The status of the Mt. Meager Volcanic Complex. Glyn Williams-Jones Department of Earth Sciences Simon Fraser University
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1 The status of the Mt. Meager Volcanic Complex Glyn Williams-Jones Department of Earth Sciences Simon Fraser University
2 Location 60 km NW of Pemberton, BC Canadian segment of Cascades
3 Location 60 km NW of Pemberton, BC Canadian segment of Cascades Andrews et al.
4 Mt. Meager Perkin s Pillar Capricorn Mtn. Mt. Job Plinth Peak
5 Long-lived volcanic history & complex geology 2.2 Ma to present Multiple eroded summit lava domes and volcanic necks Extensive hydrothermal system cgenarchive.or g
6 Initial explosive phase of eruption Pyroclasitc flows down into Lillooet valley Widespread pumice deposits Eruption plume height: > km Kirstie Simpson Total erupted volume: 0.8 km 3 Mt. St. Helens: ~ 1 km 3
7 Bridge River fall out pumice tephra < 80 m think deposits on Mt Meager Fine grained ash deposited ~ 530 km E in Alberta Iceland (2010)
8 Eruption transitioned to lava flow & pyroclastic flows Formation of ~110 m high dam of welded block and ash flows capped by unwelded block and ash flows, avalanche deposits blocked the Lillooet River and formed temporary lake (> 0.55 km 3 ) Kirstie Simpson
9 >40-65 days to overtop dam Catastrophic failure of dam generated outburst flood & lahar Peak deluge for ~ 8 h eroded 2.5-km long canyon traceable >65 km downstream Andrews et al. (2014) Kirstie Simpson
10 At least 10 significant historic rock avalanche, landslide events Very weak rock mass of altered volcanics sitting on granitic basement Lillooet River altered volcanic rock Tim Gage (2010)
11 Vol.: ~49 million m 3 Largest historic slide in Canada Frank slide: 30 Mm 3 Hope slide: 47 Mm 3 Velocity: m/s Temporarily dammed Lillooet River, Meager Creek Seismicity (M2.6) detected 2800 km away m run-up on opposite valley wall backsplash temporary lake Melanie Kelman (2010)
12 First reported sulphur smells in February 2016
13 Mt. Meager Perkin s Pillar Capricorn Mtn. Mt. Job Plinth Peak
14 Jan Feb. 2016: 92 M1-2 EQs recorded in vicinity Small swarm S of Mt. Meager in Mt Meager No close seismic station difficult to constrain EQ depths many focal depths of km But seismologists thought much shallower
15 Hannibal Preto (July 20, 2016)
16 1 st Reconnaissance survey FLIR survey Max 23 C Megan Dewit, SFU (Aug 20, 2016) Digital photogrammetry Opening diameters 30 x 30 m ~25-30 m deep
17 SPOT images - June 2015 Cracks but not fumarole openings Artifact of snowfall? N N July 2016 June 2015 ~1 km
18 2 nd Survey Gio Roberti, SFU (Sept 11, 2016)
19 2 nd Survey MultiGAS sensor (H 2 O/CO 2 /SO 2 /CO/H 2 S) Max: 280 ppm H 2 S, 2700 ppm CO 2 FM2 FM1 Low T fumarole field Subsequent reports suggest presences since at least 1930s Gio Roberti, SFU (Sept 11, 2016)
20 Stratovolcanoes are unstable composites of varying material that is spatially heterogeneous USGS
21 Mt. St. Helens (1980) Introduction History Status Hazards Monitoring Proximal hazards (< ~5 km) Ballistics Gas hazards Pyroclastic flows Lava flows Mt. St. Helens (1980) Medial to Distal hazards (> ~5 km) Lahars (mudflow) Landslides Ash
22 Yakima WA (1980) Introduction History Status Hazards Monitoring Why worry? Direct human impact Urban Centres Distance Population Pemberton 60 km ~ 2400 Whistler 67 km > 10,000 Metro Vancouver 160 km > 2.5 million Clague & Turner (2003)
23 Why worry? Direct economic impact airport closure, re-routing / cancellation, grounding of airplanes & repairs Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland (Mar. - Oct. 2010) 7 million passengers US$200 million/day Total loss ~US$ 1.7 billion Mt Kelud, Indonesia (2014) Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland (2010)
24 Recall - At least 10 significant historic rock avalanche / landslide events N N Plinth Peak km Gio Roberti,
25 NW flank of Plinth Peak (~ 2 km E of fumaroles) 5 to 30 mm/yr of deformation from 1992 to 2001 Potentially 5 times greater than the 2010 Capricorn Creek slide N Plinth Peak Gio Roberti, 2.5 Mm 2 unstable area 1 km vertical drop 250 Mm 3 unstable volume Gio Roberti,
26 INNERGEX Run of river projects Upper Lillooet (54 MW), Boulder Creek (17 MW); Miller Creek (33 MW) Costs of 2010 landslide estimated at > $10 million Miller Creek Powerhouse Pemberton Meadows (2010) The Canadian Press m
27 Deformation monitoring InSAR (Radarsat 2, Sentinel) for 15 volcanoes in Canada Infill of Meager InSAR history Radarsat 2 targets InSAR image revealing the 10 cm uplift near South Sister volcano, Oregon ( ); USGS
28 NRCan installed a temporary seismic station (MGMB) Second higher altitude site located To be installed Spring 2017 Mt Meager 3-component Broadband system earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/
29 Visual surveys Helicopter pilot conducting regular avalanche control for Innergex will make visual observations of fumarole field throughout winter Geochemical surveys Repeat geochemical survey of fumaroles in Summer 2017 to look for changes in gas ratios Important sign of reactivation is an increase in SO 2 emissions and decrease in C/S ratio
30 Debris flows a major hazard at Mt. Meager At least 3 large debris flows in drill core All reached inhabited areas Lahar inundation zone modeling LAHARZ (GIS tool) use lahar volume and DEM to model down valley impacts Melanie Kelman after Simpson et al. (2006)
31 Integrated & comprehensive Volcanic hazard map needed Possible M.Sc. project Collection of baseline time series data (e.g., seismic, deformation, etc.) Comprehensive Volcanic & Landslide database under development
32 Long lived volcanic complex Fumarolic activity since at least 1930s Significant past volcanic & landslide events Seismic data do not suggest magmatic unrest Deformation at Plinth Peak likely not magmatic Possible landslide hazard Increasing population & economic resources at risk Monitoring & mapping needed for effective management & mitigation of any future crisis
33 Hannibal Preto & Dante Canil (UVic) Canadian Hazards Information Service David McCormack, Reid Van Brabant Geological Survey of Canada Melanie Kelman, Rick Hall Canada Centre for Mapping & Earth Observation Sergey Samsanov, Ian Olthof, Geneviève Marquis Department of Earth Sciences Gioachino Roberti, Megan Dewit, Carie-Ann Lau, Swetha Venugopal, Brent Ward Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences Alex Wilson, Kelly Russell
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