NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER

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1 NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information contained herein and/or these workshop/seminar proceedings (WORK) was prepared by or contributed to by various parties in support of professional continuing education. For purposes of this Disclaimer, Company Group is defined as PetroSkills, LLC.; OGCI Training, Inc.; John M. Campbell and Company; its and their parent, subsidiaries and affiliated companies; and, its and their co-lessees, partners, joint ventures, co-owners, shareholders, agents, officers, directors, employees, representatives, instructors, and contractors. Company Group takes no position as to whether any method, apparatus or product mentioned herein is or will be covered by a patent or other intellectual property. Furthermore, the information contained herein does not grant the right, by implication or otherwise, to manufacture, sell, offer for sale or use any method, apparatus or product covered by a patent or other intellectual property right; nor does it insure anyone against liability for infringement of same. Except as stated herein, COMPANY GROUP MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, WITH RESPECT TO THE WORK, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Company Group does not guarantee results. All interpretations using the WORK, and all recommendations based upon such interpretations, are opinion based on inferences from measurements and empirical relationships, and on assumptions, which inferences and assumptions are not infallible, and with respect to which competent specialists may differ. In addition, such interpretations, recommendations and descriptions may involve the opinion and judgment of the USER. USER has full responsibility for all interpretations, recommendations and descriptions utilizing the WORK. Company Group cannot and does not warrant the accuracy, correctness or completeness of any interpretation, recommendation or description. Under no circumstances should any interpretation, recommendation or description be relied upon as the basis for any drilling, completion, well treatment, production or other financial decision, or any procedure involving any risk to the safety of any drilling venture, drilling rig or its crew or any other individual. USER has full responsibility for all such decisions concerning other procedures relating to the drilling or production operations. Except as expressly otherwise stated herein, USER agrees that COMPANY GROUP SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY TO USER OR TO ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY ORDINARY, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES WHICH MIGHT ARISE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY BY REASON OF USER S USE OF WORK. USER shall protect, indemnify, hold harmless and defend Company Group of and from any loss, cost, damage, or expense, including attorneys fees, arising from any claim asserted against Company Group that is in any way associated with the matters set forth in this Disclaimer. The Content may not be reproduced, distributed, sold, licensed, used to create derivative works, performed, displayed, transmitted, broadcast or otherwise exploited without the prior written content of the Company Group. Use of the WORK as a reference or manual for adult training programs is specifically reserved for PetroSkills, LLC. All rights to the WORK, including translation rights, are reserved. PETROSKILLS, LLC., 2014 THIS WORK IS ED BY PETROSKILLS, LLC. AND DISTRIBUTED UNDER EXCLUSIVE LICENSE BY PETROSKILLS, LLC. PetroSkills, LLC., All rights reserved.

2 DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE. DEVELOPING COMPETENCE. Marginal Marine Depositional Environment Basics Depositional Environments Processes and examples from modern and ancient environments with oil field examples Subaerial Alluvial fan Fluvial braided and meandering Aeolian wind and desert Marginal marine Delta river, wave, tide dominated, fan delta, braid delta Beach and barrier island Marine Submarine fan channel-levee complex, Bouma sequence Carbonates limestone, dolomite Reef, platform, pinnacle, pelagic Diagenesis 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 2 1

3 R IG H T Marginal Marine Clastic Depositional Environments 3 O PY 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. Objectives of the Deltaic Environments Session You should learn: C Formation of distributary channels, distributary mouth bars, bar fingers, crevasse splays About delta morphology related to shelf slope Control of reservoir morphology and orientation by sediment input, wave energy, and tidal range About delta type related to river type fan, braid, and common deltas 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 4 2

Selected Major Deltas in the World 2015 PetroSkills, LLC.

A River Delta is a landform that is created by deposition of sediment

4 Selected Major Deltas in the World 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 5 What is a Delta? A River Delta is a landform that is created by deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot transport away the supplied sediment PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 6 3

The Mississippi Delta Over the Last 7 8,000 Years

delta lobes of the Mississippi, i.e. delta switching every ~1000 years or so.

is suspended An Example: 60 ft channel depth.

6 The Mississippi Delta Over the Last 7 8,000 Years Over the past ~ years there have been 7 delta lobes of the Mississippi, i.e. delta switching every ~1000 years or so. Bed load of Mississippi only about 5%... Most sed. is suspended An Example: 60 ft channel depth ft thick Distributary Mouth Bar 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 9 Delta Mouth Deposition 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 10 5

7 Delta Mouth Deposition R IG H T Note: Distributary channel width small relative to overall size of associated distributary mouth bar complex i.e. distributary mouth bar sands can become coalesced 11 O PY 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. C Cross-Section Through Delta Mouth Deposition 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 12 6

8 Diagrammatic of Delta Mouth Deposition 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 13 Aerial View of Mississippi Delta Mouth Deposition A breach in the levee during flood can result in a sub-delta or crevasse splay 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 14 7

9 Aerial View of Delta Mouth Deposition West Bay A short-lived Crevasse Splay 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 15 Development of a Crevasse Splay 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 16 8

Example of a Productive Crevasse Splay C Admire 650 ss 25+ ft sands with up to 24%

10 West Bay Crevasse Splay in Late 1980s R IG H T Crevasse Splay is mostly submerged 17 O PY 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. Example of a Productive Crevasse Splay C Admire 650 ss 25+ ft sands with up to 24% porosity and 1500 md 400+ mmbor; 15 x 9 mile near Wichita, Kansas % of world production 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 18 9

13 Niger Delta: Wave and Tidal Dominated 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 23 Niger Delta: Wave Dominated Portion Smooth Niger Delta coastline Escravos, Nigeria Would you know you were on a delta? 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved

NNE SSW Cross Section Through the Niger Delta 2015 PetroSkills, LLC.

15 Tidal Delta Features Fly River Delta, Paupua New Guinea Tidal delta 5 6 m tides Good Reservoir potential 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 27 Fly River Delta: Tide Dominated 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved

18 Fan Delta Prograding into Indian Ocean, Betty s Bay, South Africa Note Concave Upward profile of Alluvial Fan 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 33 Fan Delta, Atlantic Ocean Side Capetown South Africa Notice effect of relatively high energy wave action on poorly sorted Alluvial Fan sediments Potentially good reservoir rock? 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved

Brae Field, North Sea: Geologic Cross Section

37 Brae Field, North Sea: Stratigraphic Column

21 Brae Field, North Sea: Geologic Model 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 39 Fan Delta, Modern Day Analogue for Brae Field Laguna Salida, NW Mexico 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved

22 Objectives of the Deltaic Environments Session You should have learned: Formation of distributary channels, distributary mouth bars, bar fingers, crevasse splays About delta morphology related to shelf slope Control of reservoir morphology and orientation by sediment input, wave energy, and tidal range About delta type related to river type fan, braid, and common deltas 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. Exercise Deltaic Exercises PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved

Marine Depositional Environments Basics Carbonate Diagenesis. (Last Updated 28 December 2015) COPYRIGHT

Marine Depositional Environments Basics (Last Updated 28 December 2015) NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information contained herein and/or these workshop/seminar proceedings (WORK) was prepared by or contributed