Site Characterization for Carbon Dioxide Geologic Storage. Battelle s Founding Mission

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1 Site Characterization for Carbon Dioxide Geologic Storage Neeraj Gupta, Ph.D. Senior Research Leader Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, USA 2014 Best Practices Symposium for Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide NTUH International Convention Center, October 31, Battelle s Founding Mission Bring business and scientific interests together as forces for positive change Gordon Battelle s last will and testament Established by steel industrialist, Gordon Battelle Non-profit, charitable trust formed in 1925 in Columbus, Ohio Profits reinvested in science & technology, and in charitable causes 2 1

2 A History of Innovation inspiring new industries; revolutionizing products Verity stress analysis wins international engineering award Fiber optics (PIRI) venture formed Universal Product Code, cut-resistant golf ball, sandwich coins developed Xerox office copier enters the market Battelle opens for business Battelle founded by the Will of Gordon Battelle Launched new ventures in medical, pharmaceutical, electronics, and software Compact disk and cruise control technology Win contract to manage PNNL Develops fuel for Nautilus first nuclear powered submarine Industrial discoveries in Metal and Material Sciences 3 What Matters Most Tomorrow inspiring new industries; revolutionizing products Alternative energy and smart grid technologies Next generation diagnostics & therapeutics Underwater technology Carbon management Medical devices Security Tomorrow s Solutions 4 2

3 Battelle s Exploration & Production Services (EPS) Resource Group Group of ~25 geoscientists and engineers focusing on subsurface resource management Core competencies in: (a) site characterization; (b) reservoir modeling and analysis, (c) monitoring, (d) data management, and (e) regulatory & outreach Markets and/or technologies o Carbon capture, utilization and storage o Improved oil recovery o Brine disposal o Shale gas o Wellbore integrity 5 5 Subsurface Resource Management Site Characterization Data Management Reservoir Analysis and Modeling Assessment and Monitoring Technology Solutions Sustainability Regulatory and Outreach Monitoring 6 3

4 Battelle CO 2 Storage and Subsurface R&D Program Case Studies of Success AEP Mountaineer Site characterization, design Permitting, construction Operations Post-injection monitoring DOE Regional Partnerships Regional Mapping Policy & Regulation Small-Scale Scale Tests Large-Scale Test Ohio River Valley Characterization FutureGen Broad program of field efforts needed to enable commercial CO 2 storage and utilization Field tests for MRCSP Post monitoring at AEP Mountaineer Geologic storage lead for FutureGen M2Φ,w Eq. 21 M2Φ, eff Eq. 25 STOMP MBL Eq. 9 pressur re buildup (psi) R&D assessment of wellbore integrity Assessing CCUS in Ohio for OCDO 0 1.0E E E E E E E+02 r^2/t (m^2/s) Developing simplified models for DOE-Industry 8 8 4

5 0 Recent and ongoing projects related to subsurface resource management -1,000 O2 O1-2,000 SS1-3,000 P ,000 2,000 3,000 Simulation framework for regional CO 2 geologic storage in the ARCHES province Regional geologic characterization of CO 2 storage potential in Ohio Assessment of improved oil recovery potential for small oil/gas producers in Ohio M2Φ,w Eq. 21 M2Φ, eff Eq. 25 STOMP 800 MBL Eq. 9 pressure build dup (psi) E E E E E E E+02 r^2/t (m^2/s) Simplified modeling for CO 2 geologic sequestration Brine disposal potential in the Appalachian Basin Assessment of wellbore integrity in CCUS operations 9 Site Selection Maturation Stages Site selection and development for geologic storage evolves over multiple project stages Source: DOE Best Practices for Site Screening, Site Selection, and Initial Characterization for Storage of CO 2 in Deep Geologic Formations 10 5

6 Flowchart for Site Screening Source: DOE Best Practices for Site Screening, Site Selection, and Initial Characterization for Storage of CO 2 in Deep Geologic Formations 11 Process Flowchart for Site Selection Source: DOE Best Practices for Site Screening, Site Selection, and Initial Characterization for Storage of CO 2 in Deep Geologic Formations 12 6

7 Site Screening - Geological Framework Site screening objective = use regional information to determine if carbon storage is feasible in a given area Geological setting, Storage capacity, Seismic hazards, Source Sink Competition, Surface environmental factors, Review of any existing 2D or 3D seismic survey information from the site. 13 Site Screening- Source-Sink Competition China Sources Sources with lower cost capture and proximity to storage locations may get priority. Some sources may be stranded. Source: R. Dahowski, PNNL 14 7

8 Site Screening - China Basin Level Capacity Major Deep Sedimentary Basins Average Net Average Sand Thickness Porosity (%) (meters) Estimated Capacity (MtCO 2 ) Tarim Basin % 745,800 Ordos Basin % 256,500 Songliao Basin % 227,800 example Bohai Bay Basin (North of China) % 208,100 Junggar Basin % 197,100 HeHuai Basin (Henan, Huaibei & Huainan Basins) % 178,000 Subei (Northern Jiangsu) Basin % 89,900 Erlian Basin % 85,000 Sichuan Basin 300 5% 77,600 Turpan-Hami Basin % 54,300 JiangHan-Dongting basin % 52,800 Sanjiang Basin % 44,900 Bohai Bay Basin (Liaoning) % 25,300 Qaidam Basin 50 15% 21,500 Hailaer Basin % 16,100 Nanxiang Basin % 7,500 Total Onshore Capacity 2,288,200 East China Sea Basin % 341,800 Southern Yellow Sea Basin % 133,800 Bohai Wan Basin % 109,200 Pearl River Mouth Basin % 69,700 Yinggehai Basin % 56,000 Northern Yellow Sea Basin % 31,500 Beibu Gulf Basin % 23,800 Western Taiwan Basin % 11,000 Luzhoudao Basin % 1,900 Total Offshore Capacity 778,700 TOTAL CAPACITY - DEEP SEDIMENTARY BASINS 3,066,900 Sichuan Basin Onshore Basins Offshore Basins Dahowski, et al , Regional Opportunities for Caron Dioxide Capture and Storage in China 15 Site Screening- Environmental Factors Landforms Geologic hazards Wetlands Historical areas Floodplains Pipelines Population centers Mines 16 8

9 Site Screening- Geological Setting Example from Sichuan Basin Oil and Gas Fields Lithology Existing Deep Wells Regional Structure and Faults Source: China Geological Survey 17 Site Selection Geologic Setting in Sichuan Basin Formation thickness maps Geologic cross sections Source: China Geological Survey 18 9

10 Site Selection - Seismic Setting Sichuan Basin Example 19 Site Selection- Surface Features Population Density Midwestern USA Example Population Density Map 20 10

11 Site Selection Infrastructure Issues Plant layout Pipeline routing Injection wellfield Example Pipeline Routing Analysis 21 Flowchart for Initial Characterization Source: DOE Best Practices for Site Screening, Site Selection, and Initial Characterization for Storage of CO 2 in Deep Geologic Formations 22 11

12 Geologic Field Test Activities Geologic Assessment Site specific assessment of target storage reservoirs and geologic g setting Site Characterization and Design Seismic surveys, test-well drilling, reservoir tests, brine sampling, other field work at the demo sites Site data used to design injection and monitoring programs CO 2 Injection Tests and Monitoring Finalize CO 2 source and delivery CO 2 injection testing and monitoring Additional test wells may be needed in some cases 23 Seismic Survey for Characterization A seismic survey may show feature such faults, geologic structures, contacts between different rock types, and many other items. Limitations of seismic surveys: Resolution limited in some cases, 3D is better Results must be processed to be visualized, Results subject to interpretation, Calibrated to geophysical logs 3D Seismic Mapping of Geology 24 12

13 Comparison of Surface and Borehole Seismic Data MRCSP Michigan Site 3D Data VSP The two images show nearly the same geologic slice The VSP shows higher resolution and more internal reef character Curvature seen on the edges of the image is a processing artifact 25 Test Well Drilling Test Well Design Well design and planning Drilling and completion Logging Basic in all wells Advanced in some wells Coring and core testing Reservoir testing 26 13

14 Drilling Location and Well Design 2,800 m deep well drilled, cored, and tested at a power plant in Regional Characterization in Ohio Strong Collaboration with Oil Industry Projects funded by Ohio Coal Development Office and DOE Over 10 years; Jointly with Ohio Geological Survey Adams Silcor Georgetown Northstar Marine OCDO piggyback wells Raynor D #1 Jarrell #1 AEP #1 J#1 Burger Frankovitch Other wells in database Miley FEGENCO # (1) Lee Family Trust (2) McCoy (3) Dager (4) Ohio #1 CO2 (5) Devco (6) Miley (7) AEP #1 (8) McKelvey (9) Raynor D #1 (10) #1 Jarrell (11) Georgetown Marine (12) #1 Northstar (13) Adams (14) Silcor (15) Frankovitch (16) Burger GM #1 - deepest well in Ohio 28 14

15 Example of Test Well Progress Being Prepared for Difficulties De epth (ft KB) 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 Days into Drilling CONDUCTOR CASING SUB BROKE, FISHING SET SHALLOW SURFACE CASING LOGGED, SET SHALLOW INTERMEDIATE CASING LOADED HOLE, LOST CIRCULATION, ABANDONED BHA AND CEMENTED BACK BEGAN DIRECTIONAL DRILLING LOGGED, SET DEEP INTERMEDIATE CASING SET INTERMEDIATE CASING REAMING, 6' PYRITE REACHED TD FINAL LOGGING, WIRELINE SAMPLING FINAL CORING RUNS 29 Basic and Advanced Wireline Logs Composite in Carbonate Rocks Through a dolomite carbonate interval, illustrating properties of the potential CO 2 Storage Reservoir (Porosity/permeability shows up as abrupt spikes, probably indicative of vuggy porosity) Copper Ridge Dolomite Permeability indications Bad hole Vugs, no fractures 30 15

16 Core Testing Examples Mineralogy/Petrology -Detailed texture, depositional analysis -Thin section mineralogy -Cuttings mineralogy Hydraulic Testing -Probe permeability scan -Total gamma scan -Core permeability & porosity -High pressure mercury injection (low perm. test) -Relative permeability (CO 2 /Brine mixture) -Pulse decay (low perm. test) Physical/Geomechanical Testing -Density -Triaxial compressive strength -Dynamic elastic parameters -Acoustic velocities -Organic content/adsorption isotherms 31 Site Characterization - Core Tests Rock core sampling Rock core tests for permeability and porosity 3000 Depth = ft. Avg. Porosity = 13% Avg. Permeability = 22.6 md. Permeability (md) Porosity (md) Bass Island Rock Core, Michigan, U.S.A. Amherstburg Depth (ft) 3300 Bois Blanc 3300 Depth (ft) Bass Islands Dolomite 3500 Bass Islands Evaporite E Permeability (md) Porosity 32 16

17 Michigan Basin Site Understanding Carbonate Rocks Sandy dolo-grainstone with visible X-bedding Depth = feet Permeability = 91 md Porosity = 17% Karst collapse breccia Depth = feet Permeability = 52 md Porosity = 27% Laminated and mud-cracked d Algal dolo-mudstone Depth = feet Permeability = 0.5 md Porosity = 12% Core sample from Bass Islands Dolomite showing vertical heterogeneity 33 Reservoir Testing Pressure buildup in the reservoir is a key factor that could lead to induced seismic activity. Consequently, reservoir tests are an important aspect of the characterization program Reservoir testing options include: Open hole dynamic flowmeter test (optional), Step rate injection test, Short-term, full scale injection, and Shut-in pressure recovery CO 2 Liquid Tanks Injection Well (not visible) Setting up for the CO 2 Injection Test (September 2008) These tests may be performed with CO 2 or water. Downhole pressure should be monitored with a downhole gauge. Important to have an accurate log of wellhead flow and pressure during testing. Step rate injection tests often run up to formation fracture pressures, but this may not be possible in high permeability formations. Delivery System 34 17

18 Detailed Reservoir Tests of Open Borehole 35 Detailed Reservoir Testing Program Characterization Test Methods Slug/DST Constant-Drawdown/Rate Test Drawdown Phase Analysis Recovery Phase Analysis Test History Match Laboratory Core Permeability 36 18

19 Site Assessment- Injection Testing Well tests may provide information on reservoir behavior: Vertical Fractures Boundary conditions Sealing Faults Dual Porosity/Fractures Pressure Falloff Analysis Type Curves Example- Pressure Falloff 37 Wellbore Integrity for Geologic Carbon Storage Using Regulatory and Industry Information Evaluate leakage risk and remediation options from old wellbores for large-scale CO 2 storage U.S. DOE/NETL 38 19

20 Statement of the Problem Areas in the Midwest have perceived risk for carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) due to long drilling history. However, many of the old wells may not present high risk for CCUS because they are shallow or effectively plugged and abandoned. Titusville, PA, 1865 Morrow Co., OH, 1964 Source: Drake Well Museum. Source: Morrow County Oil Boom Ohio Geological Society. 39 Well Record Analysis for Michigan and Ohio 40 20

21 CO 2 Injection Operations CO 2 is injected in dry, supercritical phase at depths >800 m. Outer annulus protects surface water and groundwater from leaks along casing. Flow, pressure, temperature are recorded with in-line flowmeter. Inter-annulus system. 41 Operations Well Completion Injection well construction/operation details

22 Operations Infrastructure Vent Stack Compressor Building Compressor Injection Well Transfer Line Dehydrator 43 Injection Operations and Monitoring Example of short-term injection testing using liquid CO2 tanks in September 2008 Injection Well (not visible) CO 2 Liquid Tanks Delivery System Setting up up for for the the CO CO 2 Injection 2 Test Test (September 2008) 44 22

23 Acknowledgements MRCSP is funded by DOE/NETL under a co-operative agreement and several other companies Core Energy, LLC the MRCSP host site and CO 2 supplier The Ohio Coal Development Office of the Ohio Development Services Agency MRCSP Phase II host companies Duke Energy, First Energy, DTE American Electric Power FutureGen Alliance State Geological Surveys and Universities in MRCSP region Battelle s present and past carbon management team members for their technical contributions. 45 CO 2 Injection in Michigan Over 10 Days Injection tests provide an indication of overall reservoir behavior through pressure response observed during and after injection Example- MRCSP Michigan Basin Site CO 2 Injection 46 23

24 3-D View of Storage Targets in Midwest USA Saline Formations >3,000 feet Deep and >50 feet Thick MRCSP Michigan Basin Demo Bois Blanc, Sylvania, a, etc. MRCSP Appalachian Basin Demo Oriskany, Clinton, Lockport etc. Mountaineer Project Rose Run and Copper Ridge Source: MRCSP MRCSP Cincinnati Arch Demo Mount Simon/Basal Sandstone 47 24