SNOWMELT MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ON A STEEP SLOPE
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1 UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI TORINO POLITECNICO DI TORINO Dipartimento Interateneo di Scienze, Progetto e Politiche del Territorio SNOWMELT MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE ON A STEEP SLOPE Partially funded by NEXTSNOW Project Stefano Ferraris Maurizio Previati Davide Pognant Davide Canone
2 1) THE ALPS HAVE COMPLEX MORPHOLOGIES
3 2) THE ALTITUDE RANGE WHERE THE SNOWLINE WONDER IS WIDER AND WIDER, DUE TO GLOBAL WARMING In other words, in between these two extremes (2500 m high and the plain) there is a range in altitude of several hundred meters where snow falls and melts away several times per year.
4 Introduction à SOIL SURFACE SPATIAL VARIABILITY : ITS EFFECTS à FAST DYNAMICS (SURFACE TEMPERATURE RISE OF 20 DEGREES IN A FEW MINUTES, ALBEDO VARIES IN A FEW HOURS) 25/ AM 26/ AM 26/ PM 27/ AM 27/ PM GLOBAL WARMING ENHANCES THESE DYNAMICS FEEDBACK ON THE ATMOSPHERE INFLUENCE ON RIVER DISCHARGE AND GROUNDWATER RECHARGE 3/10
5 Objective Monitoring a south-east aspect slope at 1730 m asl during fast snowmelt events (1-3 days) and quantifying: Mass balance Energy closure (is often a problem) R n G S H LE = M M = energy needed to melt the snowpack R n = Net Radiation G = Soil heat flux S = Soil heat stock variation H = Sensible heat LE = Latent heat 4/10
6 Location of the monitoring site Altitude: 1730 m asl; Aspect: South-east; Slope: 26 ; Average yearly T : +4 C; Average yearly precipitation: 650 mm; Landcover: herbaceous/ shrubs 5/10
7 Monitoring site Tridimensional sonic anemometer Infrared gas analyser (Licor) Kripton hygrometer Thermo-hygrometer Net radiometer Soil heat plates (x2) 6 cm (thermocouples) TDR soilmoisture probes (x2) 8, 20, 40 cm Soil thermometers (x4) 2 e 8 cm Surface infrared thermometer CR3000datalogger Photovoltaic electrical supply Nearby ARPA meteorological station Monitoring startà September 2010 (all year long) Snowfall eventsà automn (October/November) spring (March/April) Snow Water Equivalent range : mm 6/10
8 Monitoring results ENERGY FLUXES [W/m 2 ] Net Radiation on the slope (Rn) Latent heat flux (LE) Sensible heat flux (H) Soil heat flux (G) Ground storage (S) March 2011 TEMPERATURES [T C] Air temperature Soil temperature Surface temperature WIND (m/s) Wind speed MASS BALANCE (mm) Cumulative snowfall (SWE) Measured SWE Soil moisture increase Soil moisture + Evapo-sublimation Residuals of Energy Balance 7/10
9 Monitoring results ENERGY FLUXES [W/m 2 ] Net Radiation on the slope (Rn) Latent heat flux (LE) Sensible heat flux (H) Soil heat flux (G) Ground storage (S) November 2012 TEMPERATURES [T C] Air temperature Soil temperature Surface temperature WIND (m/s) Wind speed MASS BALANCE (mm) Cumualtive snowfall (SWE) Measured SWE Soil moisture increase Soil moisture + Evapo-sublimation Residuals of Energy Balance 8/10
10 Conclusions First analyses of data show the following: 1) Mass balance is OK. 2) Solar radiation perpendicular to the slope provides enough energy to melt the whole snowpack in a few hours/days (depends on variable SWE, automn vs.springtime). 3) The melting energy helps to close the balance, but it is not enough. 4) Evapo- sublimation is not disregardable (both mass and energy). 5) Wind and soil heat contribution seems to be disregardable in this site, while the vegetation and litter between snow and soil needs to be better studied. 9/10
11 UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI TORINO POLITECNICO DI TORINO Dipartimento Interateneo di Scienze, Progetto e Politiche del Territorio Prof. Stefano Ferraris Dr. Maurizio Previati Dr. Davide Pognant Dr. Davide Canone Thanks for your attention!! What news? 4-component radiometer since 13th August /10
Water Year Day 2010
mm mm SCA, % Storage, mm Sto, 1 mm Sat def, 1 mm 25 2 15 1 5 4 3 2 1 2 5 25 2 Saturation deficit depth (water table) Saturation deficit volume Root zone storage Unsaturated soil storage Groundwater storage
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