Hydrological processes in small catchments of South Africa
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1 Hydrological processes in small catchments of South Africa Simon Lorentz, Carl Freese, Eddie Riddell, Julius Kollongei, George Waswa, Cobus Pretorius, Kalala Ngleleka, Nhlakanipho Zondi, Njabulo Dlamini School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Pieter le Roux, Malcolm Hensley, Johan van Tol, Bataung Kunene Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State Danie Vermeulen, Gerrit van Tonder Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology Vincent Chaplot, Jean-Louis Janeau, Pascal Podwojewski IRD
2 PRESENTATION OUTLINE Research catchments and their purpose Response characterisation - Hydrometry - Geophysics - Geochemistry - Soil Surveys - Hydropedology Model Conclusions
3 Research catchment locations in eastern South Africa 1 Craigieburn (degraded wetland 5y) 2 Sabie and Letaba rivers (upland-riparian 8y) 3 Two-Streams (deforestation 8y) 4 Wartburg (NPS-sugar cane 5y) 5 Cathedral Peak (high altitude grassland/forestry 15y) 6 Potshini (small scale agriculture; nutrients and carbon 8y) 7 Weatherley (forestry/wetland 16y) 8 Bedford (dry scrubland 5y) 8 N 2 4
4 Lower Catchment Area W2 4RR 15 3R 14 3/4R / A 4 9 8A 6 5 RO1 8 4L 7 1R LEGEND Transects HYDROMETRY Tensiometer WaterMark TDR Piezometer Boreholes Runoff Plots H-Flumes Bowen ratio ET Upper Catchment Area W1 1 N Scale 2m 3 8 W2 Crump Wier Catchment Boundary Stream or Seep Rock Outcrop Lower catchment tensiometer nest and piezometer Upper catchment tensiometer nest and g/w tube Neutron Probe Tube GEOPHYSICS ERT GEOCHEMISTRY Isotopes 2 H, 18 O Chloride Silica EC WEATHERLEY CATCHMENT 13 Additional g/w tube Full weather station and fog interceptor Rain gauge and fog interceptor Runoff plot SOIL SURVEY Hydraulic characteristics Pedology
5 1 9 RP1 Event 8: 14 Jan - 16 Jan 8 6 HYDROMETRY Cumulative rainfall (mm) and runoff (litres) Avg. Concentration (mg/l) 13-Jan 12: 14-Jan : 14-Jan 12: 15-Jan : 15-Jan 12: 16-Jan : 16-Jan 12: Runoff (l) Rain Avg. NO3 Concentration Avg. P Concentration Avg. SS Discharge (m 3 /s) Concentration (mg/l) Jan-12: 14-Jan-: 14-Jan-12: 15-Jan-: 15-Jan-12: 16-Jan-: 16-Jan-12: F1 Discharge P Concentration
6 Hydraulic conductivity characterist Water Retention Characteristic 4 Clay Sandy loam Hydraulic conductivity, K (m/h) E-5 1E-6 1E-7 Capillary Pressure Head (m) Volumetric Water Content 1E Capillary pressure head, h (m)
7 5 14 HYDROMETRY Matric pressure head (mm) Cumulative rainfall (mm) NEAR SURFACE LATERAL FLOW ground surface -2 2 infiltration Jan-2 25-Jan-2 27-Jan-2 29-Jan-2 31-Jan-2 temporary water in macro pore zone.45m.3m Rain macro pore flow Lorentz et al., 21 less permeable horizon tensiometers drainage SOIL/BEDROCK INTERFACE LATERAL FLOW deeper perched ground water Sustains low flows
8 Why is it important WISA 21 Durban ICC. Groundwater-Surface Water Interaction:The need for a common understanding
9 1 4 3 LC 1 HYDROMETRY Matric pressure head (mm) Jan-1 Feb-1 Mar-1 Apr-1 May-1 Jun-1 Jul-1 Aug-1 Sep-1 Oct-1 Sim 4mm Obs 4mm 1 LC Atmospheric boundary Matric pressure head (mm) Jan-1 Feb-1 Mar-1 Apr-1 May-1 Jun-1 Jul-1 Aug-1 Sep-1 Oct-1 Sim 7mm Obs 7mm Obs 8mm LC HYDRUS-2D Finite element analysis 5 7 Matric pressure head (mm) Cumulative rainfall (mm) -5 2 LC 4-6 Jan-1 Feb-1 Mar-1 Apr-1 May-1 Jun-1 Jul-1 Aug-1 Sep-1 Oct Seepage boundary Obs 19mm Sim 19mm Rainfall Bursey, 29
10 HYDROMETRY Riddell, 21
11 HYDROMETRY 8 25 Cumulative Rain, Soil Evap & Transpiration (mm) Cumulative Runoff, Seepage & Soil Moisture (mm) Jan-1 Feb-1 Mar-1 Apr-1 May-1 Jun-1 Jul-1 Aug-1 Sep-1 Oct-1-15 Actual Soil Evap Actual Transpiration Rainfall Runoff Seepage Soil Moisture Bursey, 29
12 LC1-LC4 ECT357 GEOPHYSICS LEGEND Soil Weathered sandstone Medium grain sandstone Mudstone ECT3572 LC8-LC1 ECT3575 LEGEND Soil Weathered sandstone Medium grain sandstone Mudstone Initial water strike Lorentz et al., 28 High water table Low water table
13 rain 2-3 Jan rain 6-7 jan surface water 7-8 Jan hillslope groundwater 6-8 Jan rain EM surface water EM 18 O [ o / oo V-SMOW] 2 hillslope groundwater EM O [ o / oo V-SMOW] H [ o /oo V-SMOW) 2 H [ o /oo V-SMOW] GEOCHEMISTRY Hillslope groundwater response 64% evaporated hillslope groundwater hillslope groundwater surface water GMWL Rapid near surface response 36% ZONE 1 C A ZONE 5 B D J ZONE 4 ZONE 3 H ZONE 2 F G E I Lorentz, et al., 27
14 GEOCHEMISTRY Wenninger, et al., 27
15 HILLSLOPE RESPONSES ZONE 1 A C ZONE 5 B D J ZONE 2 E ZONE 4 F ZONE 3 H G I WEATHERLEY CATCHMENT
16 POTSHINI CATCHMENT
17 HYDROMETRY Rain day Rain 1hour Rain + 1hour Rain + 1day PF>3 <PF<1
18 d 18 O (permil) GEOCHEMISTRY Shallow Groundwater -5-1 GR (92; 5.5) SR (49; 5.4) T (48; 5.4) -15 d 2 H (permil) All (53; 5.4) CY (32; 5.27) CR (5; 5.49) -2
19 SOIL SURVEY Hutton Avalon Kroonstad Katspruit
20 HYDROPEDOLOGY Topsoil Freely drained sub-soil Gleyed subsoil Bedrock Fractured bedrock Topsoil Freely drained subsoil Subsoil with interflow at soil/bedrock interface Subsoil with flow interflow in upslope horizons Gleyed subsoil Fractured bedrock Relatively impermeable bedrock Weatherley
21 Topsoil Freely drained subsoil HYDROPEDOLOGY Gleyed subsoil (interflow at A-B interface) Permeable bedrock Relatively impermeable Craigieburn Semi-impermeable bedrock Orthic A Neo-carbonate Unspecified with signs of wetness Hard bank carbonate Yellow-brown apedal B Soil Water Dynamics: Granite, Sabie Sabie
22 HYDROPEDOLOGY Soil Water Dynamics: Cathedral Peak VI Cathedral Peak
23 MODEL LAYER 1 (CRUST) LAYER 2 (A-HORIZON) LAYER 3 (B-HORIZON) INTERMEDIATE LAYER Water retention LAYER 4 (INTERMEDIATE ) WC PONDED WATER FRACTURED ROCK/POROUS SAPROLITE/ Time 1 CLAY LENSE /IMPERMEABLE LAYER Time 2
24 MODEL DEFAULT LINKAGE OPTIONS: HILLSLOPE RIPARIAN CONFIGURATION Surface layer A Horizon B Horizon Saprolite/Int either Response triggered by volume in equilibrium retention capacity or GW store Stream network Links by Unit response functions (Exp; ADE)
25 HYDROPEDOLOGY Longterm annual duration of drainable water (days year -1 ) Recharge < 3 days Interflow > 3 weeks Responsive > 6 months
26 HYDROPEDOLOGY Recharge soils Deep Shallow Interflow soils + Soil/bedrock + Signs of wetness in saprolite/unconsolidated material + Plinthite soft and hard B horizons + A/B horizon interface E horizons Responsive soils Infiltration excess Deep saturation excess Shallow saturation excess
27 SOIL TYPE HYDROPEDOLOGY HOST - HOSASH RESPONSE TYPE HILLSLOPE TYPE
28 Intermediate Zone and GW Response (mm) 1 Daily Streamflow (mm) Groundwater Intermediate zone Quickflow Observed Simulated Rain.1 Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr- May- Jun- Jul- Aug- Sep- Oct Daily Rainfall (mm) 5 25 Jan- Mar- May- Jul- Sep- Nov- 3
29 3 25 Discharge (mm/day) Jan-1 Mar-1 May-1 Jul-1 Sep-1 Nov-1
30 CONCLUSIONS Combinations of Hydrometry, Geophysics, Geochemistry and Hydropedology to define SW-GW sources and pathways Hillslope contributions included in daily catchment model Hydropedology interpretation used to inform model Method for meso-scale hydropedology interpretation FUTURE Typical hillslope response characteristics Simplify hydropedology and model Develop HOSASH
31 THANK YOU Students: Johan van Tol, Eddie Riddell, Carl Freese, Bataung Kunene, Sylvain Renaud, Seraphine Grellier, George Waswa Assistants: Cobus Pretorius, Kalala Ngeleka, Nhlakanipho Zondi, Njabulo Dlamini Funding: Water Research Commission, SAFeWater, NRF
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