Appendix E CULTURAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCE SURVEYS

Transcription

1 Appendix E CULTURAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCE SURVEYS An evaluation of the potential for cultural and paleontological resources within the project area was prepared by SWCA Environmental Consultants in February During a pedestrian survey of the project area in February 2009, no prehistoric or historic era cultural resources and no isolated artifacts were identified. The survey report notes that much of the area surveyed is developed and graded associated with existing airport facilities. A copy of the Cultural Resources Survey and the Paleontological Resources Assessment Report are included in this appendix along with the letter from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) initiating Section 106 Consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). The SHPO concurrence letter is included on page E 6. E-1

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8 Cultural Resources Survey for the Proposed Monterey Peninsula Airport Runway Safety Area Improvement Project, Monterey, Monterey County, California Prepared for: Coffman Associates Prepared by: SWCA Environmental Consultants January 2010 E-8

9 CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY FOR THE PROPOSED MONTEREY PENINSULA AIRPORT RUNWAY SAFETY AREA IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Prepared for Coffman Associates 237 N.W. Blue Parkway, Suite 100 Lee s Summit, Missouri (816) Prepared by Philip G. Hanes Nancy E. Sikes, Ph.D., RPA SWCA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS 3840 Rosin Court, Suite 130 Sacramento, California (916) USGS 7.5-Minute Quadrangle Seaside, CA 1947 (Photorevised 1983) SWCA Project No SWCA Cultural Resources Report Database No January 2010 Keywords: Cultural Resources Survey; Negative; Monterey County E-9

10 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Purpose and Scope: SWCA Environmental Consultants was retained by Coffman Associates on behalf of the Monterey Peninsula Airport District to conduct a cultural resources inventory for the proposed Monterey Peninsula Airport Runway Safety Area Improvement project of approximately 38.5 acres. The inventory included a literature search, Sacred Lands File search, and pedestrian survey of the area of direct impact. Dates of Investigation: Cultural resources literature searches were completed by the Northwest Information Center at Sonoma State University. SWCA contacted the Native American Heritage Commission on January 8, 2009, requesting a search of their Sacred Lands File for traditional cultural resources. The Commission s response, dated January 9, 2009, indicated that their search failed to identify the presence of Native American sacred lands or traditional cultural properties within the area of direct impact. Pedestrian survey of the area of direct impact was performed on December 11, Investigation Constraints: Ground surface visibility within the area of direct impact ranged from poor to good due to coverage by dense vegetation and paving. Access was denied to survey 10 acres within the airport runway safety area (RSA); reconnaissance of this acreage was accomplished from a safe distance. Summary of Findings: Although five cultural resources have been previously recorded within 0.5 mile radius of the area of direct impact, including one prehistoric archaeological site (CA-MNT-728) immediately adjacent to but outside the area of direct impact, none have been previously recorded within the area of direct impact. Sixteen prior reports have been completed within a 1-mile radius of the area of direct impact. No cultural resources were identified during the current survey within the area of direct impact. Recommendations Summary: Based on the results of this inventory, SWCA does not recommend construction monitoring. In the event that cultural resources are discovered during ground-disturbing activities, such as grading, trenching, and/or excavation, work in the immediate area must be halted and a qualified archaeologist should be notified immediately to evaluate the resource(s) encountered. Further, if human remains are discovered, SWCA recommends a Native American representative be retained to monitor ground-disturbing activity in native soils or sediments. Disposition of Data: Copies of this report will be filed with Coffman Associates; the Northwest Information Center at Sonoma State University; and the Sacramento, California, office of SWCA Environmental Consultants. Original documentation will remain on file at SWCA s San Luis Obispo office. E-10

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12 TABLE OF CONTENTS MANAGEMENT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT... i INTRODUCTION... 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING... 9 CULTURAL SETTING Prehistoric Period Paleoindian Period/Paleo-Coastal Tradition (ca. 10, B.C.) Early Period and Early-Middle Transition Period ( B.C.) Middle Period (600 B.C. A.D. 1000) Middle-Late Transition Period (A.D ) Late Period (A.D Historic Contact) Ethnographic Overview Historic Overview PRE-FIELD RESEARCH Literature Search Native American Sacred Lands Search FIELD METHODS FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS Unanticipated Discoveries Construction Monitoring and Notification Procedures Native American Monitor Human Remains LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Proposed Action... 5 Figure 2. Area of Potential Effect... 7 Figure 3. Project Location Figure 4. SWCA Survey Coverage LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Photograph 1. Dense vegetation within southeastern extent of area of direct impact (view to east) Photograph 2. Mapped location of site CA-MNT-728 outside area of direct impact (view to east) APPENDICES APPENDIX A: Sacred Lands File Search Results E-12

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14 INTRODUCTION Contracting Data: SWCA Environmental Consultants was retained by Coffman Associates for the Monterey Peninsula Airport District to conduct a cultural resources investigation for proposed improvement to portions of the Monterey Peninsula Airport. The investigation by SWCA included a literature search, a Sacred Lands File search, and an intensive pedestrian survey of the proposed area of direct impact for any prehistoric or historic cultural resources. The project would be completed under the regulatory oversight of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), with the proposed runway safety area (RSA) improvements designed to meet FAA requirements. The project is subject to both Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Regulatory Setting: The current study was completed under the provisions of Section 106 of the NHPA (36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 800) and CEQA (California Code of Regulations [CCR] 14 Section and Public Resource Code [PRC] Section ). Federal Cultural resources are considered during federal undertakings chiefly under Section 106 of NHPA of 1966 (as amended) through one of its implementing regulations, 36 CFR 800 (Protection of Historic Properties), as well as the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Properties of traditional religious and cultural importance to Native Americans are considered under Section 101(d)(6)(A) of NHPA. Other federal laws include the Archaeological Data Preservation Act of 1974, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) of 1978, the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) of 1979, and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1989, among others. Section 106 of NHPA (16 United States Code [USC] 470f) requires federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on any district, site, building, structure, or object that is included in or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and to afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) a reasonable opportunity to comment on such undertakings (36 CFR 800.1). Under Section 106, the significance of any adversely affected cultural resource is assessed and mitigation measures are proposed to reduce any impacts to an acceptable level. Significant cultural resources are those resources that are listed in or are eligible for listing in the NRHP per the criteria listed at 36 CFR 60.4 (Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 2000) below. The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and that: (a) (b) (c) (d) Are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or Are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of installation, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. E-14

15 State CEQA requires a lead agency to determine whether a project may have a significant effect on historical resources. If it can be demonstrated that a project will cause damage to a unique archaeological resource, the lead agency may require reasonable efforts to be made to permit any or all of these resources to be preserved in place or left in an undisturbed state. To the extent that they cannot be left undisturbed, mitigation measures are required (Sections [a], [b], and [c]). Section (g) describes a unique archaeological resource as an archaeological artifact, object, or site about which it can be clearly demonstrated that without merely adding to the current body of knowledge, there is a high probability that it meets any of the following criteria: (1) Contains information needed to answer important scientific research questions and that there is a demonstrable public interest in that information. (2) Has a special and particular quality such as being the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type. (3) Is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important prehistoric or historic event or person. A historical resource is a resource listed in, or determined to be eligible for listing in, the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) (Section ), a resource included in a local register of historical resources (Section [a][2]), or any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript that a lead agency determines to be historically significant (Section [a][3]). PRC Section , Section of the CEQA Guidelines, and Section and of the Statutes of CEQA were used as the basic guidelines for the cultural resources study. PRC Section requires evaluation of historical resources to determine their eligibility for listing on the CRHR. The purpose of the Register is to maintain listings of the state s historical resources and to indicate which properties are to be protected from substantial adverse change. The criteria for listing resources on the CRHR were expressly developed to be in accordance with previously established criteria developed for listing on the NRHP, enumerated above. According to PRC Section (c)(1 4), as well as Section (a)(3)(A D) of the revised CEQA Guidelines (Association of Environmental Professionals 2005), a resource is considered historically significant if it meets at least one of the following criteria: (1) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California's history and cultural heritage; (2) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past; (3) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of installation, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values; or (4) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Impacts to significant cultural resources that affect the characteristics of any resource that qualify it for the NRHP or adversely alter the significance of a resource listed on or eligible for listing on the CRHR are considered a significant effect on the environment. Impacts to significant cultural resources from the proposed project are thus considered significant if the project physically destroys or damages all or part of a resource, changes the character of the use of the resource or physical feature within the setting of the resource that contribute to its significance, or introduces visual, atmospheric, or audible elements that diminish the integrity of significant features of the resource. Under CEQA, if an archaeological site is not a historical resource but meets the definition of a unique archaeological resource as defined in PRC Section , then it should be treated in accordance with the provisions of that section. E-15

16 Report format: The format of this report follows Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents and Format (Office of Historic Preservation 1990). Maps: Figure 1 shows a map of the proposed action. Figure 2 includes a map of the areas of direct and indirect impacts. Figure 3 shows the location of the project on the USGS 7.5-minute Seaside quadrangle, with an inset map illustrating the general vicinity of the area within Monterey County and the state of California. The survey coverage areas within the area of direct impact are shown on Figure 4. Project Description: The Monterey Peninsula Airport District is proposing improvements to the Monterey Peninsula Airport that will ensure the airport complies with FAA Runway Safety Area (RSA) design standards. RSAs are defined as the surface surrounding the runway prepared or suitable for reducing the risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or excursion from the runway. The runway safety area enhances the safety of airplanes that depart the runway and provides greater accessibility for firefighting and rescue equipment during such incidents. Project Purpose and Need: In 2007, the airport undertook a RSA study in response to FAA Order , Runway Safety Area Program, which became effective October 1, This order establishes the procedures that the FAA will follow in implementing the RSA Program. The objective of the RSA program is to ensure that all RSAs at federally obligated airports conform to standards contained in FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 150/ , to the fullest extent practicable. The purpose of the RSA study for Monterey Peninsula Airport was to examine the feasibility of meeting established RSA design standards for the two runways at the airport. The study described the existing conditions regarding the runway safety areas for the airport's two runways (10L-28R and 10R-28L), and concluded that Runway 10L-28R meets RSA standards and 10R-28L does not. Runway 10R-28L is classified as an Airport Reference Code (ARC) C-III runway which translates to a required RSA that is 500 feet wide, extending 1,000 feet beyond the runway end for departures and 600 feet prior to the landing threshold for arrivals. As depicted on Figure 1, limited RSA is currently available beyond both runway ends. Project Alternatives: FAA Order describes a number of alternatives that can be evaluated in situations where RSA requirements are not met. Early in the alternative evaluation process for the proposed action, it was determined that significant development constraints exist beyond each runway end. The constraints include steep slopes, numerous federal and state protected natural resources, the presence of a Section 4(f) property (the U.S. Navy s Monterey Pines Golf Course), and high property acquisition costs in the vicinity of the airport. Therefore, alternatives which require the acquisition of additional property were immediately dismissed as were any alternatives which shortened the runway to a length that would not meet the needs of existing airport users. Early in the evaluation process it was determined that, with the use of retaining walls, a development surface could be constructed. The development surface would provide a level area to accommodate both the runway and associated RSAs. Taking into account numerous state and federally listed species located beyond the runway ends, preliminary engineering and design determined that it would be feasible to construct a retaining wall approximately 250 feet beyond the existing Runway 28L end. An additional but smaller retaining wall would also be constructed just beyond the Runway 10R end (refer to Figure 1). Fill would then be placed within the retaining walls to meet RSA slope requirements, thereby creating the needed level surface for the RSA improvements. Proposed Action Alternative: The proposed action alternative, depicted on Figure 1 includes two primary elements. The first element is the development surface that would support the RSA improvements; the second element is the relocation of the existing airport access road to a location outside the limits of the RSA. A connecting taxiway on the west side of the airport is also included in the E-16

17 CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY MONTEREY PENINSULA AIRPORT IMPROVEMENT PROJECT proposed action. These elements will be constructed concurrently and construction is anticipated to occur over a one year period beginning in September Taking into account the development constraints, it was determined that two retaining walls and fill material could create a development surface that would support the runway and the RSA improvements. The development surface was designed to meet runway safety needs, maintain the needed runway length, and minimize impacts to natural resources. The development surface would be supported by retaining walls located at the western and eastern end of the runways. Construction of the retaining walls at both ends of the runways would require approximately 6,250 cubic yards of cut and 77,500 cubic yards of fill. The fill material would be obtained while constructing the relocated access road. At this time, the type of materials and specific construction methods are still being investigated, but may include soil nailing or segmented walls. Regardless of the materials and construction methods, the estimated cut and fill represents a worst case scenario. With exception to road base, the use of imported soils is not anticipated. RSA for each runway end is anticipated to be provided with the use of an Engineered Material Arresting System (EMAS) bed which would be designed to stop the airport s current most demanding aircraft exiting the end of the runway up to a speed of 70 knots. Estimates provided by the EMAS manufacturer, ESCO, determined that a 390-foot EMAS bed with a 35-foot lead-in would be required. EMAS is an arresting system that consists of high energy absorbing materials of selected strength which will reliably and predictably crush under the weight of an aircraft. EMAS is typically installed at airports where, due to terrain or location, providing the full RSA is not practicable. Typically, an EMAS application is located beyond the end of the runway and centered on the extended runway centerline. The 390-foot EMAS bed proposed for each runway end at Monterey Peninsula Airport is equivalent to a 1,000 foot traditional RSA. To maintain as much of the existing takeoff and landing lengths as possible, declared distances will be employed. Figure 1 depicts the anticipated resultant runway lengths available for takeoff and landing. These runway lengths meet the needs of existing aircraft utilizing the airport. The proposed action alternative would result in the airport maintaining needed runway length while providing an RSA that meets FAA RSA standards on the east end and is equivalent to a 1,000-foot RSA on the west end. Connected actions relating to the proposed RSA improvements include relocating the airport access road and creating a connecting taxiway. The new connecting taxiway would be located at the west end of the runways. This element would be constructed entirely within the existing runway and infield footprint (refer to Figure 1). The airports existing access road is located immediately beyond the ends of Runways 10R and 28L and within the limits of the existing RSA. To allow for the needed RSA improvements, sections of the access road would need to be relocated to areas beyond the runway/rsa development. Selection of a suitable location for the relocated access road was undertaken after an inventory of sensitive environmental resources. Whenever feasible, impacts to protected plant species were avoided or minimized. On the west end of the runway, the access road will be located at the toe of the retaining wall. On the east side, due to the presence of steeper slopes, a series of additional retaining walls will be required to provide needed right-of-way for the road relocation. Current project designs indicate the need to cut approximately 181,022 cubic yards of soil to accommodate the access road and associated retaining walls. Fill for the access road is estimated at 1500 cubic yards. Material cut for the access road would be used for fill at the RSA development surface. SWCA Environmental Consultants 4 E-17

18 Figure 1. Proposed Action E-18

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20 Figure 2. Area of Potential Effect E-20

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22 Area of potential effects: The area of potential effects (APE) contains areas in which direct and indirect impacts could result from project implementation. The area of direct impact for this project totals approximately 38.5 acres and is situated entirely within airport property within the city of Monterey, Monterey County, California. The area of direct impact includes an irregularly-shaped 35-acre area southeast of existing Runway 10R-28L and an additional 3.5-acre rectangular-shaped area adjacent to the northwestern end of Runway 10R-28L. The area of indirect impact includes properties that are located within the 65 CNEL noise contour. The two areas within the area of direct impact are located within unsectioned portions of Township 15 South, Range 01 East, Section 8, as depicted on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute Seaside 1947 (Revised 1983) Quadrangle (Mount Diablo Base and Meridian) (Figure B). The APE contains the areas which will contain the proposed physical airport improvements as well as the areas which are under consideration for mitigation of impacted state and/or federally listed plant species. Project Personnel: Dr. Nancy Sikes was the Principal Investigator for this cultural resources project, and co-authored this report with SWCA Cultural Resources Project Manager Philip G. Hanes. Mr. Hanes also performed the pedestrian survey. SWCA GIS Specialist David Cao created the maps and figures used in the report; Michelle Treviño served as technical editor. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING The Monterey Peninsula Airport is located approximately 3.2 km (2 miles) southeast of downtown Monterey and 1.8 km (1.1 miles) south from Monterey Bay and the Pacific Ocean. It is located in the southern Coast Range geomorphic province, which follows the western border of California along the Pacific Ocean between San Francisco Bay and the southern Transverse Ranges. Elevation within the area of direct impact ranges between 42 meters (140 feet) and 91 meters (300 feet) above mean sea level. The climate is characterized by mild, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Because the area falls within a coastal region, winters are typically warmer, and summers tend to be milder. Current winter temperatures have highs around 15.5 degrees Celsius (60 degrees Fahrenheit), and current summer temperatures have highs around 21 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit). Precipitation ranges between 25 and 76 cm (10 30 inches). When California initially was occupied, the climate was moister and cooler than today s Mediterranean climate (Major 1988). Current land uses in the project vicinity include agriculture, residential and commercial development, and protected natural areas. Plant communities in the vicinity of the airport include blue oak foothill pine forest, California prairie, and maritime chaparral, as well as a variety of nonnative vegetation species. Prior to landscape and vegetation modifications during the historic period, the predominant potential natural plant communities would likely have included blue oak, interior live oak, valley oak, mixed chaparral, bluegrass, and valley needlegrass series (U.S. Forest Service 1994). Mammals in the area include mule deer, pronghorn, tule elk, coyote, bobcat, ground squirrel, and kangaroo rat. A variety of birds are known to inhabit the area, including hawks, eagles, owls, quail, mourning dove, mockingbird, scrub jay, gulls, herons, crows, finches, and sparrows. With this mosaic of ecological communities, the area would have provided a very productive environment for its prehistoric occupants, one well suited to a hunting-gathering economy with a variety of birds, small and large mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and edible plant species. E-22

23 Figure 3. Project Location E-23

24 CULTURAL SETTING PREHISTORIC PERIOD California prehistory is divided into three broad temporal periods that reflect similar cultural characteristics throughout the state: Paleoindian Period (ca B.C.), Archaic Period (6000 B.C. A.D. 500), and Emergent Period (A.D. 500 Historic Contact) (Fredrickson 1973, 1974, 1994). The Archaic is further divided into Lower ( B.C.), Middle ( B.C.), and Upper (1000 B.C. A.D. 500) Periods. These divisions are generally governed by climatic and environmental variables, such as the drying of pluvial lakes at the transition from the Paleoindian to the Lower Archaic. The area of direct impact lies in what generally is described as the Central Coast Archaeological Region, which is one of eight arbitrary organizational divisions of the state (Moratto 1984:Figure 3). This region extends southward from Monterey Bay through Big Sur to Morro Bay, and includes southern Santa Cruz and Santa Clara Counties, all of San Benito and Monterey Counties, and most of San Luis Obispo County. Several chronological sequences have been devised to understand cultural changes within the Central Coast Region subsequent to the Paleoindian and Milling Stone Periods. The Milling Stone Period (ca B.C.) was first described by Wallace (1955, 1978) as part of his synthesis of earlier studies and development of a comprehensive southern California coastal region sequence, a chronological scheme that is still widely used today. Initially, Central Coast researchers relied on the cultural sequences developed for the San Francisco Bay area to the north, the Central Valley to the east, and the Santa Barbara region to the south. Breschini and Haversat (1980) proposed the Sur and Monterey Patterns to describe Central Coast occupations dating younger than 5,000 years. Jones (1993) and Jones and Waugh (1995) presented an integrated central coast sequence after the development of cultural resources management in the 1980s and ensuing excavations of numerous archaeological sites. Three periods are presented in their prehistoric sequence subsequent to the Milling Stone Period: Early, Middle, and Late Periods. More recently, Jones and Ferneau (2002:213) updated the sequence following the Milling Stone Period, as follows: Early, Early-Middle Transition, Middle, Middle-Late Transition, and Late Periods. We rely here on the Jones and Ferneau chronological sequence for the Prehistoric Period within the Central Coast Region subsequent to the Paleoindian and Milling Stone Periods. It has become apparent that the archaeology of the Central Coast Region subsequent to the Milling Stone Period is distinct from that of the Bay Area and Central Valley, although the region has more in common with the Santa Barbara Channel area during the Middle and Middle-Late Transition Periods, but few similarities during the Late Period (Jones and Ferneau 2002:213). Paleoindian Period/Paleo-Coastal Tradition (ca. 10, B.C.) Occupation of California s Central Coast Region is estimated to have occurred as early as the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene, or about 10,000 years ago when sea levels were some 15 to 20 meters lower than today (Bickel 1978:7). Although there is evidence of occupation of the area during the early Holocene, only a few documented archaeological sites within the Central Coast Region can be assigned to a time period prior to about 6,000 years ago. It is likely that most sites of this period within this region are either beneath today s ocean waters or destroyed by coastal erosion. Estimates place the early Holocene shore in central and southern California at some 10 km farther west (Breschini and Haversat 1991:126). An example of the possible early antiquity of additional central coast sites is the evidence for early occupation on two of the northern Channel Islands, located off the coast from Santa Barbara. On San Miguel Island, Daisy Cave clearly establishes the presence of people in this area about 10,000 years ago (Erlandson 1991:105). On Santa Rosa Island, human remains have been dated from the Arlington Springs E-24

25 site to approximately 13,000 years ago (Johnson et al. 2002). Also, in what is now Orange County, there are sites dating to 9000 to 10,000 years ago (Mason and Peterson 1994:55 57; Macko 1998:41). Data from sites during this period indicate that the economy was a diverse mixture of hunting and gathering, with a major emphasis on aquatic resources in many coastal areas (e.g., Jones et al. 2002), as well as on Pleistocene lakeshores in the now arid lands of southeastern California (see Moratto 1984:90 92). A Paleo-Coastal Tradition was proposed to highlight the distinctive marine and littoral focus identified within the central and southern California coastal archaeological record prior to the succeeding Milling Stone Period (Moratto 1984:104; Mason and Peterson 1994:57 58). At coastal sites, there is abundant evidence that marine resources such as fish, sea mammals, and shellfish were exploited during the Paleo-Coastal Tradition. Few fluted projectile points, diagnostic of the Paleoindian Period, have been recovered from the coastal region, but they usually occur in isolated surface finds (Mills et al. 2005). A fluted point fragment is known from the coastal Santa Barbara Channel area, from site CA-SBA-1951 on the coastal plain (Erlandson et al. 1987; Erlandson 1994:44). Another fluted point has been reported from Nipomo in San Luis Obispo County (Mills et al. 2005), which is one of two surface isolated finds in San Luis Obispo County. Erlandson and Colten (1991) note that there are some 75 southern and central California coast sites dating to earlier than 5,500 B.C. Breschini and Haversat (1991:126) list a total of eight sites in the Central Coast Region that may be assigned to the early Holocene. Four of the sites are inland, possibly beside a lake or marshy creek, and four sites were likely adjacent to embayments and steep rocky cliffs. At the most northern of the eight sites, CA-SCR-177, an inland site in Santa Cruz County, stone tools have been found in deposits dating to more than 6,000 years ago (Breschini and Haversat 1991: ). The other seven sites are near the southern coastal boundary of San Luis Obispo County, range in age between 7,000 and 9,000 years old, and contain mostly lithics and shellfish remains. Large side-notched points of the Central Coast Stemmed series in this area date to as early as 8,000 years ago (Justice 2002). Points of this type have been recovered at Diablo Canyon (CA-SLO-2; Greenwood 1972), Cross Creek (CA-SLO-1797; Fitzgerald 2000), Little Pico Creek (CA-SLO-175; Jones and Waugh 1995), and the Honda Beach site (CA-SBA-530; Glassow 1996), among others. At the Metcalf Site (CA- SCL-178), in southern Santa Clara Valley, Hildebrandt (1983) recovered two large side-notched points associated with charcoal dates ranging from 9,960 to 8,500 years ago. Several recently investigated sites also provide clear evidence for occupation within the Central Coast Region during the Paleo-Coastal Tradition. CA-SLO-1764 (Lebow et al. 2001) and Cross Creek (CA- SLO-1797; Fitzgerald 2000), both near Santa Margarita in San Luis Obispo County, and CA-SLO-832 (D. Jones et al. 2001), near Pismo Beach, have produced radiocarbon dates from approximately 9,000 years ago (Jones and Ferneau 2002). Milling Stone Period (ca B.C.) The Milling Stone Period, initially defined by Wallace (1955, 1978) is characterized by an ecological adaptation to collecting, and by the dominance of the principal ground stone implements generally associated with the horizontal motion of grinding small seeds, namely milling stones (metates, slabs) and handstones (manos, mullers), which are typically shaped. Milling stones occur in large numbers for the first time, and are even more numerous near the end of this period. The Milling Stone is also defined by large, simple core and flake tools, and large side-notched projectile points. As testified by their toolkits and shell middens in coastal sites, people during this period practiced a mixed food procurement strategy. Subsistence patterns varied somewhat as groups became better adapted to their regional or local environments. E-25

26 Milling Stone Period sites are common in both coastal and inland settings in central and southern coastal California, dating as early as 8,500 years ago. The Milling Stone is roughly correspondent with King s (1981, 1990) Early Period of the Santa Barbara Channel area, although King s Early Period lasts longer ( B.C.). The Cross Creek site (CA-SLO-1797) is a Milling Stone occupation site in San Luis Obispo that returned radiocarbon dates ranging between 9,500 and 4,700 years ago (Fitzgerald 2000:58). This appears to be the oldest recorded mainland shell midden site, and the first coastal residential site to yield dates earlier than 8,000 years old dates (calibrated to two-sigma). Four large, side-notched chert projectile points, 12 flaked stone cores, and two Olivella shell beads were recovered among the milling slabs and handstones that dominated the artifact assemblage from the site. Along central coast areas, Milling Stone Period sites are common on terraces and knolls, typically set back from the current coastline (Glassow et al. 1988:68, Erlandson 1994:46). The larger sites usually contain extensive midden deposits, possible subterranean house pits, and cemeteries. Most of these sites probably reflect intermittent use over many years of local cultural habitation and resource exploitation. Erlandson has noted that the typical Milling Stone tools are not common on contemporaneous Channel Island sites, possibly reflecting an alternate, insular resource exploitation (Erlandson 1994:47). On the Santa Barbara coastline in the Gaviota Creek environs, Early Holocene evidence has been identified at CA-SBA-97 by Stephen Bowers (Erlandson 1994:39), and at nearby CA-SBA-96 by D. B. Rogers (1929:256; Erlandson 1994:40). The Scotts Valley site (CA-SCR-177) in Santa Cruz County and CA-SCL-178 in Santa Clara County may provide evidence for early Holocene activities in the broader region (Cartier 1982:229, 1993; but see Moratto 1984: and Erlandson 1994: for critical review). Although the Scotts Valley site was not excavated in a manner that allows for accurate reconstruction of intrasite stratigraphy, the stone tool assemblage and obtained radiocarbon dates do appear to correlate with the Milling Stone Period (Fenenga 1987). Early Period and Early-Middle Transition Period ( B.C.) Although Jones and Ferneau (2002:213) have distinguished an Early-Middle Transition Period, it is not well defined. Thus the transition phase is included in the following discussion of the sites and characteristics recognized for the Early Period in the Central Coast Region. There is an extensive series of shoreline midden deposits within the Central Coast Region during the Early Period, signifying an increase in occupation of the open coast (Jones 1995; Jones and Waugh 1995, 1997). These include estuarine sites such as CA-SLO-165 in Estero Bay and open-coast sites in Monterey Bay area, including CA-MNT-73, CA-MNT-108, and CA-MNT Lithic artifact assemblages from these sites include Central Coast Stemmed Series and side-notched projectile points. Square stemmed and side-notched points have also been found in deposits at Willow Creek in Big Sur (CA-MNT-282) and Little Pico II on the San Luis Obispo coast (CA-SLO-175) (Jones and Ferneau 2002). The material culture recovered from Early Period sites within the Central Coast Region provides evidence for continued exploitation of inland plant and coastal marine resources. Artifacts include milling slabs and handstones as well as mortars and pestles, which were used for processing a variety of plant resources. Bipointed bone gorge hooks were used for fishing. Assemblages also include a suite of Olivella beads, bone tools, and pendants made from talc schist. Abalone square beads have been found in Monterey Bay, but not yet in the Big Sur or San Luis Obispo areas (Jones and Waugh 1997:122). Data recovered from Early Period sites in the Central Coast Region indicate marine mammals were more extensively hunted on the Monterey Peninsula compared with Big Sur (Jones and Waugh 1997:123). At Big Sur sites, terrestrial animals dominate the faunal assemblages. The introduction of the mortar and pestle, as well as the trend toward a decrease in mollusk size seen at some sites (e.g., CA-MNT-1232/H) E-26

27 on the Big Sur coast, indicate resource exploitation had intensified in concert with extended periods of occupation at residential bases. Shell beads and obsidian are hallmarks of the trade and exchange networks that flourished on the central and southern California coasts. Beginning at the end of the Milling Stone Period, the archaeological record indicates there was a substantial increase in the abundance of obsidian at Early Period sites in the Monterey Bay and San Luis Obispo areas (Jones and Waugh 1997: ). Obsidian trade continued to increase during the following Middle Period. At present, not much information is available on shell beads in the Central Coast Region, but it appears there may have been a manufacturing center in Monterey Bay area at two sites (CA-MNT-108 and CA-MNT-391). Middle Period (600 B.C. A.D. 1000) During the Middle Period, there is a pronounced trend toward greater adaptation to regional or local resources. For example, the remains of fish, land mammals, and sea mammals are increasingly abundant and diverse in sites along the California coast. Related chipped stone tools suitable for hunting are more abundant and diversified, and shell fishhooks become part of the toolkit during this period. Larger knives, a variety of flake scrapers, and drill-like implements are common during this period. Projectile points include large side-notched, stemmed, and lanceolate or leaf-shaped forms. Bone tools, including awls, are more numerous than in the preceding period, and the use of asphaltum adhesive is now common. Notable introductions included the circular shell fishhooks at the start of the period. The introduction of shell fishhooks and the increased use of other capture devices, such as nets, appear to have led to a substantial focus on fishing in most coastal areas. A seasonal round settlement pattern was still followed, but large, permanently occupied settlements, particularly in coastal areas, appear to have been the norm by the end of the period. During the Middle Period, residential shell midden sites are fairly common in the Central Coast Region. (Jones and Ferneau 2002:213). Well-dated Middle Period sites along the central coast are found at Willow Creek (CA-MNT-281 and CA-MNT-282) in Big Sur, Little Pico Creek (CA-SLO-175, CA-SLO-1259) on the San Luis Obispo coast, and Vierra (CA-MNT-229) in the Monterey Bay area. Artifact assemblages from these sites include large contracting-stemmed projectile points, occasional concave-base points, bone tools, milling slabs and handstones, bowl mortars, pestles, and a suite of Olivella bead types (A2, B2b, B2c, and G2) (Jones and Waugh 1995:120; Jones and Ferneau 2002:213). Fishing technology found at these coastal sites includes circular shell fishhooks and bone gorge fishhooks, as well as grooved stone net weights and pitted stones. Plant processing equipment at some of the sites is exclusively bowl mortars and pestles, and handstones and slabs at other sites (Jones and Ferneau 2002:215). A dietary focus on marine resources during the Middle Period is consistent with the location of most sites on the shoreline (Jones and Ferneau 2002:218). Dense concentrations of fish, including herring, sardine, surf perches, and silversides, have been recovered from sites located alongside estuaries, such as CA- SLO-65 at Morro Bay and CA-MNT-234 at Elkhorn Slough. Rockfish and cabezon are represented at open-coast sites, such as CA-SLO-175 and CA-MNT-63. Mammal and bird remains have also been found within Middle Period assemblages, and typically include sea otters, deer, and rabbits. Although burial populations are fairly limited, burials within residential middens have been recovered at Middle Period sites in San Luis Obispo and Monterey Counties (Jones and Ferneau 2002:217). Most of the burials are primary interments, generally flexed, although some secondary burials have been recovered. There is little evidence of formal cemeteries like those found in the Bay Area to the north. Grave goods include Olivella shell saucer beads (type G2), bone tubes and whistles, drilled steatite tube and pebble ornaments, abalone ornaments, bowl mortars, and projectile points. E-27

28 Middle-Late Transition Period (A.D ) During the Middle to Late Transition Period within the Central Coast Region, projectile points generally diagnostic of both the Middle and Late Periods co-occur (Jones and Ferneau 2002:217). The points include large contracting-stemmed types found during the Middle Period, plus Late Period small leafshaped points, which likely represent the introduction of the bow and arrow. In addition to the bow and arrow, hopper mortars are apparently introduced during this transition phase. This Transition Period is marked by relative instability and change, with major changes in diet, settlement patterns, and interregional exchange. The relatively ubiquitous Middle Period residential shell midden sites found in this region were abandoned by the end of the Transition Period, so most Transition Period and Late Period sites were first occupied during those periods (Jones and Ferneau 2002:213, 219). During the Transition Period, the climate fluctuated between cooler, wetter periods and warmer, drier periods. During cooler, wetter periods, alluvial deposition increased; comparatively little deposition occurred in the drier intervals. Extended periods of relatively little rainfall, referred to as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA), produced droughts across the West between about A.D. 650 and 850 and A.D and 1250 (Jones et al. 1999). Dry conditions during the MCA may be related to the abandonment of the coastal shell mound villages as primary residential locations. Settlement strategies were apparently reorganized and focused on a dispersed pattern, with the establishment of both coastal and interior habitation areas, coinciding with the exploitation of seasonally available resources. Well-dated Transition Period occupation sites include CA-MNT-1233 and CA-MNT-281 in the Big Sur area, CA-MNT-3 in the Monterey Peninsula, and CA-SLO-1796 near Pismo Beach. The period is marked in both the Big Sur and San Luis Obispo areas by unique Cambria double side-notched projectile points, like those recovered from site CA-SLO-175 (Jones and Waugh 1995). Artifact assemblages from Transition Period sites also include bowl mortars, pestles, handstones, and milling slabs, as well as circular fishhooks and stone disks used for fishing. As discussed by Jones and Ferneau (2002:218), two unusual items recovered from CA-MNT-281 and CA-SLO-1796, respectively, include a small-incised slate tablet and a Megathura limpet ornament. Evidence of trade and exchange is also represented in Middle Period sites, particularly in the abundance of obsidian items. Obsidian was obtained from sources between 200 and 400 km away from the Central Coast Region. Obsidian from the Coso volcanic field dominates the Big Sur and San Luis Obispo area sites during this period. In the Monterey Bay area, Casa Diablo obsidian is more prevalent. Like their Middle Period antecedents, dense concentrations of fish bones have been recovered from Transition Period sites on the open coast (Jones 1995; Jones and Ferneau 2002:219). There is also some indication that residents relied on smaller fauna, including anchovies and rabbits. The sites at both Little Pico Creek and Willow Creek contain burials, some of which are group interments, with individuals in an extended position (Jones and Ferneau 2002: ). In addition to the diagnostic Cambria points, grave goods include several Olivella bead types (B2, B3, G2, and K1). Olivella G1 saucer beads may be diagnostic of this period. Late Period (A.D Historic Contact) Cultural materials, such as temporally diagnostic shell beads and small, finely worked projectile points, help identify Late Period sites throughout California. The small projectile points are associated with bow and arrow technology. Although shell beads were typical of coastal sites, trade brought many of these maritime artifacts to inland locations, especially during the latter part of the Late Period. The end of the Late Period is recognized by the close of the eighteenth century, when the Spanish mission system had its greatest effect on native Californian populations. E-28

29 Overall patterns of occupation within the Central Coast Region indicate that sites inhabited during the Middle Period show in most cases little or no evidence of being occupied continuously into the Late Period (Jones and Ferneau 2002:213, ). This holds true for the Monterey Peninsula as well as the Morro Bay areas, although much of the region still lacks a large inventory of well-sampled and well-dated Late Period components. Rare exceptions have been found at one Big Sur site (CA-MNT-376) and at two sites on the northern San Luis Obispo coast (CA-SLO-2 and CA-SLO-267). Unlike the large Middle Period shell middens, Late Period sites are more frequently single-component deposits. There are also more inland sites, with fewer and less visible sites along the Pacific shore during the Late Period. The settlement pattern and dietary reconstructions indicate a lesser reliance on marine resources than that observed for the Middle Period and Middle-Late Transition, as well as an increased preference for deer and rabbit (Jones 1995). An increase in sites with bedrock mortars during the Late Period further suggests that nuts and seeds began to take on a more significant dietary role. A well-dated Late Period site along the Big Sur coast, CA-MNT-1223, produced seven radiocarbon dates between A.D and 1720 (Jones 1995). The chipped stone tool assemblage includes Desert Side- Notched and Canaliño projectile points. Shell artifacts include circular fishhooks and Olivella beads (types A4, A5, E1a, E1b, and K1). Small steatite disk beads as well as crude lithic microblades were also recovered from this site. Slab hopper mortars and pestles were the only ground stone artifacts recovered from CA-MNT-1223, although bedrock mortars and crude cobble pestles have been recovered from Late Period sites located in the inland valleys (Jones and Ferneau 2002:218). Unlike Middle Period site assemblages, obsidian is not common in Late Period deposits (Jones and Ferneau 2002:225). The microblades/drills recovered from CA-MNT-1223, as well as CA-SLO-214, are likely associated with the production of shell beads. The manufacture of shell beads is associated with the Santa Barbara Channel area, and is not well represented further north. In general, Late Period sites within the Central Coast Region have fewer traits in common with Santa Barbara Channel sites than found during the previous periods (Jones and Ferneau 2002:213). ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW The area of direct impact is in an area historically occupied by the tribelets of the Costonoan linguistic group (Levy 1978). Descendants of Costonoan speakers prefer to be called by the name of the tribelet from which they are descended, such as Mutsun or Rumsen. When their heritage is mixed or the specifics have been lost over generations, they prefer the use of a native term, Ohlone, rather than the Europeanimposed term Costonoan ( coastal dwellers ) (Margolin 1978). Costonoan territory extended between the Carquinez Strait and San Pablo Bay on the north, southward along the coast beyond Monterey Bay to Carmel Valley, and inland to the coast range (Levy 1978:485). Neighboring groups included the Coast Miwok north across the Carquinez Strait, the Miwok and Northern Valley Yokuts to the east, and the Salinan and Esselen to the south. Spanish mission records, diaries, and journals provide most of the information about the Costanoans, because little ethnographical research has been conducted in the twentieth century (Levy 1978:495). The most thorough study, by Milliken (1995), used mission records, and Margolin (1978) reconstructed Native American life in the Bay Area. The numerous Costonoan social groups in this region were organized by tribelets, each of which could have several villages or a main village with a number of camps (Levy 1978:487). Tribelets were also political units that were structured by similarities in language and ethnicity, each holding claim to a designated portion of territory. Topographic features, such as rivers, watersheds, and ridgelines, defined tribelet territories and the boundaries were strictly respected. E-29

30 Linguistically, these tribelets belong to the Utian, or Miwok-Costonoan language family, part of a hypothesized larger Penutian linguistic stock (Mithun 2001:309). The Costonoan family is broken down into four branches: the Karkin, in the Carquinez Strait area; the Northern Costonoan, consisting of the Chocheno (with four dialects), Ramaytush, Tamyen, and Awaswas languages; the Soledad, seen only in Cholon; and the Southern Costonoan branch, consisting of Rumsen (with Carmel and Monterey dialects) and Mutsun (Mithun 2001:L535). Speakers of these languages and dialects, in various configurations, have been treated as tribes in the past (Levy 1978:Figure 3) in accordance with anecdotal reports. Through detailed examination of mission records, marriage patterns, and dialect variation seen in personal names, Milliken (1995:229) delineated 43 separate political entities (tribelets) in the San Francisco Bay, Santa Cruz, and inland area, with another six or so tribelets in the south Monterey Bay and Carmel Valley region. According to historic accounts, the ačista tribelet of the Rumsen branch occupied the Monterey Peninsula near the area of direct impact (Levy 1978:485). The Spanish designation for this tribelet was San Carlos. Rumsen speakers occupied the lands inland from the coast around the lower Carmel, lower Salinas, and Sur rivers, and numbered approximately 800 in Each tribelet s territory contained a main village and smaller satellite villages. The villages were typically situated along a river or stream for easy access to water (Levy 1978:487). Coastal people did not build right on the shoreline, but usually on an overlooking bluff. Dwellings were domed structures consisting of a tule- or grass-covered framework of poles, with a rectangular doorway and central hearth (Levy 1978:492). The forest-dwelling Rumsen group also constructed conical houses of split redwood and redwood bark. Villages often contained specific enclosures for dancing. Assembly halls in the center of the settlement were common; some halls were large enough to contain the entire village population of 200 people. Each community had a sweat lodge, placed near a stream. The Costanoans either buried or cremated the deceased, sometimes depending on firewood availability. There is no mention of cemeteries associated with villages (Levy 1978: ). The rich resources of the ocean, bays, valleys, and mountains provided Ohlone-speaking peoples with food and all their material needs (Levy 1978: ). The primary food staple was the acorn, supplemented by a great variety of animal and plant resources. Depending on species availability and desirability, Costanoans used four oak species, including coast live, valley, tanbark, and black. Collected nuts included buckeye, laurel, pine nuts, and hazelnuts. Seeds from dock, chia and other salvias, tarweed, and holly-leaf cherry were collected and ground into meal. Vegetal resources also included several berryproducing plants, wild onions, carrots, tule roots, and greens of clover and other annuals. Large and small game, including deer, elk, antelope, bear, mountain lion, raccoon, ground squirrels, woodrat, mouse, mole, dog, rabbit, and jackrabbit, plus seals and stranded whales were part of their diet. Migrating waterfowl were an important resource, and included geese, ducks, and coots. Pigeons, quails, and hawks were also consumed, but not eagles, owls, ravens, or turkey vultures. Rivers and streams provided freshwater fish, including steelhead, salmon, and sturgeon, while the ocean provided shark, sardine, and lampreys. Costonoan diet also included a variety of insects and reptiles, but not amphibians. For hunting and gathering natural resources, Costanoans used a wide array of tools, implements, and enclosures. Among those used for hunting land mammals and birds were bows and arrows, traps and snares, deer-head disguises, bolas, nets and net sinkers, and enclosures/blinds. Communal hunting drives were used to catch rabbits, whereas nets and poisons were used to harvest fish. Tule watercraft were used for transportation and for hunting fish and waterfowl on enclosed bays and marshes. Many plants were collected using wooden tools: long poles for dislodging acorns and pinecones, fire-hardened digging sticks for obtaining roots, and beaters for dislodging seeds. Once collected, seeds, roots, and nuts were placed in burden baskets and transported for processing or storage (Levy 1978:491). Costanoans used a variety of tools to process food resources. These tools included portable stone mortars and pestles, bedrock mortars, hopper mortars, anvils, woven strainers and winnowers, leaching and E-30

31 boiling baskets, woven drying trays, and knives. Various foods were baked in earthen ovens. Wooden paddles were carved for stirring food in the boiling baskets. There were shell spoons, basket dippers, and mush bowls for serving food, and woven water jugs and storage containers for keeping food afterwards. The presence of exotic items such as obsidian, steatite, and shell indicates Costonoan tribelets traded with coastal groups and mountain tribes (Levy 1978:493). Dietary items were also traded with the Plains Miwok, Sierra Miwok, and Yokuts. Costanoans provided mussels, abalone shells, dried abalone, and salt to the Yokuts and Olivella shells to the Miwok. They received pine nuts from the Yokuts, but other food resources received by the Costonoan tribelets are unrecorded. The Native American population in this region came into contact with European culture at the beginning of Spain s land exploration and settlement in A.D Traditional lifeways were altered drastically during the late 1700s to early 1800s when the Spanish placed their capital at Monterey, built forts at Monterey and San Francisco, and established seven Franciscan missions to convert native peoples to Christianity and the European way of life. Large-scale epidemics soon swept through the mission population and remaining villages (Milliken 1995). Subsequent Spanish colonial towns at Santa Cruz and Yerba Buena (San Francisco), followed by large Mexican land grants, separated Costanoans from their harvesting grounds and hunting parks. Many surviving Native Americans were pulled away from their own villages to the new Euro-American settlements. It is estimated that the combined Costonoan population fell from a pre-contact total of 10,000 down to 2,000 by the end of the mission period in 1834 (Levy 1978:486). During the mission period, the dwindling Costonoan population also intermarried with other interior tribes at the missions, mixing their cultural identities. During the late 1800s, several Native American communities of mixed heritage remained in rural areas, with Pleasanton, Monterey, and San Juan Bautista the best known (Levy 1978:487). Even these groups continued to shrink as young people married into other groups and moved away. Estimates of the total remaining population of people with recognizable Costonoan descent were fewer than 300 in 1973 (Levy 1978:487). According to Levy: In 1971 descendants of the Costonoan united in a corporate entity, the Ohlone Indian Tribe, and received title to the Ohlone Indian Cemetery where their ancestors who died at Mission San José are buried [Levy 1978:487]. Since that time, other descendants of Costonoan tribelets, notably the Rumsen and Mutsun groups, have organized political and cultural heritage organizations that are active locally and statewide. All are concerned with revitalizing aspects of their culture, learning the language through notes collected by anthropologist John Harrington, and preserving the natural resources that played a vital role in traditional culture. Some Costonoan groups also are seeking federal recognition of their tribe, petitioning the Bureau of Indian Affairs with reconstructed tribal histories and genealogies, records that will be a great resource for future generations of Costanoans. These groups include the Amah-Mutsun Band of Mission Indians, Costonoan Band of Carmel Mission Indians, Costonoan Rumsen Carmel Tribe, the Indian Canyon Mutsun Band of Costonoan, and the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe. HISTORIC OVERVIEW Post-Contact history for the state of California generally is divided into three specific periods: the Spanish Period ( ), the Mexican Period ( ), and the American Period (1848 present). Although there were brief visits by Spanish, Russian, and British explorers from , the beginning of Spanish settlement in California occurred in 1769 with a settlement at San Diego and the first (Mission San Diego de Alcalá) of 21 missions established from 1769 to After the 1822 revolution by Mexico against the Spanish crown, the Mexican Period is marked by an extensive era of E-31

32 land grants, most of which were in the interior of the state, and by exploration by American fur trappers west of the Sierra Nevada mountains. With the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the Mexican-American War, California became a territory of the United States. The discovery of gold in 1848 at Sutter s Mill near Sacramento and the resulting Gold Rush era influenced the history of the state and the nation. The rush of tens of thousands of people to the gold fields also had a devastating impact on the lives of indigenous Californians, with the introduction and concentration of diseases, the loss of land and territory (including traditional hunting and gathering locales), violence, malnutrition, and starvation. Thousands of settlers and immigrants continued to pour into the state, particularly after the completion of the transcontinental railroad in With continued growth, California continues to be a national leader in agriculture and poultry production, ranching (cattle and sheep), and aerospace and communications industries, as well as the film and entertainment business. The wealth of California s natural resources (e.g., lumber, petroleum deposits, minerals, and fish) also continues to contribute to its growth and development. Monterey County Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo was the first European to sail along today s Monterey County coast in 1542 (Hoover et al. et al. 2002:225; Gudde 1998:246). Sixty years after Cabrillo s 1542 voyage, Sebastián Vizcaíno harbored in the bay in 1602 near the present city of Monterey. In 1769, Gaspar de Portolá was sent from Mexico City to locate the port described by Vizcaíno, and the Spanish presidio and mission (San Carlos de Monterey) were established in The mission was the second established in California, after San Diego Alcalá in 1769, but the following year it was moved south to its present site in Carmel. Renamed San Carlos Borromeo de Carmel, it served as headquarters for the mission chain from 1770 until It is also the resting place for Father Junípero Serra, founder of the California missions (Johnson 1979:83). Monterey County was one of California s original 27 counties, established in The governmental seat was initially was located in the town of Monterey, but was relocated to Salinas in 1873, where it has remained. There are two Franciscan missions in the Salinas Valley area: Mission San Antonio de Padua in Jolon and Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad. Mission San Antonio is now within the Fort Hunter Liggett Military Installation, southwest of King City in southern Monterey County. It was established in 1771, the third mission to be founded after those at San Diego and Monterey. Mission San Antonio was moved to its present location in The mission in the town of Soledad was founded in 1791, the thirteenth of the 21 missions established by the Spanish. Today, tourism draws thousands to the Monterey Bay area s famous golf courses, seaside resorts, and diverse shopping. Some of the many attractions include monarch butterfly migrations in Pacific Grove, the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Cannery Row, and Carmel. Carmel-By-The-Sea began as a seaside retreat for artists, musicians, actors, and writers in the early 1900s, many escaping the devastation of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (City of Carmel-By-The-Sea 2006). The city was incorporated in 1916, and actor Clint Eastwood became the town s mayor in Other notables include Mary Austin, Jack London, Robinson Jeffers, and Ansel Adams. Created in 1936, the Monterey Peninsula Airport District serves the local residential and tourist community and includes portions of Monterey, Carmel-by-the Sea, and Del Rey Oaks, among other nearby areas (Monterey Peninsula Airport 2007). At present, the Monterey Peninsula Airport comprises 598 acres with two parallel runways, a control tower, and more than 50 business tenants. E-32

33 City of Monterey Founded in 1770, the presidio would become the center of the town of Monterey for many years. San Carlos Church still stands on the site of the first mission building in Monterey, although the mission was formally moved to present-day Carmel in The town of Monterey was named the capital of Las Californias (upper and lower California) in 1774, and three years later became the official capital of Alta (upper) California. The city remained the capital during Spanish and Mexican rule, with the Mexican government constructing a fort on the presidio grounds in After California became a territory of the United States, Fort Halleck was constructed at the presidio in 1847 (Hoover et al. et al. 2002: ). When Monterey County was established in 1850, the town of Monterey served as the governmental seat until 1873, when this honor was transferred to Salinas. During the Mexican Period, Monterey became an important port of entry, particularly for the hide and tallow industry, and continued to serve the whaling industry (Hoover et al. et al. 2002: ). Construction of a custom house was begun under Spanish rule but was completed in 1822 under Mexican rule. The Monterey Custom House still stands today and is a National Historic Landmark. In the 1840s, the townsite was laid out, and the presidio was abandoned as the center of the city (Breschini 1996). Although Monterey lost much of its political influence with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the town grew in stature as an important fishing and whaling center. The arrival of a narrow-gauge railroad (Monterey & Salinas Valley Railroad) and then the Southern Pacific Railroad in the 1870s connected the coastal town with San Francisco and other large cities, and tourism also became an important source of revenue (Hoover et al. et al. 2002:240). Cannery Row was a fish-packing center, producing the world s third largest port for fish tonnage in the 1920s and 1930s. By 1948, the local sardine population had been decimated and the last of the canneries closed (Hoover et al. 2002: ). The Row is now an international tourist destination, made famous by local author John Steinbeck. According to the 2007 census, Monterey has a population of approximately 30,000. Tourism and the military are the main industries. Tourists visit Cannery Row, the Monterey Maritime Museum and History Center, and the colonial structures built around Monterey s Old Town Historic District, many of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The Larkin House, built in 1834, is a National Historic Landmark; the Cooper-Molera adobe, built in 1826, is one of the largest extant adobe buildings remaining in northern California. Several other historic buildings give the town an old Spanish/Mexican appearance. Where the Spanish presidio once stood are the Naval Postgraduate School, a Coast Guard station, and the Defense Language Institute. Slightly east of the bay, the U.S. Army established Ford Ord in 1917 as a maneuver and field artillery target range. The base was closed in 1994, and is now the home of the California State University at Monterey Bay. PRE-FIELD RESEARCH LITERATURE SEARCH Cultural resources records searches completed recently by the Northwest Information Center (NWIC) of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) indicate 16 prior reports have been completed within a 1-mile radius of the area of direct impact (Environmental Science Associates 2003; Denise Duffy & Associates 2005; also see Edwards and Cooper 1983). A total of five cultural resources have been previously recorded within 0.5 mile of the Monterey Peninsula Airport. Of the five resources, four are prehistoric archaeological sites and 1 is a historic resource. No previously recorded cultural resources are located within the area of direct impact. According to the site record, one of the previously recorded prehistoric archaeological sites, a shell midden (CA-MNT- 728) initially recorded in 1977 and revisited in 1983 (Edwards and Cooper 1983), is located immediately E-33

34 adjacent to but outside the current area of direct impact. No artifacts were identified in association with shell midden (mostly mussel) when the site was relocated in The area of direct impact is considered to have a moderate sensitivity for archaeological resources. Because extensive grading and earth-moving activities have occurred within the airport, the potential for identification of unknown surface archaeological sites is unlikely, although there remains a potential for discovery of buried archaeological materials and deposits during subsurface ground-disturbing activities. NATIVE AMERICAN SACRED LANDS SEARCH SWCA contacted the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on January 8, 2009, requesting a Sacred Lands File search for traditional cultural resources. The reply from the NAHC, dated January 9, 2009, states that the search failed to indicate the presence of Native American sacred lands or traditional cultural properties in the immediate vicinity. Letters requesting information regarding the area of direct impact were sent on January 13, 2009 to the fourteen Native American individuals or organizations identified by the NAHC to determine if they had knowledge of culturally sensitive locations within the area of direct impact. If there was no response to the letter, a telephone call was made to each individual or representative on January 26 27, A copy of this correspondence and a table listing contact dates and responses is attached as Appendix A. Verbal responses from the contact list have been received to date, as follows: Ms. Louise Miranda- Ramirez, Chairperson of the Ohlone/Coastanoan-Esselen Nation, requested to be notified should human remains be found during construction. Ms. Irene Zwierlein, Chairperson of the Coastanoan Rumsen Carmel Tribe, requested that a Native American monitor be present if prehistoric or ethnographic sites are discovered. Mr. Rudy Rosales, Chair of the Cultural Resources Committee of the Ohlone/Coastanoan- Esselen Nation, suggested that all construction crews be briefed about the possibility of encountering Native American artifacts within the area of direct impact and that he be notified if sites are found. Ms. Jean-Marie Feyling of the Amah/Mutsun Tribal Band recommended that a Native American monitor be present if construction plans call for deep footings or deep excavation. FIELD METHODS SWCA Archaeologist Philip Hanes, who meets the Secretary of the Interior s Standards, conducted the field survey on December 11, Surrounding the active runways is an RSA to which SWCA staff was not permitted access (Figure 4). Approximately 10 acres of the area of direct impact fell within the RSA; 3 acres adjacent to the northwestern end and 7 acres adjacent to the southeastern end of Runway 10R- 28L. This acreage within the RSA was visually inspected from a safe distance in accordance with airport rules. For the intensive-level pedestrian survey within the remaining 28.5 acres, transects were spaced no greater than 15 meters (50 feet) apart. All non-paved areas of the ground within the area of direct impact subject to intensive survey were examined for artifacts (e.g., flaked stone tools, tool-making debris, stone milling tools, or fire-affected rock), soil discoloration that might indicate the presence of a cultural midden, soil depressions and features indicative of the former presence of structures or buildings (e.g., postholes, foundations), or historic debris (e.g., metal, glass, ceramics). Photographs of the area of direct impact, any potential features, and items of interest were taken with a digital camera. A Trimble GEO XT handheld global positioning system (GPS) unit was available for recording locational data. Soil color was recorded using a Munsell soil color chart. In addition, the surrounding neighborhood was reviewed by car to check the general topography. E-34

35 The portions of the project area which lie outside the direct impact area include those areas impacted by noise in excess of 65 CNEL as determined through the airport s recently completed 14 CFR Part 150 Study. Field surveys were not conducted in this area as ground disturbance will not occur. FINDINGS SWCA completed an intensive-level pedestrian survey within a total of 28.5 acres within the area of direct impact, located northwest (0.5 acre) and southeast (28 acres) of Runway 10R-28L, but as noted, staff was not permitted within the RSA (Figure 4). A chain-link fence surrounds the airport, which also contains the area of direct impact. The border of the area of direct impact to the southeast of Runway 10R-28L is adjacent to the fence. Within the 28 acres intensively surveyed within the area of direct impact to the southeast of Runway 10R- 28L, approximately 60 percent of the ground surface is developed and was graded during construction of the airport. Approximately 50 percent of the developed acreage is paved with concrete. There is no visible slope, and surface visibility ranged from poor to moderate (approximately 0 70 percent). Approximately 40 percent of the surveyed acreage is a densely vegetated hillside with a slope of approximately 30 degrees with poor visibility (0 30 percent) (Photograph 1). Photograph 1. Dense vegetation within southeastern extent of area of direct impact (view to east). Within the 0.5 acre intensively surveyed within the area of direct impact to the northwest of Runway 10R- 28L, 100 percent of the ground surface is developed and graded. Approximately 90 percent of the developed acreage is paved. There is no visible slope, and visibility ranged from poor to good (approximately 0 80 percent). E-35

36 Figure 4. SWCA Survey Coverage E-36

37 Reconnaissance of the approximately 10 acres of the area of direct impact within the RSA 3 acres adjacent to the northwestern end and 7 acres adjacent to the southeastern end of Runway 10R-28L was accomplished from a safe distance. Within the 3 acres of the RSA to the northwest, approximately 95 percent is paved; the remaining 5 percent has been graded but is unpaved. Within the 7 acres of the RSA to the southeast, approximately 80 percent is paved; the remaining 20 percent has been graded but is unpaved. Outside the fenced area of direct impact perimeter to the southeast of Runway 10R-28L, the mapped location of site CA-MNT-728 is currently occupied by a gravel parking area and a small utility shed. A photograph of this area was taken from within the area of direct impact through the airport fence (Photograph 2). No evidence of site CA-MNT-728 was observed during the cultural survey within the area of direct impact, which at this location is a steep hillside that seems an unlikely location for a site, a comment also made in the 1977 and 1983 site records. Soils were examined at two places within the area of direct impact southeast of Runway 10R-28L. Soil on the hillside directly southeast of Runway 10R-28L is grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam with small shale inclusions. Soil within the graded area adjacent to the RSA sits is very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sandy loam with gravel inclusions. No prehistoric or historic-era cultural resources and no isolated artifacts were identified during pedestrian survey of the area of direct impact, including reconnaissance of the graded and mostly paved RSA. In regards to the portions of the project area which are considered indirect impact areas, the FAA will determine if the proposed airport improvements will result in impacts to cultural and/or historical resources as any potential indirect impact will be a result of potential aircraft noise increases. Photograph 2. Mapped location of site CA-MNT-728 outside area of direct impact (view to east). E-37

38 RECOMMENDATIONS UNANTICIPATED DISCOVERIES Construction Monitoring and Notification Procedures Based on the negative results of the literature search and the field survey, SWCA does not recommend construction monitoring. However, as noted above, there is potential for the existence of buried archaeological materials within the project area of direct impact. Should cultural resources be encountered during ground-disturbing activities, such as grading, trenching, and/or excavation, work in the area must be halted and a qualified archaeologist, who meets the Secretary of the Interior s Standards for archaeologists (National Park Service 1983), should be notified immediately to evaluate the resource(s) encountered. Within the project area of direct impact, prehistoric and ethnohistoric materials might include flaked stone tools, tool-making debris, stone milling tools, fire-affected rock, basketry, culturally modified shells or animal bone, or soil darkened by cultural activities (midden). Historic materials might include building remains, metal, glass, or ceramic artifacts or debris. Native American Monitor SWCA further recommends that, if prehistoric or ethnohistoric resources or human remains (see below) are discovered during construction or earth-disturbing activities, a qualified Native American monitor be retained. The monitor would be retained in consultation with the recommendations provided by the NAHC and/or Most Likely Descendant (MLD) to monitor ground-disturbing activity in native soils or sediments. Human Remains Although unlikely, the discovery of human remains is always a possibility; State of California Health and Safety Code Section covers these findings. This code section states that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to PRC Section The County Coroner must be notified of the find immediately. If the human remains are determined to be prehistoric, the Coroner will notify the NAHC, which will determine and notify an MLD. The MLD shall complete the inspection of the site within 24 hours of notification and may recommend scientific removal and nondestructive analysis of human remains and items associated with Native American burials. E-38

39 REFERENCES CITED Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 2000 Protection of Historic Properties; Section 106, Step-by-Step. Electronic document, Association of Environmental Professionals 2005 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA): Statutes and Guidelines. Sacramento, California. Bickel, P. McW Changing Sea Levels along the California Coast: Anthropological Implications. Journal of California Anthropology 5:6 20. Breschini, Gary S., and Trudy Haversat 1980 Preliminary Archaeological Report and Archaeological Management Recommendations for CA-MNT-170, on Pescadero Point, Monterey County, California. Archaeological Regional Research Center, Cabrillo College Early Holocene Occupation of the Central California Coast. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Roger H. Colten, pp Perspectives in California Archaeology, Vol. 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Breschini, Gary S Monterey s First Years: The Royal Presidio of San Carlos de Monterey. Electronic document, accessed February 2, Cartier, Robert 1982 Current Research. American Antiquity 47(1): The Scotts Valley Site: CA-SCR-177. Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz Archaeological Society. City of Carmel-By-The-Sea 2006 History Sections. Carmel Chamber of Commerce. Electronic document, accessed August 24, Denise Duffy & Associates 2005 Draft Initial Study/Proposed Mitigated Negative Declaration for the City of Del Rey Oaks North Access Road Project. Prepared for City of Del Rey Oaks. Report on file at the Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. Edwards, Rob, and J. M. Cooper 1983 Cultural Resource Evaluation of the Monterey Peninsula Airport, Monterey, California. Prepared for Aries Associates, Ltd., Belmont, CA. Report on file at the Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. Environmental Science Associates 2003 Monterey Peninsula Airport North Airport Road Extension and 28L Service Road: Environmental Impact Report/Environmental Assessment. Prepared for Monterey Peninsula Airport. Report on file at the Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. E-39

40 Erlandson, Jon M Early Maritime Adaptations on the Northern Channel Islands. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Roger H. Colten, pp Perspectives in California Archaeology, Vol. 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. Plenum Press, New York. Erlandson, Jon M., and Roger H. Colten 1991 An Archaeological Context for Early Holocene Studies on the California Coast. In Hunter- Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Roger H. Colten, p Perspectives in California Archaeology, Vol. 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Erlandson, Jon M., Ted Cooley, and Richard Carrico 1987 A Fluted Projectile Point from the Southern California Coast: Chronology and Context at CA-SBA Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 9: Fenenga, Gerrit L A Typological Analysis of the Temporal and Geographic Distribution of the Eccentric Crescent in Western North America. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 48. Berkeley. Fitzgerald, Richard T Cross Creek: An Early Holocene/Millingstone Site. California State Water Project, Coastal Branch Series Paper Number 12. San Luis Obispo County Archaeological Society, San Luis Obispo, California. Fredrickson, David A Early Cultures of the North Coast Ranges, California. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis Cultural Diversity in Early California: A View from the North Coast Ranges. Journal of California Anthropology. 1(1): Archaeological Taxonomy in Central California Reconsidered. In Toward a New Taxonomic Framework for Central California Archaeology: Essays by James A. Bennyhoff and David A. Fredrickson, edited by Richard E. Hughes, pp Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, No. 52, Berkeley. Glassow, Michael A Purisimeño Chumash Prehistory: Maritime Adaptations Along the Southern California Coast. (Case Studies in Archaeology Series). Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Florida. Glassow, Michael A., Larry Wilcoxon, and Jon Erlandson 1988 Cultural and Environmental Change during the Early Period of Santa Barbara Channel Prehistory. In: The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines, edited by G. Bailey and J. Parkington, pp Cambridge University Press. Greenwood, Roberta S Years of Prehistory at Diablo Canyon, San Luis Obispo County, California. San Luis Obispo County Archaeological Society Occasional Paper No. 7. San Luis Obispo, California. E-40

41 Gudde, Erwin G California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press, Berkeley. Hildebrandt, William 1983 Archaeological Research of the Southern Santa Clara Valley Project. California Department of Transportation, District 4, San Francisco. Hoover, Mildred B., Hero E. Rensch, Ethel G. Rensch, and William N. Abeloe 2002 Historic Spots in California. 5th ed. Revised by Douglas E. Kyle. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California. Johnson, J. R., T. W. Stafford, Jr., H. O. Ajie, and D. P. Morris 2002 Arlington Springs Revisited. In Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium, edited by D.R. Brown, K.C. Mitchell and H.W. Chaney, pp Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California. Johnson, Paul C. (editor) 1979 The California Missions, a Pictorial History. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, California. Johnson, Stephen, Gerald Haslam, and Robert Dawson 1993 The Great Central Valley: California's Heartland. University of California Press, Berkeley. Jones, D. A., C. Young, and W.R. Hildebrandt 2001 Phase II Archaeological Test Excavation at CA-SLO-832 and CA-SLO-1420, for the James Way/Price Street Road Improvement Project, San Luis Obispo County, California. Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Davis California. Submitted to California Department of Transportation, San Luis Obispo. Jones, Terry L Big Sur: A Keystone in Central California Cultural History. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 29(1): Transitions in Prehistoric Diet, Mobility, Exchange, and Social Organization along California s Big Sur Coast. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis. Jones, Terry L., and Jennifer A. Ferneau 2002 Deintensification along the Central California Coast. In Catalysts to Complexity, Late Holocene Societies of the California Coast, edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Terry L. Jones, pp Perspectives in California Archaeology Vol. 6. Costen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Jones, Terry L. and Georgie Waugh 1995 Central California Prehistory: A View from Little Pico Creek. Perspectives in California Archaeology 3. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles Climatic Consequences of Population Pragmatism? A Middle Holocene Prehistory of the Central Coast. In Archaeology of the California Coast During the Middle Holocene, edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Michael A. Glassow, pp Perspectives in California Archaeology 4. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. E-41

42 Jones, Terry L., G. M. Brown, L. Mark Raab, J. Vickar, W. G. Spalding, Douglas J. Kennett, Andrew York, and Phillip Walker 1999 Environmental Imperatives Reconsidered: Demographic Crises in Western North America During the Medieval Climatic Anomaly. Current Anthropology 40: Jones, Terry L., Richard T. Fitzgerald, Douglas J. Kennett, Charles Miksicek, John L. Fagan, John Sharp, and Jon M. Erlandson 2002 The Cross Creek Site and Its Implications for New World Colonization. American Antiquity 67: Justice, Noel D Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana. King, Chester D The Evolution of Chumash Society: A Comparative Study of Artifacts Used in Social System Maintenance in the Santa Barbara Channel Region Before A.D Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis Evolution of Chumash Society: A Comparative Study of Artifacts Used in Social System Maintenance in the Santa Barbara Channel Region Before A.D Revised Ph.D. dissertation with a new preface and updated bibliography. In The Evolution of North American Indians, edited by David Hurst Thomas. Garland Publishing, New York. Kroeber, Alfred J Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78. Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Lebow, C., M. C. Baloian, D. R. Harro, R. L. McKim, C. Denardo, J. Onken, E. Romanski, and B. A. Price 2001 Final Report of Archaeological Investigations for Reaches 5B and 6 Coastal Branch Aqueduct, Phase II. Applied Earth Works Inc., Fresno, California. Submitted to Central Coast Water Authority, Buellton, California. Levy, Richard 1978 Costanoan. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Macko, Michael E The Muddy Canyon Archaeological Project: Results of Phase II Test Excavations and Phase III Data Recovery Excavations at Archaeological Sites within the Crystal Cove Planned Community, Phase IV, Tentative Tract 15447, San Joaquin Hills, Orange County, California. Report on file, South Central Coastal Archaeological Information Center, California State University, Fullerton. Major, J California Climate in Relation to Vegetation. In Terrestrial Vegetation of California, edited by M. Barbour and J. Major, pp Special Publication No. 9. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento. E-42

43 Margolin, Malcolm 1978 The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area. Heyday Books, San Francisco. Mason, Roger D., and Mark L. Peterson 1994 Newport Coast Archaeological Project: Newport Coast Settlement Systems Analysis and Discussion, Vol. 1, Pt. 1. Prepared by The Keith Companies. Report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton. Milliken, Randall 1995 A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area Ballena Press Anthropological Papers, No. 43. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California. Mills, Wayne, Michael F. Rondeau, and Terry L. Jones 2005 A Fluted Point from Nipomo, San Luis Obispo County, California. Journal of California and Great Basin Archaeology 25(2): Monterey Peninsula Airport 2007 About Monterey Peninsula Airport. Electronic document, accessed February 3, Moratto, Michael 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, New York. Mithun, Marianne 2001 The Languages of Native North America. Reprinted. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Originally published 1999, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. National Park Service 1983 Archaeology and Historic Preservation; Secretary of the Interior s Standards and Guidelines: Professional Qualifications Standards. Electronic document, Office of Historic Preservation 1990 Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents and Format. Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento, California. Rogers, David B Prehistoric Man of the Santa Barbara Coast. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. U.S. Forest Service 1994 Ecological Subregions of the United States. Chapter 34: California Coastal Range Open Woodland Shrub Coniferous Forest Meadow. Electronic document, accessed January 5, Wallace, William J A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11(3): E-43

44 1978 Southern Valley Yokuts. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. E-44

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53 Sacred Lands Search Project Name Monterey Airport SWCA Project No Contact List Received from NAHC on 1/9/09 Chairperson Ms. Ann Marie Sayers Indian Canyon Mutsun Band of Costanoan P.O. Box 28 Hollister, CA Chairperson Ms. Louise Miranda-Ramirez Ohlone/Coastanoan-Esselen Nation P.O. Box 1301 Monterey, CA Ms. Jakki Kehl 1307 Horizon Lane Patterson, CA Representative Ms. Ramona Garibay Trina Marine Ruano Family Halmar Lane Lathrop, CA Mr. Tom Little Bear Nason Tassajara Road Carmel Valley, CA Chairperson Mr. Valentin Lopez Amah Mutsun Tribal Band 3015 Eastern Avenue, #40 Sacramento, CA Chairperson Mr. Tony Cerda Coastanoan Rumsen Carmel Tribe 3929 Riverside Drive Chino, CA Chairperson Ms. Irene Zwierlein Amah/Mutsun Tribal Band 789 Canada Road Woodside, CA Vice Chairperson Ms. Christianne Arias Ohlone/Coastanoan-Esselen Tribe P.O. Box 552 Soledad, CA Date Letter Sent to contact Date of Phone Contact 1/13/09 1/26/09 1/13/09 1/26/09 1/13/09 1/26/09 1/13/09 1/13/09 1/27/09 1/13/09 1/27/09 1/13/09 1/27/09 1/13/09 1/27/09 1/13/09 1/27/09 Comments/Concerns recommendations Left message Spoke with Ms. Miranda-Ramirez; no further information. Please contact Esselen Nation if positive results. Left message No phone number. Phone number doesn t work. Left message. 1 st number disconnected; no answer at 2 nd number. Spoke with Ms. Zwierlein. She would like to see a Native American monitor on the site if anything is found. Wants an ed copy of letter; will contact us if she has any information or questions/concerns. E-53

54 Contact List Received from NAHC on 1/9/09 Cultural Resources Committee Chair Mr. Rudy Rosales Ohlone/Coastanoan-Esselen Nation P.O. Box 647 Monterey, CA Mr. Edward Ketchum Amah Mutsun Tribal Band Yosemite Ave Davis, CA Tribal Administrator Mr. Joseph Mondragon Amah/Mutsun Tribal Band 882 Bay View Avenue Pacific Grove, CA Environmental Coordinator Mr. Melvin Ketchum III Amah/Mutsun Tribal Band 7273 Rosanna Street Gilroy, CA Ms. Jean-Marie Feyling Amah/Mutsun Tribal Band Hunter Court Redding, CA Date Letter Sent to contact Date of Phone Contact 1/13/09 1/21/09 1/13/09 1/13/09 1/27/09 1/13/09 1/27/09 1/13/09 1/27/09 Comments/Concerns recommendations Knows of no cultural resources on site; would appreciate a pre-work tailgate meeting with crew to discuss possibility of cultural resources. Contact him if artifacts are found. No phone number. VM box was full; couldn t leave message. No answer. Recommends that if any deep digging occurs (footings for the retaining wall, for example), a qualified Native American monitor be present (says that burials tend to occur at 18 ). E-54

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56 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE MONTEREY PENINSULA AIRPORT PROJECT, CITY OF MONTEREY, MONTEREY COUNTY, CALIFORNIA SWCA PROJECT NUMBER: SUBMITTED TO: Coffman Associates 237 N.W. Blue Parkway, Suite 100 Lee s Summit, Missouri SUBMITTED BY: SWCA Environmental Consultants 625 Fair Oaks Avenue, Suite 190 South Pasadena, California Jessica L. DeBusk, SWCA Project Manager Paleontology Cara Corsetti, Qualified Paleontologist and SWCA Program Director Paleontology E-56

57 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES PROJECT SUMMARY PURPOSE AND SCOPE SWCA Environmental Consultants was retained by Coffman Associates to conduct paleontological resources management services for the Monterey Peninsula Airport project located in the city of Monterey, Monterey County, California. The scope of services included a museum records search and literature review and preparation of this technical report that includes project-specific recommendations for the treatment of paleontological resources. DATES OF INVESTIGATION The museum records search was performed on January 28, This technical report was completed on February 23, RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION According to geologic mapping by Clark et al., 1997, the project area is underlain by the following geologic units, in approximate ascending stratigraphic order: (1) sylvan coastal terrace deposits; (2) coastal terrace deposits, undivided; (3) older coastal dunes; (4) colluvium, undivided; (5) alluvial deposits, (undivided); and (6) artificial fill. Museum collection records maintained by the University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) indicate that no previously recorded paleontological localities occur within the project boundaries, nor have any fossil occurrences been reported from these same geologic units within a 1-mile radius. RECOMMENDATIONS The project area is entirely underlain by geologic sediments determined to have a zero to low potential to contain paleontological resources; therefore, ground disturbances related to improvements of the Monterey Peninsula Airport (such as grading, excavation, and/or trenching) are unlikely to result in adverse impacts to significant paleontological resources. However, in the event that fossil resources are discovered, a Qualified Paleontologist should then be retained to evaluate the find and determine its significance. Any significant fossils recovered during construction should be prepared, identified, analyzed, and reposited in a public museum (such as the UCMP) or other approved curation facility. DISPOSITION OF DATA This report will be filed with Coffman Associates. A copy will be retained at SWCA Environmental Consultants, along with all other records relating to the project. SW CA Environmental Cons ultants E-57 i

58 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES TABLE OF CONTENTS PROJECT SUMMARY... i Purpose and Scope... i Dates of Investigation... i Results of the Investigation... i Recommendations... i Disposition of Data... i INTRODUCTION... 1 Definition and Significance of Paleontological Resources... 1 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES... 2 Laws, Ordinances, Regulations, and Standards... 2 Professional Standards... 2 Paleontological Sensitivity... 3 PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION... 4 PROJECT PERSONNEL... 4 METHODS... 6 GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY... 6 Geologic Setting... 6 Site-specific Geology... 6 Sylvan Coastal Terrace Deposits... 8 Coastal Terrace Deposits (undivided)... 8 Older Coastal Dunes... 8 Colluvium (undivided)... 8 Alluvium Deposits (undivided)... 8 Artificial Fill... 8 Paleontology... 9 RESULTS... 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Project Location... 5 Figure 2. Geologic Map... 7 Figure 3 Paleontological Sensitivity Map LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Paleontological Assessment and Resource Sensitivity Summary for Geologic Units Occurring within the Monterey Peninsula Airport Project Area... 9 SW CA Environmental Cons ultants E-58 ii

59 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES INTRODUCTION This report presents the findings of a comprehensive literature review and museum records search performed for the Monterey Peninsula Airport Project located in the City of Monterey, Monterey County, California. This study was performed to evaluate the paleontological sensitivity of the project area and vicinity, assess potential project-related impacts on paleontological resources, and provide recommendations. This study was conducted in accordance with the professional guidelines established by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) (1995). DEFINITION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES Paleontology is a multidisciplinary science that combines elements of geology, biology, chemistry, and physics in an effort to understand the history of life on earth. Paleontological resources, or fossils, are the remains, imprints, or traces of once-living organisms preserved in rocks and sediments. These include mineralized, partially mineralized, or unmineralized bones and teeth, soft tissues, shells, wood, leaf impressions, footprints, burrows, and microscopic remains. The fossil record is the only evidence that life on earth has existed for more than 3.6 billion years. Fossils are considered nonrenewable resources because the organisms they represent no longer exist. Thus, once destroyed, a fossil can never be replaced. Fossils are an important scientific and educational resource because they are used to: Study the phylogenetic relationships between extinct organisms, as well as their relationships to modern groups Elucidate the taphonomic, behavioral, temporal, and diagenetic pathways responsible for fossil preservation, including biases in the fossil record Reconstruct ancient environments, climate change, and paleoecological relationships Provide a measure of relative geologic dating, which forms the basis for biochronology and biostratigraphy, and which is an independent and supporting line of evidence for isotopic dating Study the geographic distribution of organisms and tectonic movements of landmasses and ocean basins through time Study patterns and processes of evolution, extinction, and speciation Identify past and potential future human-caused effects to global environments and climates (Murphey and Daitch, 2007) SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 1 E-59

60 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES RESOURCE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES Paleontological resources are limited, nonrenewable resources of scientific, cultural, and educational value and are afforded protection under federal (National Environmental Policy Act [NEPA]), state (California Environmental Quality Act [CEQA]), and local (Monterey County) laws and regulations. This study satisfies project requirements in accordance with CEQA (13 Public Resources Code [PRC] 2100 et seq.) and PRC Section (Stats 1965, c 1136, p. 2792). This analysis also complies with guidelines and significance criteria specified by the SVP (1995). LAWS, ORDINANCES, REGULATIONS, AND STANDARDS Fossils are classified as nonrenewable scientific resources and are protected by various laws, ordinances, regulations, and standards (LORS) across the country. The SVP (1995) has established professional standards for the assessment and mitigation of adverse impacts to paleontological resources. This paleontological assessment was conducted in accordance with the LORS, which are applicable to paleontological resources within the project area. PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS The SVP has established standard guidelines (SVP, 1995) that outline professional protocols and practices for the conducting of paleontological resource assessments and surveys, monitoring and mitigation, data and fossil recovery, sampling procedures, and specimen preparation, identification, analysis, and curation. Most practicing professional vertebrate paleontologists adhere closely to the SVP s assessment, mitigation, and monitoring requirements as specifically provided in its standard guidelines. Most state regulatory agencies with paleontological LORS accept and use the professional standards set forth by the SVP. As defined by the SVP (1995:26), significant nonrenewable paleontological resources are defined as: Fossils and fossiliferous deposits here restricted to vertebrate fossils and their taphonomic and associated environmental indicators. This definition excludes invertebrate or paleobotanical fossils except when present within a given vertebrate assemblage. Certain invertebrate and plant fossils may be defined as significant by a project paleontologist, local paleontologist, specialists, or special interest groups, or by lead agencies or local governments. As defined by the SVP (1995:26), significant fossiliferous deposits are defined as: A rock unit or formation which contains significant nonrenewable paleontologic resources, here defined as comprising one or more identifiable vertebrate fossils, large or small, and any associated invertebrate and plant fossils, traces and other data that provide taphonomic, taxonomic, phylogenetic, ecologic, and stratigraphic information (ichnites and trace fossils generated by vertebrate animals, e.g., trackways, or nests and middens which provide datable material and climatic information). Paleontologic resources are considered to be older than recorded history and/or older than 5,000 years BP [before present]. Based on the significance definitions of the SVP (1995), all identifiable vertebrate fossils are considered to have significant scientific value. This position is adhered to because vertebrate fossils are relatively uncommon, and only rarely will a fossil locality yield a statistically significant number of specimens of SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 2 E-60

61 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES the same genus. Therefore, every vertebrate fossil found has the potential to provide significant new information on the taxon it represents, its paleoenvironment, and/or its distribution. Furthermore, all geologic units in which vertebrate fossils have previously been found are considered to have high sensitivity. Identifiable plant and invertebrate fossils are considered significant if found in association with vertebrate fossils or if defined as significant by project paleontologists, specialists, or local government agencies. A geologic unit known to contain significant fossils is considered to be sensitive to adverse impacts if there is a high probability that earth-moving or ground-disturbing activities in that rock unit will either disturb or destroy fossil remains directly or indirectly. This definition of sensitivity differs fundamentally from that for archaeological resources as follows: It is extremely important to distinguish between archaeological and paleontological (fossil) resource sites when defining the sensitivity of rock units. The boundaries of archaeological sites define the areal extent of the resource. Paleontologic sites, however, indicate that the containing sedimentary rock unit or formation is fossiliferous. The limits of the entire rock formation, both areal and stratigraphic, therefore define the scope of the paleontologic potential in each case [SVP, 1995]. Many archaeological sites contain features that are visually detectable on the surface. In contrast, fossils are contained within surficial sediments or bedrock, and are therefore not observable or detectable unless exposed by erosion or human activity. In summary, paleontologists cannot know either the quality or quantity of fossils prior to natural erosion or human-caused exposure. As a result, even in the absence of surface fossils, it is necessary to assess the sensitivity of rock units based on their known potential to produce significant fossils elsewhere within the same geologic unit (both within and outside of the study area), a similar geologic unit, or based on whether the unit in question was deposited in a type of environment that is known to be favorable for fossil preservation. Monitoring by experienced paleontologists greatly increases the probability that fossils will be discovered during ground-disturbing activities and that, if these remains are significant, successful mitigation and salvage efforts may be undertaken in order to prevent adverse impacts to these resources. PALEONTOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY Paleontological sensitivity is defined as the potential for a geologic unit to produce scientifically significant fossils. This is determined by rock type, past history of the geologic unit in producing significant fossils, and fossil localities recorded from that unit. Paleontological sensitivity is derived from the known fossil data collected from the entire geologic unit, not just from a specific survey. In its Standard Guidelines for the Assessment and Mitigation of Adverse Impacts to Nonrenewable Paleontologic Resources, the SVP (1995:23) defines four categories of paleontological sensitivity (potential) for rock units: high, low, undetermined, and no potential: High Potential. Rock units from which vertebrate or significant invertebrate fossils or suites of plant fossils have been recovered and are considered to have a high potential for containing significant nonrenewable fossiliferous resources. These units include, but are not limited to, sedimentary formations and some volcanic formations that contain significant nonrenewable paleontologic resources anywhere within their geographical extent and sedimentary rock units temporally or lithologically suitable for the preservation of fossils. Sensitivity comprises both (a) the potential for yielding abundant or significant vertebrate fossils or for yielding a few significant fossils, large or small, vertebrate, invertebrate, or botanical, and (b) the importance of recovered evidence for new and significant taxonomic, phylogenetic, ecologic, or stratigraphic SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 3 E-61

62 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES data. Areas that contain potentially datable organic remains older than Recent, including deposits associated with nests or middens, and areas that may contain new vertebrate deposits, traces, or trackways are also classified as significant. Low Potential. Reports in the paleontological literature or field surveys by a qualified vertebrate paleontologist may allow determination that some areas or units have low potentials for yielding significant fossils. Such units will be poorly represented by specimens in institutional collections. Undetermined Potential. Specific areas underlain by sedimentary rock units for which little information is available are considered to have undetermined fossiliferous potentials. No Potential. Metamorphic and granitic rock units do not yield fossils and therefore have no potential to yield significant nonrenewable fossiliferous resources. For geologic units with high potential, full-time monitoring is generally recommended during any projectrelated ground disturbance. For geologic units with low potential, protection or salvage efforts will not generally be required. For geologic units with undetermined potential, field surveys by a qualified vertebrate paleontologist should be conducted to specifically determine the paleontologic potential of the rock units present within the study area. PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION The Monterey Peninsula Airport is located about 3 miles east of downtown at 200 Fred Kan Drive No. 200, Monterey, California. The approximately 500-acre property is generally bounded by the Monterey- Salinas Highway to the south and west, Canyon Del Rey Boulevard to the north and east, and the Del Rey Oaks and Casanova Oaks Knolls residential neighborhoods. The project area is mapped within unsectioned portions of Township 15 South, Range 01 East on the Seaside, CA 7.5-minute U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle. The Monterey Peninsula Airport is in the planning stages of undertaking projects to meet Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) runway safety area (RSA) requirements. RSA criteria were established by the FAA to provide adequate areas for emergency operations, including landing short or aborted take-offs. As defined in FAA Advisory Circular 150/ , Change 5, Airport Design, the RSA is a defined surface surrounding the runway prepared or suitable for reducing the risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or excursion from the runway. Kimley Horn prepared an RSA Study and determined that Runway 10R-28L does not meet the FAA standard. A number of alternatives are currently under review. For the purposes of this analysis, the largest extent of potential ground disturbances for all project alternatives is depicted on Figure 1. PROJECT PERSONNEL SWCA paleontologist Jessica DeBusk requested the museum records search, reviewed published and unpublished literature, and authored this technical report with contributions made by Justin Strauss. GIS Specialist David Cao produced the graphics. Technical Editor Michelle Treviño edited and formatted this report. Cara Corsetti, Qualified Paleontologist and SWCA Paleontology Program Director, performed a quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) review of this technical report. SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 4 E-62

63 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES Figure 1. Project Location SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 5 E-63

64 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES METHODS A detailed review of museum collections records was performed by the Vertebrate Paleontology Section at the UCMP for the purposes of (1) determining whether there are any known vertebrate fossil localities in or near the project area, (2) identifying the geologic units present in the project area, and (3) determining the paleontological sensitivity ratings of those geologic units to assess potential impacts to nonrenewable paleontological resources. Published and unpublished literature and geologic maps were reviewed, and recommendations specific to this project were developed in accordance with the SVP s professional standards (1995). GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY GEOLOGIC SETTING The sedimentary deposits of the southern Monterey Bay area are interesting in that the geologic history and composition of the Tertiary bedrock units have been well studied by past researchers, whereas little information can be found discussing the Quaternary aged deposits (Clark et al., 1997). In particular, the Monterey Formation has been widely studied because it is a classic petroleum source rock in California (Isaacs, 2001); however, closer examination of the Quaternary deposits did not occur until the mid-1970s (Clark et al., 1997). The project area occurs within the Monterey Peninsula, which is part of the geologic province known as the Salinian Block (Clark et al., 1997). This block is bounded on the east and west by a fore-arc basin and accretionary-prism terranes, and is situated between the San Andreas Fault to the northeast and the San Gregorio fault to the southwest (Howell and Vedder, 1978; Clark et al., 1997). The earliest geologic history of the Salinian block is poorly understood, but it appears to have experienced uplifting and basinforming tectonics throughout the Late Cretaceous and has since been deformed by activities of the San Andreas fault (Beal, 1915; Vedder, 1978; Clark et al., 1997). The block exhibits many small faults throughout that have only just been identified as active, with evidence of faulting occurring as recent as the Holocene (Clark et al., 1997). Throughout the Monterey Peninsula and within the project area, the pre-quaternary rocks are obscured by the marine and fluvial terrace materials that have been deposited over them in varying thicknesses (Beal, 1915). These units, which occur at the surface of the project area, are discussed in the following paragraphs. SITE-SPECIFIC GEOLOGY According to geologic mapping by Clark et al., 1997, the project area is underlain by the following geologic units, in approximate ascending stratigraphic order: (1) sylvan coastal terrace deposits; (2) coastal terrace deposits, undivided; (3) older coastal dunes; (4) colluvium, undivided; (5) alluvial deposits, (undivided); and (6) artificial fill (Figure 2). SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 6 E-64

65 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES Figure 2. Geologic Map SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 7 E-65

66 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES Sylvan Coastal Terrace Deposits The sylvan coastal terrace deposits, which are found at an elevation of approximately 250 feet, have an estimated age of deposition within the Pleistocene at 415 Ka (Clark et al., 1997). This terrace in particular has been correlated with the Western terrace found near Santa Cruz (Clark et al., 1997). The Sylvan terrace deposits consist of much the same material gravelly marine sands as the other terrace deposits found in this area (Clark et al., 1997). Coastal Terrace Deposits (undivided) The coastal terrace deposits of the Monterey Peninsula consist of marine sand with thin, gravel-rich layers and badly decomposed granite pebbles and boulders (Beal, 1915; Clark et al., 1997). These terrace deposits have been uplifted and reach an elevation of up to 775 feet in some areas, but the actual thickness of these deposits tends to be less than 20 feet (Beal, 1915; Clark et al., 1997). These deposits have a wide range of estimated ages (all within the Pleistocene), from as young as 124 Ka to as old as 715 Ka, with one deposit in particular having an estimated age of 1.1 million years old (Clark et al., 1997). The gravels of similar coastal terrace deposits have been heavily mined in the past for use as road materials (Beal, 1915). Older Coastal Dunes The older coastal dunes consist of loose sand deposits of late Pleistocene age that range in thickness from 6 to more than 80 feet (Beal, 1915; Clark et al., 1997). They are divided into two units: younger dune deposits and older dune deposits (Clark et al., 1997). The younger dune deposits tend to be more poorly consolidated but more well-sorted than the older dune deposits (Clark et al., 1997). It was noted by Beal (1915) that these deposits had the appearance of an old beach. Colluvium (undivided) The colluvium deposits of this area are mixtures of poorly sorted silt, sand, and gravel and have been deposited to thicknesses of up to 25 feet by slope wash and mass movement (Clark et al., 1997). The estimated age of the colluvium ranges from 1,800 to 7,800 years before present (BP) (Clark et al., 1997). Alluvium Deposits (undivided) Alluvial deposits found in this area consist of unconsolidated gravels, sands, and silts with lenses of clays (Beal, 1915; Clark et al., 1997). Gravel content tends to vary depending on location (Clark et al., 1997). These deposits are known to reach thicknesses of up to 100 feet and are found to be thickest in the bottoms of major hillsides and drainages, particularly in the flat narrow valley of the Carmel Valley (Beal, 1915; Clark et al., 1997). Artificial Fill The project area is partially underlain by artificial fill that is likely related to the development of the existing airport runways and facilities. Artificial fill is the result of human construction and is not considered to be paleontologically sensitive. SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 8 E-66

67 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES PALEONTOLOGY A museum records search for potential fossil localities recorded within the project boundaries or a 1-mile radius was conducted by UCMP, and only a single fossil locality was discovered. This locality was discovered northwest of the project area in the Monterey Formation (Miocene) and produced a single specimen of fish genus Paralabrax. Whereas the Monterey Formation is well-known as one of the most prolific fossil-bearing geologic units in California, there have been few if any reports of paleontological resources within the Quaternary deposits of the Monterey Peninsula. The records search reported no fossil discoveries within any Quaternary deposits in the area. Holocene-age sedimentary deposits are geologically too young to contain fossils, and are therefore assigned a low paleontological sensitivity. Many Pleistocene-age alluvial deposits throughout California have yielded significant fossil localities. Vertebrate fossil specimens recovered from such deposits represent extinct taxa such as mammoths, mastodons, ground sloths, dire wolves, short-faced bears, sabertoothed cats, horses, camels, and bison. However, the lithologic composition of the terrace and colluvium deposits within the project area is not conducive to the preservation of fossils and is unlikely to yield significant vertebrate specimens. The combined results of the museum records search and literature review suggest that the paleontological resources potential (sensitivity) for Pleistocene-age deposits within the project area is low. RESULTS Museum collections maintained by the UCMP contain no recorded vertebrate fossil localities within the boundaries of the project area. A comprehensive review of published and unpublished literature did not reveal any local occurrences of significant fossil resources within the geologic sediments present within the project boundaries. Due to the lack of previously documented fossil localities within the same or similar geologic units underlying the project area, the paleontological sensitivity of the Monterey Peninsula Airport project area is determined to be low (Table 1; Figure 3). As previously discussed, the artificial fill is determined to have zero sensitivity, as it is the result of human construction. Table 1. Paleontological Assessment and Resource Sensitivity Summary for Geologic Units Occurring within the Monterey Peninsula Airport Project Area Age Geologic Unit Map Abbreviation Holocene Pleistocene Known Fossil Types Artificial Fill Qaf None Zero Alluvial deposits, undivided Qal None Low Colluvium, undivided Qc None Low Older coastal dunes Qod None Low Coastal terrace deposits, undivided Qct None Low Sylvan coastal terrace Qcts None Low Paleontological Sensitivity SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 9 E-67

68 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES Figure 3 Paleontological Sensitivity Map. SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 10 E-68

69 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The destruction of fossils as a result of human-caused ground disturbance has a significant cumulative impact, as it makes biological records of ancient life permanently unavailable for study by scientists. The project area is underlain by geologic sediments determined to have a zero or low paleontological sensitivity rating; therefore, project-related ground disturbances related to future development of the project area are unlikely to result in adverse impacts to significant paleontological resources. No further mitigation measures for paleontological resources are recommended at this time. However, in the event that fossil resources are discovered, a Qualified Paleontologist should then be retained to evaluate the find and determine its significance. Any significant fossils recovered during construction should be prepared, identified, analyzed, and reposited in a public museum (such as the UCMP) or other approved curation facility. SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 11 E-69

70 PALEONTOLOGICAL RES OURCES ASSESSMENT REPORT MONTEREY PENINSULA A IRPORT PROJECT COFFMAN ASSOCIATES REFERENCES Beal, C. H., 1915, The geology of the Monterey Quadrangle, California [M.S. thesis]: Stanford, Stanford University, 88 p. Clark, J. C., Dupre, W. R., and Rosenberg, L. I., 1997, Geologic Map of the Monterey and Seaside 7.5- minute quadrangles, Monterey County, California: A Digital Database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Howell, D. G., and Vedder, J. G., 1978, Salinian Block of California, an Enigma [abstract]: AAPG Bulletin 62. Isaacs, C. M., 2001, Depositional framework of the Monterey Formation, California, in Isaacs, C. M., and Rullkotter, J., eds., The Monterey Formation: from Rocks to Molecules: Columbia University Press, p Murphey, P. C., and Daitch, D., 2007, Paleontological overview of oil shale and tar sands areas in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming: U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management, 468 p. and 6 maps, scale 1:500,000. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP), 1995, Assessment and Mitigation of Adverse Impacts to Nonrenewable Paleontologic Resources: Standard Guidelines: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin. v. 163, p SW CA Environmental Cons ultants 12 E-70

71 MONTEREY PENINSULA AIRPORT DISTRICT Appendix F Traffic Study

72 Monterey Peninsula Airport District (MPAD) Monterey Peninsula Airport (MRY) Runway Safety Area Enhancement Project Relocated Access Road Analysis February, 2010 Prepared by: 765 The City Drive, Suite 400 Orange, CA (714) F-1