are coming up faaaaast ) 1. Which property is NOT the best choice for identifying minerals? A. Streak B. Luster C. Cleavage D. Color 2. Solids that have a repeating pattern of atoms are called A. rocks. B. crystals. C. metamorphic. D. sedimentary. 3. A mineral that has cleavage A. breaks along curved, irregular, or uneven lines. B. is very shiny. C. is a different color in powered form. D. breaks along flat or smooth lines. 4. Most minerals, with the exception of gold and silver, are made up of two or more A. rocks. B. elements. C. atoms. D. organics. 5. Which statement best expresses the relationship between rocks and minerals? a. Rocks and minerals are the same thing. b. Minerals are usually made of rocks. c. Rocks are usually made of minerals. d. Rocks and minerals are usually made of gems. 13

14 6. Which of the following is the best summary of the rock cycle? A. Each type of rock gets melted. Then the magma turns into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock. B. Magma cools to form igneous rock. Then, the igneous rock becomes sedimentary rock through weathering, erosion and deposition. Sedimentary rock is heated under pressure to create metamorphic rocks, which melt to create magma. C. All three rock types erode to create sedimentary rock. All three rock types melt to form magma. Magma forms metamorphic rock. All three types of rock form metamorphic rock because of heat and pressure. D. Igneous rock is weathered to create sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock is melted to form metamorphic rocks. 7. Which of the following processes breaks down sediment? A. Burial B. Deposition C. Weathering D. uplift 8. When sediments and pieces of rock are moved from one place to another by wind, water, ice, or gravity it is called A. deposition. B. erosion. C. weathering. D. uplift. 9. If a pebbles and sediment are being moved from one part of the stream to another, this is an example of? A. Metamorphism B. Weathering C. Deposition D. Erosion 14

15 BEAST MODE! Tree rings hold clues about the rise of Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire By Los Angeles Times The rings of ancient and gnarled trees may reveal the answer to a important question in history: How did Genghis Khan manage to conquer such a large part of Asia? A team of scientists has found evidence of a period of regular warmth and wetness in Mongolia between 1211 and It was the exact time that Genghis Khan rose to power and began to build the Mongol Empire. Was it just by chance that these two things happened? The scientists don't think so. Mongolia is an area known for its cold and dry climate. Yet, the temperatures in this period were unusually mild and rain was heavy. The weather would have helped the grasslands in Mongolia grow better, the scientists say. More grass would then increase the number of animals that could graze and live off the grassland. Khan's Army Of Horsemen Members of Genghis Khan s army reportedly had five horses apiece. Having that many horses allowed them to swiftly conquer an enormous area. When one horse got tired they were able to ride another. Khan's army also traveled with a herd of livestock that provided them with food. At its height, the Mongol Empire stretched from eastern Asia to eastern Europe. It even included parts of northern India and the Mideast. I think of it as nature set the table, and Genghis Khan came to eat, said Amy Hessl, a treering scientist at West Virginia University. He didn t have to come eat, and he didn t have to eat the way he did, but the table was set." She said what mattered is that Khan took advantage of the benefits the weather brought. Hessl studied the trees with Neil Pederson of Columbia University, who put it this way: Grass was the power of the day. The story of the unusual wet period in Mongolian history was written in ancient Siberian pine trees. Pederson and Hessl first discovered them during a trip in The trees were growing on a lava field in central Mongolia. The field had nearly no soil and horse skeletons were scattered around. The trees in this field are badly in need of water. That causes them to be especially affected by changes in the weather, the scientists said. On that first trip, Pederson and Hessl took samples from the cores of about a dozen trees. By looking at the rings inside trees, scientists can tell how old a tree was. The rings can also tell them about the weather during certain time periods. 15

16 From Grassland To Empire When they got them back to the lab, they discovered that some of those samples dated back more than 1,000 years. They also found evidence of a climate history that they couldn t ignore. For a small stretch of time, some of the rings were visibly thicker. I was just excited that we had wood from the time of (Genghis) Khan, Pederson said. And it was really the trees saying look how wide our rings are right here. Pederson and Hessl returned to the site two years later to sample more trees. Those samples matched the initial findings: The spread of the Mongol Empire happened along with what the trees recorded as a warmer and wetter climate than usual. In interviews, Pederson and Hessl said there was still more work to be done to link the trees story with human events. They are working with other scientists and historians. They're hoping to find more evidence of how the lucky change in climate may have contributed to the making of the largest empire in history. There are still a lot of unknowns out there, Pederson said. The climate information in the trees is just one little piece of the puzzle. 16

17 Science 8 Name: SKILL SNAPSHOT Date: Homeroom: EH.6: Climate Quick Notes: Read and ANNOTATE each question before you solve the problem. Like A Scholar? Yes No Redo? Yes No Directions: Support your selection by finding evidence to support your answer OR evidence to support why another is incorrect. Start your explanation with The evidence shows that Question 1. The movement of continents over the Earth s surface Supporting evidence A. affects climate by holding heat in the atmosphere. B. happens only in Antarctica. C. affects climate because the landforms don t change. D. changes a continent s latitude, causing climate change. 2. What is the best method for scientists to collect evidence about Earth s climates in the past? A. Using remote sensing from space with satellites B. Using texts from ancient civilizations C. By collecting "proxy data" from tree rings, ice cores and historical records D. By ground-based measurements of surface temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and sea levels 3. Select the three processes that may affect the global climate. A. meteorite collisions B. volcanic eruptions C. glacier till D. plate tectonics E. weathering and erosion 17

18 Question 4. A scientist finds a snail fossil in a layer of rock in a desert. Supporting evidence Which action would help the scientist determine what the environmental conditions may have been when the snail existed? A. analyzing the characteristics of other plant and animal fossils found in the same layer of rock B. looking for more fossils in different layers of rock C. recording information about plants and animals living in the desert today, near where the fossil was found D. counting the number of similar snail fossils found in other parts of the world Directions: Read the scenarios below. Use ICE to support your conclusion. 5. Mr. Searles is hiking through the woods in Ohio and finds rocks containing fossils in a stream bank. The fossils look similar to animals currently living in the ocean. What conclusion should he make about Ohio s past climate based on the discovery of these fossils? CONCEPT CHECK 6. What are the two sources of thermal energy in Earth s interior? Claim (1/2 pt.) Evidence (1 pt.) Error Free (1/2 pt.) Correct conclusion Relevant Evidence Complete Sentence Punctuation Capitalization Clarity A. solar heating and gravity B. gravity and radioactive decay C. combustion and solar heating D. radioactive decay and combustion 7. Select the two processes that occur at mid-ocean ridges. A. Crustal rock subducts into the mantle and melts. B. Thermal energy rises from the mantle to the crust. C. Material rises from the mantle to the crust. D. Tsunami waves transfer energy from the crust to the mantle. E. Sediments from the crust sink into the mantle. 18